基于超声波传感器的小麦追肥精准评估系统研究

针对小麦追肥作业过程中开沟器易损苗伤根、追肥位置准确性无法评估的问题,基于超声波传感器设计了小麦追肥精准评估系统,提出一种基于超声波传感器阵列交叉探测小麦追肥行的方法,实时评估追肥机具作业精度。系统由作业轨迹检测部分、数据采集部分和数据分析评估部分组成,依靠安装在追肥机具上的超声波传感器交叉扫描小麦追肥行,检测追肥机具作业轨迹。采集器实时采集超声波传感器数据,记录追肥机具作业轨迹,采用阈值滤波算法对异常数据进行筛选和剔除,利用卡尔曼滤波算法最优估计当前时刻电压,根据目标电压和最优估计电压计算追肥机具偏移距离,进行追肥机具作业精度评估。田间试验结果表明：追肥机具作业速度为3~4km/h时,评估系统能够准确检测出追肥机具作业精度,偏移误判率为9%,最大误差距离为3.15cm,误差距离在2cm之内的占比超过90%,标准差均值为2.10cm,与实际作业情况相符。本评估系统可以实现在小麦追肥作业过程中,实时对追肥机具作业精度量化评估,为小麦精准对行追肥作业精度评价提供了一种新的测量手段。     

基于BP_Adaboost的农机行驶轨迹状态识别

农业机械运动轨迹不仅包括田间作业轨迹,还包括道路行驶轨迹。有效区分农机行驶过程中田间作业和道路行驶等作业轨迹,可精确划分有效作业地块和精准评估农机作业效率,从而实现农机的远程智能管理。通过对农机轨迹点属性的分析,提取典型特征数据,利用BP_Adaboost方法建立的训练模型对农机轨迹点进行识别,将道路与田间交界处易错轨迹点重新标记后再次训练,轨迹识别正确率达96.89%。该方法既避免了传统聚类算法对阈值和参数依赖的问题,也有效解决了将道路行驶轨迹误识别为田间作业轨迹的难题。      

轮式谷物联合收获机视觉导航系统设计与试验

为提高联合收获机收获质量与效率,构建了轮式谷物联合收获机视觉导航控制系统,结合OpenCV设计了谷物收获边界直线检测算法识别水稻田间已收获区域与未收获区域边界,经预处理、二次边缘分割和直线检测等得到联合收获机视觉导航作业前视目标路径,并根据前视路径相对位置信息进行田间动态标定获得联合收获机满幅收获作业状态;提出了一种基于前视点的直线路径跟踪控制方法,通过预纠偏控制实现维持满割幅的同时防止作物漏割,以相对位置偏差值和实时转向后轮转角作为视觉导航控制器的输入,并根据纠偏策略对应输出转向轮控制电压大小。稻田试验结果表明,该导航系统实现了轮式联合收获机田间相对位置姿态的可靠采集及目标直线路径跟踪控制的稳定执行,在田间照度符合人眼正常工作的情况下,收获边界识别算法检测准确率不低于96.28%,单帧检测时间50 ms以内;以不产生漏割为前提的视觉导航平均割幅率为94.16%,随作业行数增多,割幅一致性呈提高趋势。本研究可为联合收获机自动导航满割幅作业提供技术支撑。     

一种玉米收获机控制系统的机器学习算法应用

为进一步提升我国玉米收获机的作业水平、降低其籽粒损失率，基于机器学习算法理念，针对其控制系统展开优化研究。以玉米收获机控制系统的结构组成为基础，恰当地选择对象与目标明确的机器学习算法为应用核心，建立系统的控制模型，同步实施系统的硬件配置以满足机器学习算法在进行收获作业时各功能要求的实现，并展开此机器学习算法应用下的玉米收获机作业试验。试验结果表明：经机器学习算法应用前后对比，应用后的玉米收获机控制系统的控制精度相对可提升7.92%,在保证了秸秆切断合格率与苞皮去除率的前提下，实现了籽粒损失率相对降低2.32%的良好控制作业效果，整机作业效率比机器学习算法应用前提升了5.12%,并提高了收获控制精度及收获籽粒完整性。     

基于MobileViT模型的小麦收获机喂入密度分类方法

基于喂入量的作业速度智能化控制技术是优化联合收获机作业效率和质量的重要手段。本文针对传统喂入量自动控制技术时滞明显,在喂入量调整时无法及时适应实际情况的问题,采用基于图像的深度学习方法开展了成熟期小麦植株密度等级分类识别方法研究,通过预先感知作物密度,实现联合收获机作业参数的自动调整。首先基于车载相机和无人机图像构建了小麦植株图像数据集,并细分为低密度、中密度、高密度和特高密度4类;其次构建了基于MobileViT-XS轻量化网络的密度等级识别模型,利用建立的数据集进行模型的训练和测试;最后将其与VGG16、GoogLeNet和ResNet进行了比较。结果表明,MobileViT-XS模型的总体识别准确率达到91.03%,且单幅图像推理时间仅为29.5ms。与VGG16、ResNet网络相比,总体识别准确率分别高出3.51、2.34个百分点,MobileViT-XS模型可以较好的完成小麦不同密度等级的分类识别任务,为实时预测小麦喂入密度提供了技术支持。     

基于DBSCAN和BP_Adaboost的农机作业地块划分方法

农业机械(农机)在多个地块作业,费用和效率有时需按地块统计,现有的农机监控系统仅能记录农机定位信息和作业状态信息,难以实现地块的自动精准划分。本文通过研究轨迹点属性特征,分析作业地块数量不确定性和轨迹点分布规律,采用基于密度聚类方法(Density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise, DBSCAN)和分类器集成算法(BP＿Adaboost)结合的方法划分地块。根据DBSCAN算法对农机轨迹点多数有效、识别错误集中的特点,结合BP＿Adaboost算法挖掘多维度信息关联、容错能力强、分类效果好等优势,先利用DBSCAN得到初步的轨迹点状态类别,再利用BP＿Adaboost算法建立训练模型对农机轨迹点状态精准识别,根据时间序列和类别标记划分地块。本文方法既解决了只依靠阈值和经纬度信息聚类不准确的问题,也减少了大量样本标记工作。利用该方法轨迹点状态识别准确率达96.75%,地块划分准确率为97.74%。     

农业机械作业大数据清洗方法与试验优化

针对农业机械大数据平台中,已有数据清洗算法不适用于大规模、多源异构、高维度和强时空相关实时数据的问题,分析了复杂田间环境下农机作业数据异常来源及特征,研究了异常数据检测及修正技术,提出一种基于滑动窗口机制的农机作业数据在线清洗方法。该方法基于方差约束原则识别异常数据,基于最小变动原则生成候选修正数据,基于数据时间相关性通过AR、ARX模型迭代优化得到最终修复值,依托Flink分布式计算平台,从而适应农机数据吞吐量大、并发度高的特点。基于某省农机作业数据对算法进行了有效性验证,结果表明,在数据规模达到1×105条、数据异常率为5%的情况下,算法异常识别率达到0.94,且与已有清洗算法相比均方根误差更小。基于Box-Behnken方法设计试验,通过响应面分析得到回归模型,分析算法参数对均方根误差和运行时间的影响。基于二进制编码的混合遗传算法对参数进行优化,优化后的参数组合可使算法均方根误差达到0.16、运行时间达到0.13s。该数据清洗方法能够为农机大数据平台的实时处理提供高质量数据支撑。     

花生联合收获机作业在线监测与故障预警系统研究

基于4HBLZ-2型单垄小型自走式花生联合收获机,设计摘果辊、清选筛、夹持轴、夹持链以及各转动部件工况的在线检测方法。利用LabView开发了基于CAN1939总线通信网络的花生收获机械作业在线监测系统,实现了整机控制状态、收获模式、发动机参数、行走轨迹、核心工作部件工况等的实时监测;采用多传感器信息融合算法,建立了作业状态的自诊断与故障预警模型,能够在拨果辊堵塞、跑粮及链条断裂等异常作业工况下为驾驶员提供田间实时报警信息。试验表明,本系统达到了花生收获机田间作业工况实时监测的功能和精度需求,且故障预警的自动诊断时间低于2 min,故障检测准确率大于90%。     

基于机器视觉的大豆机械化收获质量在线监测方法

针对大豆机械化收获过程中缺少联合收获机作业质量(破碎含杂率)在线监测装置的问题,提出了基于机器视觉的大豆机械化收获图像采集系统、大豆成分分类识别算法和谷物联合收获机作业质量监测方法.采用改进分水岭算法对大豆图像进行有效分割,筛选RGB和HSV颜色空间特征值,基于颜色特征值对分割后大豆图像各闭合区域进行分类识别,构建了量...     

基于点云配准的盆栽金桔果实识别与计数方法

为解决整株盆栽金桔果实识别及总体计数问题,提出了基于三维点云配准的金桔果实识别方法。首先,使用RGB-D相机采集植物多角度点云数据并进行背景去除和去噪处理。然后采用随机采样一致性(Random sample consensus, RANSAC)算法进行圆柱拟合获得旋转中心轴参数,将点云绕中心轴旋转固定角度完成初配准,之后采用点到面的迭代最近点(Iterative closest point, ICP)算法完成精配准得到完整点云。最后,对点云进行欧氏聚类分割,采用随机采样一致性算法对聚类后点云进行球形分割,获得每个果实的三维空间位置并计数。本研究对9株盆栽金桔(共149个果实)进行识别,总计识别查全率为85.91%,查准率为79.01%,F1值为82.32%,果实数量预测值和真实值的决定系数为0.97,平均绝对百分比误差为16.02%。实验结果表明,本文方法不依赖颜色信息,能够有效识别整株植物中未成熟的青色果实,可为果实识别与产量估计等研究提供参考。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。