添加硝态氮对红壤净氨化和净矿化速率的影响

针对武夷山红壤施加不同水平的硝态氮(CK:N 0 mg kg-1,LN:N 50 mg kg-1,NN:N 100 mg kg-1,HN:N 150 mg kg-1)开展培养实验,研究硝态氮对土壤氮转化的影响。结果表明:随硝态氮添加,红壤氨化速率显著升高,而矿化速率在高氮(NN:N 100mg kg-1,HN:N 150 mg kg-1)情况下没有显著升高。硝态氮添加显著影响土壤硝态氮和铵态氮的关系,由CK处理下的显著负相关,逐渐转为HN处理的正相关,结果表明,随硝态氮添加,尤其在HN处理下促进了硝态氮的固定和铵态氮的形成,而对于其转化的机理还有待进一步研究。随硝态氮添加,土壤可溶性有机氮(SON)含量增加,其所占比例(39.0%~45.7%)降低,而SON的变化速率与矿化速率成显著负相关,表明较高硝态氮处理(NN和HN)下SON的变化速率较大,为揭示高氮沉降下硝态氮转化的机理提供了思路。     

冻融循环条件下水分和氮添加对黑土有机碳矿化的影响

土壤有机碳矿化是影响土壤碳循环及碳库大小的重要过程之一。冻融循环是东北黑土区初春和秋末普遍存在的自然现象,对土壤有机碳矿化有重要影响。而冻融循环条件下,土壤水分和氮素水平的变化对土壤有机碳矿化的影响还不明确。本研究以东北地区典型黑土为研究对象,采用室内模拟培养试验,设置4个处理:60%土壤田间持水量(WHC)+不添加氮、80%WHC+不添加氮、60%WHC+添加氮和80%WHC+添加氮,研究了冻融循环条件(-10~10℃)下土壤水分、氮添加及其交互作用对土壤无机氮含量、微生物量和有机碳矿化的影响。结果表明,与冻融前相比,经过19天的冻融循环后,水分和氮添加对土壤NO_3~--N含量均没有显著影响,而氮添加显著提高了土壤NH_4~+-N含量。在冻融循环条件下,土壤含水量变化对土壤微生物量碳(MBC)和微生物量氮(MBN)含量的影响并不显著;氮添加显著增加了60%WHC含水量条件下的土壤MBC含量和80%WHC含水量条件下的土壤MBN含量。在整个冻融循环期,融化期和冻结期的土壤有机碳的矿化量分别占总矿化量的54%和46%。水分添加抑制了融化期的土壤有机碳矿化作用,而氮素和水分同时添加处理显著促进了冻结期的土壤有机碳矿化。在整个冻融循环期,土壤含水量与氮添加对土壤有机碳矿化量有显著的交互影响,无论是否有氮添加,水分添加对土壤有机碳矿化均无显著影响;氮添加显著降低了60%WHC条件下的土壤有机碳矿化量,而在80%WHC条件下,氮添加对土壤有机碳矿化无显著影响。因此,土壤含水量和氮素水平对冻融循环条件下黑土有机碳矿化有重要的影响。     

模拟氮沉降对毛竹林土壤生化特性和酶活性的影响

以亚热带毛竹林为研究对象,以长江三角洲地区实际氮沉降量40 kg/(hm~2·a)为参照,设置2种形态(铵态氮(NH_4Cl)和硝态氮(KNO_3))和3种水平(对照、低氮和高氮(0,40,120 kg/(hm~2·a))的氮添加试验。结果表明:(1)氮添加显著降低了土壤pH,不同氮水平和形态对pH均有显著影响(P=0.001和P=0.010);(2)高水平氮处理下,硝态氮处理的土壤NO_3~--N和DON含量分别高于铵态氮处理的40.06%和50.10%,土壤NH_4~+-N含量低于铵态氮处理的12.33%,在同一氮形态下,高氮处理的土壤NO_3~--N和DON含量分别高于低氮处理的47.12%和78.12%,土壤NH_4~+-N含量低于低氮处理的24.24%。说明氮水平和形态均对土壤NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N和DON含量有显著影响(P0.05);(3)与对照相比,高水平氮处理下土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性分别提高了14.16%和8.11%,氮形态对土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性没有显著影响。氮水平和形态对过氧化氢酶活性均无显著影响(P0.05);(4)土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性均呈现显著的季节变化,脲酶和蔗糖酶活性夏季高,冬季低,春秋居中,过氧化氢酶则秋冬季节较高。氮添加没有改变酶活性的季节分异规律。通过Pearson分析发现,土壤酶活性(脲酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶)与土壤生化特性显著相关(P0.05)。氮水平和形态对土壤生化特性和酶活性的影响存在一定差异,研究结果可为氮沉降背景下亚热带毛竹林的管理提供理论依据。     

氢醌对淹水土壤脲酶动力学特征的影响

通过模拟试验研究了正常水分和淹水条件下氢醌影响的土壤脲酶动力学特征。结果显示,培养时间、土壤类型、土壤水分及其相互作用显著影响土壤脲酶动力学参数的变化。与对照相比,HQ使土壤脲酶Km增加和Vmax降低,表明HQ属于典型的混合型抑制剂。随着培养时间延长,在正常水分和淹水条件下,HQ处理土壤脲酶Km降低,而Vmax和Vmax/Km升高。褐土脲酶Km的增加幅度及Vmax和Vmax/Km的降低幅度远远大于其它3种供试土壤。与正常水分相比,淹水对土壤脲酶动力学参数无显著性影响。相关分析表明,土壤脲酶动力学参数Km、Vmax和Vmax/Km与土壤理化性质存在显著的相关关系。     

脲酶抑制剂氢醌对土壤脲酶动力学行为的调控效应

研究了不同温度条件下脲酶抑制剂氢醌(HQ)对东北3种典型土壤(白浆土、棕壤、褐土)脲酶动力学参数的影响。结果表明,土壤类型、培养时间、培养温度及其相互作用均显著影响土壤脲酶动力学参数。与对照相比,加入HQ使土壤脲酶米氏常数(Km)增加,最大反应速率(Vmax)降低,表明HQ对土壤脲酶的作用机理属于混合型抑制。与白浆土相比,棕壤和褐土脲酶动力学参数受HQ的影响程度较大,表明高肥力土壤生物学活性较稳定。随着培养时间延长,土壤脲酶Km降低,Vmax和Vmax/Km增加。随着温度升高,土壤脲酶Km和Vmax增加,Vamx/Km无规律性变化。相关性分析表明,土壤脲酶动力学参数Km、Vmax和Vmax/Km与p H值、有机质、全氮、碱解氮和质地组成之间存在显著相关关系。     

杀虫双对土壤脲酶活性特征的影响

通过模拟方法研究杀虫双对土壤脲酶活性特征参数的影响。结果表明 :不同生态区域土壤脲酶特征具有明显差异。杀虫双明显抑制脲酶活性 ,且随浓度增加 ,脲酶活性、酶促反应的Vmax、Vmax/Km、k减小 ,Km 增大 ,除 6号土样的Km 处理外均达到显著或极显著相关 ,揭示出脲酶特征参数可从不同角度表征杀虫双对土壤脲酶活性的影响 ,获得其作用机理为混合型抑制。脲酶活性ED50 值与土壤有机质、全氮和全磷呈现显著或极显著正相关关系 ,表明高有机质含量的土壤可明显减轻杀虫双的污染。     

施用猪粪条件下重金属对土壤氮素净转化的影响

以东北耕作黑土为研究对象,在25℃和70%WHC水分条件下进行为期35天的室内培养试验,研究了施用猪粪条件下重金属Cu、Cd对土壤氮素净转化的影响。结果表明:添加单一重金属显著抑制了土壤的硝化作用和矿化作用。与对照处理相比,添加重金属Cu、Cd处理培养结束后土壤铵态氮含量分别增加了5.83和5.39倍,硝态氮含量分别下降了84.3%和79.5%,且土壤净氮矿化速率和净硝化速率均显著低于对照处理。添加重金属的同时施用猪粪加剧了重金属对硝化作用和矿化作用的抑制,土壤净硝化速率和净氮矿化速率均显著低于单一重金属处理。添加重金属抑制了土壤反硝化作用,但同时添加猪粪在一定程度上降低了重金属离子的活性和毒性,进而减轻重金属离子对反硝化作用的抑制程度。     

三江平原岗地白浆土水解酶活性和动力学特性对不同连作农作物的响应

作物种植会对农田生态系统产生一定的影响。大田试验条件下,在黑龙江省853农场岗地白浆土上连续6年种植玉米、大豆、小麦、水稻,研究了土壤理化性质以及土壤中与碳、氮、磷、硫元素转化相关的9种水解酶活性和动力学特性的响应;同时研究了不同作物种植对土壤脲酶、磷酸单酯酶、磷酸二酯酶、芳基硫酸酯酶及β-葡糖苷酶动力学特性的影响。结果表明,大豆连作土壤的有效氮、总碳、总氮、总磷和总硫含量都稍高;大豆处理土壤pH值略低,但其它三种作物种植下的土壤均呈微酸性,差异不显著。土壤水解酶动力学参数对种植作物的反应与表观活性的反应不一致。玉米连作土壤蛋白酶和磷酸单酯酶活性高于其它处理;小麦处理的磷酸二酯酶和芳基硫酸酯酶活性最高,水稻连作土壤蛋白酶、磷酸二酯酶和磷酸三酯酶活性最低。连年种植小麦处理的土壤脲酶、磷酸二酯酶以及芳基硫酸酯酶Vmax显著高于其它处理,小麦连作土壤β-葡萄糖苷酶、脲酶、磷酸二酯酶和芳基硫酸酯酶的Vmax/Km值显著高于其它处理,可以看出在此处理下土壤酶具有较强的催化潜势。     

N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺对淹水土壤脲酶动力学特征的影响

研究了淹水状态下脲酶抑制剂N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT)对东北4种典型土壤(黑土、白浆土、棕壤、褐土)脲酶动力学参数的影响。结果表明,NBPT对土壤脲酶动力学参数的作用程度受土壤类型、培养时间及其交互作用的显著影响。与对照相比,NBPT使土壤脲酶米氏常数(Km)增加,最大反应速率(Vmax)和Vmax/Km降低,表明NBPT对土壤脲酶的作用机理属于典型的混合型抑制。随培养时间延长,土壤脲酶Km降低,Vmax和Vmax/Km升高,表明NBPT对脲酶的抑制效力逐渐减弱。黑土、白浆土脲酶Km值小于棕壤和褐土,而Vmax则大于棕壤和褐土,表明土壤肥力水平能够影响土壤脲酶的动力学参数。相关分析表明,土壤脲酶Km与粘粒和粉粒含量呈显著正相关关系,与pH值呈显著负相关关系;而Vmax和Vmax/Km的相关性则正好与此相反。     

土壤水分和氮添加对3种质地紫色土氮矿化及土壤pH的影响

为正确认识土壤水分、质地和外源氮添加对紫色土氮矿化作用和土壤pH的影响,以西南地区典型的紫色土为研究对象,通过90d的室内恒温(25℃)好气培养,研究了3种质地(粘土、粉粘壤土和砂土)紫色土在不同含水量(55%,65%和75%田间持水量)和尿素氮添加水平(0mg/kg土和250mg/kg土.)条件下,土壤氮矿化作用和pH的变化。结果表明:前30d的累积矿化氮量可占培养期间(90d)的78.48%~91.55%,且各处理的土壤累积矿化氮量和净矿化速率均随着培养时间的延长而快速增加;第30~90d,土壤累积矿化氮量增长缓慢,净矿化速率迅速下降并趋于稳定。土壤累积矿化氮量和净矿化速率在各培养阶段均随土壤水分含量的增加而逐渐增大,其中75%WHC(75%田间持水量)和75%WHC+U(75%田间持水量+尿素)处理的矿化作用最强。土壤质地从一定程度上对土壤的矿化产生影响,但其影响并不显著。外源氮添加能促进土壤氮矿化,其净氮矿化量和净矿化速率在各培养阶段均极显著(p0.01)高于未加氮处理,分别为未施氮处理的1.68~4.56倍,0.60~6.47倍。外源氮添加使土壤pH显著下降,55%WHC+U、65%WHC+U和75%WHC+U处理分别下降了0.57,0.66,0.72个pH单位,土壤有酸化趋势。土壤pH值与土壤氮素净矿化速率呈极显著线性相关,净矿化速率对pH变化贡献巨大。总之,土壤含水量增加和外源氮添加均促进了土壤氮矿化,增加了土壤矿质氮含量,同时外源氮添加也加速了土壤pH下降,土壤有酸化趋势。     

Effect of tillage treatments upon soil tests for soil acidity,soil phosphorus and soil potassium at three soil depths

Abstract

Soil samples were obtained at 0–3, 3–6, 6–9 and 0–9 inch depths from experimental plots receiving five tillage treatments. Each of two samplers composited approximately six one‐inch cores from each plot. Soil samples were analyzed for acidity, P and K using routine analysis procedures in the University of Illinois Soil Testing Laboratory.

Few significant differences were attributed to sampler and it was concluded that samplers using similar sampling techniques were obtaining soil samples from the same population.

No significant differences in soil acidity at different depths were observed. The different tillage methods did significantly affect soil P at the 0–3 inch depth, but had no significant effect on soil P at deeper depths. Different tillage methods also significantly affected soil K values at different depths.     

土壤含水率与土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响

土壤含水率和土壤碱度是表征土壤物理化学性质的两个重要参数。通过室内三轴不固结不排水试验,研究了土壤含水率和土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响。试验处理采用5种土壤碱度(土壤可交换钠百分比ESP=0、5、10、20、40)和4种土壤质量含水率(0.05、0.10、0.20以及饱和含水率0.34)水平。试验结果显示,土壤黏聚力随着土壤含水率的增加基本上呈先增大后减小之趋势;当土壤含水率在0.10附近时黏聚力达到其最大值。土壤内摩擦角随着土壤含水率的增加而线性减小。土壤碱度对土壤黏聚力的影响机理较为复杂,其影响效果随土壤含水率的增加而减小;但土壤碱度对土壤内摩擦角的影响较小。土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响程度明显地小于土壤含水率对其的影响程度。     

Usability of soil survey soil texture data for soil health indicator scoring

Soil textural information is an important component underlying other soil health indicators. Soil texture analysis is a common procedure, but it can be labor intensive and expensive. Soil texture data typically are available from the Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database, which may be an option for determining soil health texture groups (SHTG). The SSURGO database provides soil texture information in the soil map unit (SMU) name, taxonomic class category (family), and detailed values (≤ 2 mm soil fraction) of percent sand, silt and clay by soil horizon. The objective of this study was to examine the possibility of using SSURGO data for SHTG at the 147-ha Cornell University Willsboro Research Farm in New York state as an alternative for soil texture data determined manually on collected soil core samples. Comparative results revealed that representative values for soil texture from the SSURGO database generally matched measured mean values for all SMUs.     

Volumetric soil measures for routine soil testing

Abstract

The design, dimensiors and materials for constructing volumetric soil measures for routine soil testing use are presented. Scoop calibration techniques are also described. Reproducibility of results obtained under routine laboratory, conditions are shown. The measures include volumes of 1.0‐, 2.5‐, 5.0‐ and 10‐ cm³ respectively.     

Relationship between soil respiration and soil moisture

Microbial activity is affected by changes in the availability of soil moisture. We examined the relationship between microbial activity and water potential in a silt loam soil during four successive drying and rewetting cycles. Microbial activity was inferred from the rate of CO₂ accumulating in a sealed flask containing the soil sample and the CO₂ respired was measured using gas chromatography. Thermocouple hygrometry was used to monitor the water potential by burying a thermocouple in the soil sample in the flask. Initial treatment by drying on pressure plates brought samples of the test soil to six different water potentials in the range -0.005 to -1.5MPa. Water potential and soil respiration were simultaneously measured while these six soil samples slowly dried by evaporation and were remoistened four times. The results were consistent with a log-linear relationship between water potential and microbial activity as long as activity was not limited by substrate availability. This relationship appeared to hold for the range of water potentials from ?0.01 to ?8.5 MPa. Even at ?0.01 MPa (wet soil) a decrease in water potential from ?0.01 to ?0.02 MPa caused a 10% decrease in microbial activity. Rewetting the soil caused a large and rapid increase in the respiration rate. There was up to a 40-fold increase in microbial activity for a short period when the change in water potential following rewetting was greater than 5 MPa. Differences in microbial activity between the wetter and drier soil treatments following rewetting to the original water potentials are discussed in terms of the availability of energy substrate.     

A soil core for routine soil sampling

Abstract

The design, materials and dimensions for constructing a coring device for sampling soil fauna and flora at different depths is described.     

Relationships between soil respiration and soil moisture

The interaction of soil microbes with their physical environment affects their abilities to respire, grow and divide. One of these environmental factors is the amount of moisture in the soil. The work we published almost 25 years ago showed that microbial respiration was linearly related to soil-water content and log-linearly related to water potential. The paper arose out of collaboration between two young researchers from different areas of soil science, physics and microbiology. The project was driven by not only our curiosity but also the freedom to operate without the constraints common to the current system of science management. The citation history shows three peaks, 1989, 1999 and from 2002 to the present day. Interestingly, the annual citation rate is as high as it has ever been. The initial peak is due to the application of the work to studies on microbial processes. The second peak is associated with the rise of simulation modelling and the third with the relevance of the findings to climate change research. In this article, our paper is re-evaluated in the light of subsequent studies that allow the principle of separation of variables to be tested. This re-evaluation lends further credence to the linear relationship proposed between soil respiration and water content. A scaled relationship for respiration and water content is presented. Lastly, further research is suggested and more recent work on the physics of gas transport discussed briefly.     

Why soil erosion models over-predict small soil losses and under-predict large soil losses

Evaluation of various soil erosion models with large data sets have consistently shown that these models tend to over-predict soil erosion for small measured values, and under-predict soil erosion for larger measured values. This trend appears to be consistent regardless of whether the soil erosion value of interest is for individual storms, annual totals, or average annual soil losses, and regardless of whether the model is empirical or physically based. The hypothesis presented herein is that this phenomenon is not necessarily associated with bias in model predictions as a function of treatment, but rather with limitations in representing the random component of the measured data within treatments (i.e., between replicates) with a deterministic model. A simple example is presented, showing how even a `perfect' deterministic soil erosion model exhibits bias relative to small and large measured erosion rates. The concept is further tested and verified on a set of 3007 measured soil erosion data pairs from storms on natural rainfall and run-off plots using the best possible, unbiased, real-world model, i.e., the physical model represented by replicated plots. The results of this study indicate that the commonly observed bias, in erosion prediction models relative to over-prediction of small and under-prediction of large measured erosion rates on individual data points, is normal and expected if the model is accurately predicting erosion rates as a function of environmental conditions, i.e., treatments.     

黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响及其评价

为了研究黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响,采用盆栽试验,人为剥离黑土表层0、5、10、15、20、25和30 cm土壤以模拟侵蚀厚度不同的耕层土壤,分析土壤侵蚀厚度对土壤理化性质、大豆生物性状和水分利用效率等指标的影响。并对TOPSIS(technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution)模型进行改进,用于评价侵蚀厚度不同的土壤的土地生产力。结果表明:土壤全N、碱解N、全P、速效P、有机质含量和土壤田间持水率均随侵蚀厚度的增加而递减,土壤容重随侵蚀厚度的增加而递增。土壤侵蚀厚度对大豆生长有显著影响,随着侵蚀厚度的增加,大豆减产率呈"S型"曲线递增,产量、耗水量呈"Z型"曲线递减,水分利用效率呈指数曲线关系递减。改进的TOPSIS模型对不同侵蚀厚度下土地生产力的评价结果较为理想,计算的土地生产力指数随土壤侵蚀厚度的变化呈"Z型"曲线,与大豆产量的变化趋势相同,且二者呈指数函数关系,决定系数达0.996,均方根误差为0.65。研究结果可为黑土区土壤侵蚀防治提供理论依据。     

Tillage effects on soil degradation, soil resilience, soil quality, and sustainability

Soil degradation, decrease in soil's actual and potential productivity owing to land misuse, is a major threat to agricultural sustainability and environmental quality. The problem is particularly severe in the tropics and sub-tropics as a result of high demographic pressure, shortage of prime agricultural land, harsh environments, and resource poor farmers who presumably cannot afford science based recommended inputs. Tillage methods and soil surface management affect sustainable use of soil resources through their influence on soil stability, soil resilience, and soil quality. Soil stability refers to the susceptibility of soil to change under natural or anthropogenic perturbations. In comparison, soil resilience refers to soil's ability to restore its life support processes after being stressed. The term soil quality refers to the soil's capacity to perform its three principal functions e.g. economic productivity, environment regulation, and aesthetic and cultural values. There is a need to develop precise objective and quantitative indices of assessing these attributes of the soil. These indices can only be developed from the data obtained from well designed and properly implemented long-term soil management experiments conducted on major soils in principal ecoregions.