松材线虫病防治的探讨

松材线虫病又称松长萎蔫病,由松材线虫寄生在松树体内导致松树木质部组织细胞受到破坏,水分输导受阻,呼吸作用加强,树脂分泌减少直至最后停止,蒸腾作用减弱至松树迅速死亡。松材线虫病被称为松树的癌症,是松树的一种毁灭性病虫害,通常感病后40天左右即可造成松树枯死,3～5年可摧毁成片松树,被列为重要的危害性森林病害。     

松材线虫病病原与致病机理研究进展

松树是我国重要的造林树种,而松材线虫病是松树的一种毁灭性病害。近年试验表明,松材线虫病病原是松材线虫与伴生细菌。组织病理学研究看出,树脂道泌脂细胞最先受到线虫侵袭,薄壁细胞的死亡是寄主最初的组织病理学反应。松苗皮层薄壁细胞发生程序性死亡,表现出核染色质浓缩,核变形,降解,解体等细胞凋亡。纤维素酶作为松材线虫的致病物质参与早期寄主发病过程.线虫伴生细菌产生活性毒素。管胞空穴化造成输水堵塞致使受害松树死亡。松材线虫携带的细菌在致病过程中起到至关重要作用。可以认为,松材线虫病是由松材线虫和伴生细菌共同侵染引起的复合侵染病害。     

松材线虫病取样技术简介

松材线虫病(Buraphelenchus sylopilus)又称松材线虫萎蔫病,是松材线虫寄生在松树体内所引起的一种毁灭性流行病。该病危害的毁灭性在于:病原适生范围广,致病力强,寄主死亡速度快;寄主植物种类多,病害传播蔓延迅速,常常猝不及防;危害严重,防治难度大,被称作松树的“癌症”,为国     

全力遏制松材线虫入侵 维护黄山森林生态安全

<正>松材线虫病又称松树萎蔫病,是由松材线虫(Bursaphelenchus xylopilus)引起的,为松树的一种毁灭性流行病,被公认为松树的"艾滋病",也是目前世界上最难以有效治疗的松树"头号杀手"。在黄山市黄山松材线虫病的防控的重要性非同一般,先后两任国家总理专门作出过批示。尽管黄山市各级领导高度重视、林业等有关部门及森防工作者作出了常年不懈的努力,松材线虫病还是正在逼近黄山。     

松材线虫与拟松材线虫迁移能力的比较

松材线虫病,又称松树萎蔫病、松树枯萎病,是由松材线虫(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)引起的一种毁灭性森林病害。松材线虫原来广泛分布于北美地区,但在原产地并未造成严重危害。1905     

关于尖尾伞滑刃线虫对松树致病性的研究

<正> 由松材线虫(Bursaphelenchus xylophil-us)引起的松树萎蔫病是松树的一种严重病害。在研究松材线虫的同时,国内、外研究者都曾报道在枯死的松树中经常分离到大量尖尾伞滑刃线虫(Bursaphelenchus mucronatus)。有人认为该线虫对松树没有致病力,有人认为有极微     

松材线虫和拟松材线虫雄虫交合伞形状的比较

松材线虫和拟松材线虫雄虫交合伞形状的比较刘伟，杨宝君关键词松材线虫，拟松材线虫，雄虫交合伞松材线虫病是松树的一种毁灭性病害。病原松材线虫ＢｕｒｓａｐｈｅｌｅｎｃｈｕｓｘｙｌｏｐｈｉｌｕｓＮｉｃｋｌｅ（简作Ｂｘ）的形态与非病原拟松材线虫Ｂ．ｍｕｃｒｏｎ...     

拟松材线虫病的危害与防治

近年来 ,在贵阳市第一环城林带和其它松林区发现了拟松材线虫病和松墨天牛为害。 2 0 0 1、2 0 0 2年连续两年组织有关人员开展调查表明 ,拟松材线虫病在贵阳市危害十分严重 ,已造成大量松树枯死 ,对森林资源和环境构成严重威胁。1　危害特征拟松材线虫病 2 0世纪 80年代陆续在一些省区松林中发生 ,引起松树萎蔫 ,并造成一定的危害。此病多发生于一些成过熟林分中 ,由于松树生长衰弱 ,受次期害虫天牛、小蠹、吉丁虫等蛀干害虫危害 ,并携带拟松材线虫侵染松树后 ,加速了松树枯死。据观察 ,松树感染拟松材线虫后 ,其外部症状表现与松材线虫病…     

松材线虫病及其媒介昆虫松墨天牛的生物防治

指出了松材线虫病也称松树萎蔫病,是一种国际性检疫病害。自20世纪80年代传入南京,该病害传播速度快,我国现疫区包括重庆在内多达17个省市。松材线虫病原为松材线虫,其病原的主要传播媒介为松墨天牛M,针对松墨天牛的生物防治进行了调查研究,整合国内外对松墨天牛生物防治资料,对其提出了生物防治方法,为我国松材线虫病的生物防治提供理论依据。     

拟松材线虫病危害不可忽视

<正>松材线虫(Bursaphechus xylophilus)的近缘种拟松材线虫(Bursaphechus mucnatus),与松材线虫同属于滑刃线虫属,二者在形态上极为相似,但各自又是独立种。在进行松材线虫病监测调查时,对采集的样品分离鉴定,常见到拟松材线虫存在于萎蔫枯死松树的木质部中。     

松材线虫病的潜伏侵染及松墨天牛传播新途径

在南京用松材线虫接种 7种松树 ,于第 2a在无任何症状的松树的接种点上方 10cm处取样 ,分离线虫。结果表明松材线虫病的潜伏侵染现象比较普遍。在不同的松树品种上潜伏侵染现象有所差异。感病黑松和赤松很快死亡 ,只有在接种量小的情况下才有潜伏侵染现象发生。抗病性强的火炬松和湿地松感病后潜伏侵染现象比较普遍 ,并且样品中的线虫量也较高。而抗病性中等的马尾松和刚松感病后潜伏侵染现象的普遍性及样品中的线虫量均处于中等。短针松接种松材线虫后既不枯死 ,也无潜伏侵染现象。松墨天牛传播松材线虫的试验结果表明 ,未携带松材线虫的松墨天牛成虫在松材线虫病松枝上取食后 ,再到健康松枝上取食 ,有传播松材线虫的可能。这些结果表明在松材线虫病新病区清理病死木时 ,应采取早期诊断技术 ,把未表现症状的松树一起清除 ,以达到防治目的。     

Responses of water-stressedPinus thunbergii to inoculation with avirulent pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus): Water relations and xylem histology

The effect of water-stress conditioning on water relations and histological features ofPinus thunbergii Parl. inoculated with avirulent isolate ofBursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner and Buhrer) Nickle, pine wood nematode, were investigated. Pines were kept under 8 days cycle of severe water stress. One-half of the water-stressed pines died as a result of infection by avirulent pine wood nematode and water stress tended to induce increased susceptibility and/or decreased resistance of pines to avirulent pine wood nematode. In dead pines, the water conducting function of xylem was lost, and all of the parenchyma cells died. In surviving pines, the xylem hydraulic conductivity and the xylem water content were significantly reduced (12 to 23% and 77 to 83%, respectively) compared to controls. Safranin dye perfusion of excised axis stem segments indicated that the water conductance was limited to the very narrow peripheral area of xylem. Embolism caused by cavitation in the tracheids occurred in the central part of xylem and in that dysfunctional region of the xylem the axial parenchyma cells surrounding the epithelial cells, and ray parenchyma cells partly degenerated but the epithelial cells survived. The disruption of tracheid shape observed in surviving pines indicates that avirulent pine wood nematode temporarily disturbed cell division of the cambium. Considering the differences in responses between dead pines and surviving pines after inoculation with avirulent pine wood nematode, the death of water-stressed pines apparently resulted from death of cells, in particular the vascular cambium and the loss of xylem hydraulic function by cavitation.     

Pine wilt disease: a short review of worldwide research

This article summarizes the results of the research papers presented at the International Symposium on pine wilt disease (IUFRO Working Party Meeting 4.04.03) held in July 2009, at Nanjing, China. The general topics covered were on pine wilt disease (PWD), its causal organism, the pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, plus other PWN-associated microorganisms that play a significant role in PWD such as bacteria (e.g. Pseudomonas fluorescens). Most of the papers that are reviewed are based on work on PWD-PWN in East Asia and Russia. Specific topics covered include: 1) the fundamental conceptions of PWD development, 2) pathogenicity, 3) host-parasite relationships including the histopathology of diseased conifers and the role of toxins from bacteria-nematode ecto-symbionts, 4) PWN life cycle and transmission, 5) B. xylophilus dissemination models, 6) associations (with other nematodes), 7) diagnostics, 8) quarantine and control of the PWN and 9) biocontrol of the PWN.     

Within-tree distribution and attractant sampling of propagative pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus: An early diagnosis approach

Early detection is of primary importance to enable rapid actions to prevent the spread and introduction of invasive species. The pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, a serious invasive and destructive species, is listed as a quarantine pest in the legislation of more than 40 countries. However, Baermann funnel extractions of wood from discs cut from trees at breast-height often do not detect the presence of PWN in infested trees. A serious consequence of such false negatives is the loss of the best window for implementation of eradication or quarantine measures to prevent establishment of incipient PWN infestations. Here we document the within-tree horizontal and vertical distribution of PWN in infested stands in China, using a newly developed kairomonal trapping technique. Our results provide a simple, effective, rapid and non-destructive sampling method that takes into account the changes of PWN within-tree distribution in relation to pine wilt disease (PWD) symptom development. When 60–80% of the foliage has become pale green, PWN is recovered from larger diameter branches. As disease symptoms progress, PWN moves into and down the trunk. As the needles turn yellow, PWN was recovered from the trunk at 1–2 m above the ground. The correlation between the within-tree distribution of PWN and the expression of symptoms indicated a strong association between the distribution of PWN and physiological and pathological changes that develop in attacked pines through the interaction between PWN and tree. This systematic sampling technique takes into account the within-tree distribution of the nematode and should greatly enhance early detection of PWN in field surveys, monitoring and phytosanitary inspections.     

The population structure and sex ratios of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus under a-pinene stress

Pine wood nematode(PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is a serious pathogen of pines throughout the world. Previous work indicated that different concentrations of a-pinene could affect nematode reproduction,however the mechanism of that influence is not clear. In order to examine the reproductive strategies of PWN in response to the stress of the volatile material a-pinene, we investigated different aspects of population changes of B.xylophilus under two concentrations of a-pinene. The results show that a high concentration(214.5 mg ml-1)promoted population growth while a low concentration(56.33 mg ml-1) decreased the population. Population structure was analyzed and it was found that a high concentration of a-pinene decreased the percentage of adults but increased the percentages of larvae and eggs.Furthermore, from the results of an evaluation of sex ratios(female/male), it was determined that a high concentration could elevate sex ratios but a low concentration decreased ratios sharply. These results suggest that the PWN could regulate its population by changing sex ratios under stress of a-pinene. This study has provided a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of pine wilt disease caused by the pine wood nematode.     

Comparison of the gene expression profiles of resistant and non‐resistant Japanese black pine inoculated with pine wood nematode using a modified LongSAGE technique

The Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii) is highly susceptible to pine wilt disease caused by the pine wood nematode (PWN; Bursaphelenchus xylophilus). To cope with this disease, researchers and tree breeders selected PWN‐resistant individuals in a previous breeding program. In an attempt to understand the mechanisms of resistance in the Japanese black pine, we created four LongSAGE (serial analysis of gene expression) libraries. A total of 20 818 tags were studied, including 5194 tags from a PWN inoculated resistant pine, 5218 a non‐inoculated resistant pine, 5194 an inoculated non‐resistant pine, and 5212 a non‐inoculated non‐resistant pine. The analysis of the libraries indicated that 14 tag species were significantly up‐regulated (e.g., pathogenesis‐related proteins 2 and 4, osmotin, lipoxygenase, and chalcone synthase), and nine were down‐regulated (eukaryotic translation initiation factor SUI1, translationally controlled tumor protein, and xyloglucan endotransglycosylase) by the PWN inoculation in both the resistant and non‐resistant pines. On the other hand, 38 tag species were significantly expressed at a higher level only in the resistant pine (catalase, dienelactone hydrolase family protein) and 25 were expressed at a higher level in the non‐resistant pine (pathogenesis‐related proteins 1, 2, and 3, and leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase). These differentially expressed genes are presumed to reflect some of the differences between the resistant and non‐resistant pines. Our results provide valuable information on the complex responses induced in the resistant and non‐resistant pine trees in response to PWN invasion.     

Comparison of the potential spread of pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) in Finland and Iberia simulated with a cellular automaton model

Pinewood nematode (PWN) is one of the most threatening invasive pests in the pine forests of Europe, and it has recently spread to the Iberian Peninsula via import of timber and wooden packaging material from East Asia. A cellular automaton (CA) model was developed to simulate and compare the potential spread of PWN by transportation and its vectors, Monochamus beetles in the pine forests of Finland and Iberian Peninsula. The model assumes that all pines are equally sensitive to PWN. The CA is a spatio‐temporal grid‐based model, which can easily be applied on different geographical scales. The effects of climate warming and number of entries from ports on the spread of PWN were studied. A sensitivity analysis was conducted on the most uncertain model parameters. Twenty years after hypothetical entries, the predicted area of symptomatic PWN infection (pine wilt disease, PWD) was very low in Finland compared to Iberia. This was because of the low probability of warm July in Finland. The increase in the mean July temperature increased the area of PWD‐infected pine forest relatively more in Finland than in Iberia. An increase in the number of entries also increased the area of PWD‐infected pine forest relatively more in Finland than in Iberia. The probability of PWD infection was the highest in pine forests that were close to entry points and in areas with low elevation and high human population density.     

Suppression of ectomycorrhizal development in young Pinus thunbergii trees inoculated with Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

In order to study the changes in ectomycorrhizal development during symptom expression of pine wilt disease, root window observations were conducted concurrent with measurements of leaf water potential as well as photosynthetic and transpiration rates of 5‐year‐old Pinus thunbergii trees that were inoculated with the pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Infected trees were compared with girdled and uninfected control trees. Ectomycorrhizas developed constantly during the experimental period in control trees but did not develop in the girdled trees. Ectomycorrhizal development ceased within 2 weeks in those trees that finally died after PWN infection. In the trees that survived PWN infection, ectomycorrhizal development ceased within 1–4 weeks of inoculation but was resumed thereafter within 3–6 weeks. Ectomycorrhizal development ceased prior to a decrease in both photosynthetic rate and leaf water potential in the inoculated trees.     

思茅松松材线虫病症状初步研究

思茅松是松材线虫在自然条件下感病的新寄主植物,对思茅松天然林区症状观察的同时进行了室内人工接种试验观察,结果表明,在思茅松上松材线虫病的症状表现与其他寄主上的有所不同,即松针当年陆续脱落和感病中期还有流脂现象。     

越南松树枯死病症状及原因初步研究

为查明越南松树枯死的原因,对越南南部的林同省,中部的承天-顺化省,北部的广宁省的思茅松、马尾松和南亚松枯死症状和原因进行了调查,分别从枯死、濒死、健康松树木质部中抽取52份样品,用于线虫分离镜检。调查发现松树在感病后,树冠部分针叶失去光泽,逐渐褪绿变黄,进而褐红干枯,最后整个树冠变为褐色或红褐色,全株枯死,针叶下垂且当年不落;随着病程的发展,松脂分泌逐渐减少,直至停止;树干上有天牛产卵刻槽,死亡的松树上有天牛的羽化孔。在抽取的松树样品中分离鉴定到了泰国伞滑刃线虫(Bursaphelenchus thailandae BrasschBrassch-Bidasak,2002),为病原的确定和防治工作提供初步的依据。