厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜发生期太平洋褶柔鱼秋生群资源丰度的响应研究

太平洋褶柔鱼(Todarodes pacificus)是短生命周期的重要经济头足类, 其资源丰度易受气候和海洋环境变量的影响。本研究利用 1977―2015 年日本与韩国的太平洋褶柔鱼秋生群渔业统计数据, 结合海表面温度(sea surface temperature, SST)、50 m 水层温度(Temp_50 m)和 100 m 水层温度(Temp_100 m)等海洋环境数据, 探究太平洋褶柔鱼资源丰度[以 CPUE (单位捕捞努力量渔获量)为指标]和补充量在不同厄尔尼诺和南方涛动 ENSO (EI Ni?o-Southern oscillation)事件下的变动差异。结果表明, 相较于厄尔尼诺事件, 拉尼娜事件下太平洋褶柔鱼渔场内SST、 Temp_50 m 和 Temp_100 m 升高, 其在空间上呈由西北向东南、由北向南递增的变化趋势, 且大于 20 ℃的海温分布面积增加, 三者距平值均值及正值在空间上的分布面积均大于其在厄尔尼诺事件期间的。厄尔尼诺事件下的太平洋褶柔鱼秋生群资源丰度及其补充量小于其在拉尼娜事件期间的, 且资源丰度与 SST、Temp_50 m 和 Temp_100 m 间呈正相关。研究认为, 不同 ENSO 事件下太平洋褶柔鱼渔场海温环境存在明显差异, 其资源丰度及补充量与气候影响下的海温变动有关。     

基于海表温因子的太平洋褶柔鱼冬生群资源丰度预测模型比较

太平洋褶柔鱼是世界上重要的大洋性经济柔鱼类资源,其资源易受海洋环境因子的影响,科学预测其资源丰度有利于科学生产和管理。本实验依据2000—2010年太平洋褶柔鱼冬生群单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE),以及产卵期间(1—3月)产卵场(28°~40°N、125°~140°E)的海表温(SST)数据,进行SST与CPUE的相关性分析,选取统计学有意义的SST作为影响资源丰度的因子,分别建立多元线性和BP神经网络的资源丰度预报模型,并利用2011和2012年的CPUE进行验证。结果显示,CPUE与产卵场1—3月SST相关系数较高的海域分别为1月的S1(30.5°N,136.5°E)和S2(31.5°N,136.5°E),2月的S3(30.5°N,137.5°E)和S4(30.5°N,135.5°E),3月的S5(37.5°N,129.5°E)和S6(37.5°N,130.5°E)。在多元线性及不同结构的BP神经网络等5种预报模型中,结构为6-4-1的BP神经网络模型预测精度最高,2011—2012年CPUE预测值精度平均为98%。研究表明,30°~32°N、135°~138°E和37°~38°N、129°~131°E附近海域的6个环境因子代表着1—3月产卵场暖流(黑潮和对马海流)势力的强弱,决定着当年太平洋褶柔鱼冬生群资源丰度,所建立的BP神经网络模型可作为其资源丰度的预测模型。     

东南太平洋茎柔鱼资源丰度灰色预测研究

茎柔鱼(Dosidicus gigas)是东南太平洋头足类中个体最大、资源最丰富的种类之一,经济价值高,已成为我国远洋渔业的重要组成部分。准确的资源丰度预测有利于资源的合理开发和利用。本研究基于2003~2015年东南太平洋茎柔鱼生产统计数据以及其产卵场环境、气候因子资料,使用相关性分析和灰色系统方法,建立东南太平洋茎柔鱼资源丰度的预报模型。结果显示,2月产卵场海表面温度(Sea surface temperature, SST)、3月产卵场叶绿素a浓度(Chl a)、12月太平洋年代气候震荡(Pacific decadal oscillation, PDO)和10月厄尔尼诺指数(Oceanic Nino index, ONI)与茎柔鱼资源丰度具有较好的相关性。比较多种预报模型发现,基于2月SST、12月PDO和10月ONI的GM(1, 4)模型有较好的预测效果,其准确率达到85%以上,可用于东南太平洋茎柔鱼资源丰度的预测。     

冬季厄尔尼诺发生期日本海太平洋褶柔鱼耳石外形的生长特征

耳石是研究头足类年龄与生长、种群结构和生活史的重要材料。根据2018年厄尔尼诺发生期冬季（12月）我国鱿钓船在西北太平洋日本海海域生产调查期间采集的530尾太平洋褶柔鱼(Todarodes pacificus)样本,首次对厄尔尼诺发生期太平洋褶柔鱼的耳石外形生长特征进行了报道。结果表明,日本海太平洋褶柔鱼的耳石具有宽大的背区、侧区和翼区,以及较狭长的吻区。主成分分析表明,耳石总长(TSL)、侧区长(LDL)、翼区长(WL)和最大宽度(MW)可以作为描述日本海太平洋褶柔鱼耳石外形生长特征的表征参数。协方差分析表明,耳石各外形表征参数与胴长、体质量间的生长关系不存在性别间显著性差异。赤池信息准则表明,TSL、LDL、MW与胴长、体质量的生长关系适用幂函数生长模型表示,WL与胴长、体质量的生长关系适用线性生长模型表示。随着太平洋褶柔鱼个体逐渐生长,其耳石整体外形轮廓的绝对尺寸生长逐渐减缓,但耳石整体外部轮廓的相对尺寸基本维持原状。本研究为后续利用耳石研究太平洋褶柔鱼的生活史过程提供了参考,也为研究异常气候事件对头足类硬组织生长的影响提供了科学依据。     

太平洋褶柔鱼胆固醇与牛磺酸含量分析

采用生化方法,对太平洋褶柔鱼不同规格、不同部位的胆固醇和牛磺酸含量进行分析研究,实验结果表明:太平洋褶柔鱼可食用部位的胆固醇平均含量为382.8mg/100g,牛磺酸平均含量为370.8mg/100g,为其营养和食用价值提供科学依据。     

西北太平洋柔鱼栖息地适宜性变动研究

柔鱼(Ommastrephes bartramii)是西北太平洋重要的经济头足类,其栖息地受到气候变化的显著影响。根据中国鱿钓渔船在38°~45°N、140°~160°E作业渔场内的生产数据以及卫星遥感数据,利用信息增益技术选取关键环境因子,以单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE)作为适应性指数,使用算术平均法(AM)和联乘法(GM)分别建立综合栖息地指数模型,对比异常环境条件下(厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜事件)柔鱼栖息地适宜性变动情况。结果表明,1998年La Ni■a事件发生时,西北太平洋传统作业渔场温度升高,海表温度(SST)相对正常年份2008年平均上升2. 72℃;而2009年El Ni■o事件发生时,SST相对正常年份降低0. 45℃。栖息地综合指数模型结果表明,1998年作业比重主要分布于在栖息地指数(HSI)大于0. 8的范围内,作业比重达到80%;2008年作业比重主要分布在HSI值0. 6~0. 8和0. 8~1. 0之间,所占比重在30%~50%左右; 2009年作业比重主要分布在HSI值0. 4~0. 6、0. 6~0. 8和0. 8~1. 0之间,作业比重平均约为32%。此外HSI值低于0. 2的区间面积随着La Ni■a事件、正常年份和El Ni■o事件递增,而HSI值大于0. 4的区间面积随着La Ni■a事件、正常年份和El Ni■o事件递减。研究认为,1998年La Ni■a事件发生时西北太平洋海域柔鱼适宜栖息地面积增加,而2009年El Ni■o事件发生时柔鱼栖息地适宜性变差,导致柔鱼产量变低。     

浅析日本海中南部海域太平洋褶柔鱼的一些生物学特性

本文根据１９９０年－１９９４年６月－１２月我国鱿钓铅的生产与调查情况，对分布在日本海中南部海域的太平洋褶柔鱼的一些生物学特性作了分析。其体重与胴长关系式为Ｇ＝０．０３６５ＭＬ＾２８１０（Ｇ：克；ＭＬ：厘米），其中属于均速生长型。所捕群体基本上属秋生群，约占总渔获量的８０％，该群体春夏季北上索饵，秋季南下产卵。     

太平洋褶柔鱼渔业资源及渔场学研究进展

太平洋褶柔鱼(Todarodes pacificus)是典型的温带大洋性头足类,主要由秋生群体和冬生群体组成。目前该物种的主要栖息地分布于日本海及太平洋沿岸海域,而我国黄海和东海外海为该物种的主要产卵场,调查发现此海域的太平洋褶柔鱼资源量呈逐年上升趋势,已经成为潜在的重要种类之一。为了后续更好地开发和利用该物种,整理了前人对太平洋褶柔鱼多方面的研究,从基础生物学、渔业及其与海洋环境的关系和资源评估管理等几个方面进行了回顾和总结。结果认为,目前太平洋褶柔鱼主要捕获海域仍然集中在日本和韩国沿岸,产量在80年代后期和90年代前期经历了较大的波动后,近十多年保持在40×104t左右。不同群体有着不同的洄游路径,其受环境影响的程度也有所不同。目前对日本沿岸太平洋褶柔鱼的年龄、生长、繁殖等特性有着较为全面的研究,但仍然需要对其进行长期监控。大尺度海洋环境变化会对太平洋褶柔鱼的CPUE有较大的影响,而通过对其资源状况的评估,可以更好地管理该资源,实现可持续利用。本文可对我国今后在东黄海海域合理开发该资源提供相关依据,也可为今后我国在与邻国的渔业谈判中提升更多的话语权。     

东海太平洋褶柔鱼的数量分布及其与环境的关系

利用1997～2000年在东海4个季节的拖网以及温盐度调查资料,分析了东海太平洋褶柔鱼的数量分布及其与环境条件的关系。结果表明：东海太平洋褶柔鱼分布水深在40～175m,集中分布水深范围在80～150m。春、夏、秋三个季节的平均资源密度最高值都出现在北部外海,冬季的平均资源密度最高值转移到南部外海。四季都有生殖群体的存在,从春季到冬季,生殖群体的重心位置由北部外海向南部外海转移。四季生活海域的表层水温为13．63～28．38℃,生物量高区的表层水温为22～26℃;表层盐度为27．72～34．72,集中分布海域的盐度为32．5～34．7。因此,东海太平洋褶柔鱼属于暖水性外海高温高盐种。     

Comparison of growth histories of immature Japanese common squid Todarodes pacificus between the autumn and winter spawning cohorts based on statolith and gladius analyses

Growth of the autumn and winter spawning cohorts of the Japanese common squid Todarodes pacificus was examined based on daily growth increments in the statolith and gladius. The samples were taken from three groups of young (??180 days old) squid: the autumn cohort collected in the Tsushima Current and the winter cohort collected in the Pacific near the coast and 1100?km offshore. The growth rate based on statolith analysis was highest in the winter cohort near the coast and similar in the two other groups. The daily growth based on gladius analysis during the month before capture was also highest in the winter cohort near the coast, and fluctuated more in the autumn cohort than in the winter cohort. The results suggest that gladius growth increments will be an important tool in future studies of growth in T. pacificus.     

Density and sound speed contrasts of the Japanese common squid Todarodes pacificus and their influence on acoustic target strength

ABSTRACT:   In this study, density and sound speed contrasts were measured for the Japanese common squid Todarodes pacificus . Target strength (TS) data derived from an acoustic scattering model based on measurements of these two parameters were compared with TS values based on acoustic measurement data to determine whether the measured parameters are reasonable values for theoretical scattering model. Density contrast ( g ) was measured from the displacement volume and wet weight, while sound speed contrast ( h ) was measured from the acoustic measurements of travel time (time-of-flight method). The Kirchhoff ray mode model, which represents the squid body as a set of fluid-filled cylinders, was used to calculate theoretical TS. Mean g- and h -values of the squid were 1.029 and 1.041, respectively. Comparison with previous data showed that g was similar, whereas h was relatively high. The difference in the TS between the theoretical model using measured parameters and the acoustic measurement was within 3 dB. Thus, the measured g- and h -values are acceptable for theoretical models of squid.     

Characteristics of divalent minerals extracted from liver of Japanese common squid Todarodes pacificus under various experimental conditions

In relation to the problem of how to utilize the waste from squid processing, we determined the proximate and mineral compositions of liver of the Japanese common squid Todarodes pacificus, and characterized the behavior of divalent minerals, focusing in particular on cadmium removal. The squid liver contained fat (44.0 g/100 g dry matter), protein (13.5 g/100 g dry matter), and ash (2.11 g/100 g dry matter). It also contained the macrominerals sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium, as well as the trace minerals iron, zinc, cadmium, and copper. Low- and high-pH treatments (pH 2 and 12) removed the cadmium entirely, but the trace minerals zinc, iron, and copper, as well as soluble protein, which are all important for proper functioning of the human organism, were also removed in large quantities. High percentages of soluble minerals and soluble protein were found in the low molecular weight (MW < 10,000) fraction. The solubility of zinc and copper were strongly related to the solubility of cadmium, but there was no relationship between the solubilities of magnesium and cadmium. On the other hand, while treatment with either 0.9 % NaCl or 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) also removed the cadmium completely, it left some useful compounds (trace minerals and soluble protein) in the solid part, so these treatments may represent appropriate methods for removing cadmium from squid processing waste.     

Effect of organic salts on setting gels and their corresponding acids on kamaboko gels prepared from squid Todarodes pacificus mantle muscle

The present study evaluated the quality of setting gels prepared by adding sodium acetate, sodium gluconate, sodium citrate, and sodium succinate to Todarodes pacificus mantle muscle meat, and of the acid-induced kamaboko gels produced by soaking the setting gels in their corresponding acid solutions. The breaking strength was the lowest for the setting gel treated with sodium acetate. The pH values of the acid-induced kamaboko gels decreased when soaked in acid, whereas their moisture contents, whitenesses, and breaking strengths increased. The citric acid-induced kamaboko gel had the highest whiteness index and breaking strength among the gels. The sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) patterns did not show large differences among the gels, except for a low-intensity polymer band in the gluconic acid-induced kamaboko gel. Sodium citrate combined with citric acid yielded the best-quality acid-induced kamaboko gel among all the combinations, so this condition was used to study the effect of organic salt levels. The breaking strength increased when a sodium citrate level of up to 3% was used for the sodium citrate-treated setting gel, and 10% for the citric acid-induced kamaboko gel. The SDS-PAGE patterns did not differ among the sodium citrate levels. Egg white and microbial transglutaminase were necessary for citric acid-induced kamaboko gel production.     

Changes in the strategy of a small-scale jigging fishery for Japanese flying squid Todarodes pacificus off northeastern Japan

Fisheries Science - Long-term fluctuations in the strategy of a small-scale squid jigging fishery for Japanese flying squid Todarodes pacificus off northeastern Japan were evaluated based on time...     

黄海太平洋褶柔鱼种群动态的研究

根据近年来我国主要海洋渔业公司和群众渔业单位,在黄海拖网生产专捕和兼捕太平洋褶柔鱼的统计资料,结合多年来渔业生产经验,对鱿鱼的洄游分布状况作了具体分析。同时根据2004-2006年5次对山东近海渔业资料调查中的渔获统计及生物学测定,研究近年来黄海鱿鱼资源变动规律,并利用扫海面积法估算整个黄海海域的资源量。结果表明目前黄海鱿鱼资源利用较充分,并提出资源开发保护建议。     

Long-term changes in zooplankton and its relationship with squid, Todarodes pacificus, catch in Japan/East Sea

Long‐term change in zooplankton biomass and composition of major zooplankton assemblages was studied with a focus on climate change and squid catch in the Japan/East Sea. This study deals with data sets of zooplankton biomass, abundance of major zooplankton assemblages, and sea surface temperature (SST) obtained during the period from 1965 to 1998, and the catch of squid, Todarodes pacificus, from 1978 to 1998. Based on its physical characteristics, the study area was divided into two subregions, a northern and southern region. The SST during the winter and spring (February and April) steadily increased after the late 1980s in the southern region. On the other hand, the northern region did not have a warm winter and had higher interannual fluctuations. Zooplankton biomass also showed an increasing trend and major zooplankton assemblages have shifted in their composition since the early 1990s. The northern region exhibited a greater increasing trend than the southern region in zooplankton biomass. Macrozooplankton such as chaethognaths, euphausiids and amphipods gradually increased after the early 1990s. In the Japan/East Sea, squid catches increased continuously after the early 1990s. The squid catch for the autumn of year n is significantly associated with the zooplankton biomass collected in October and December of year n ? 1 (r=0.864 in the northern region and r=0.818 in the southern region, P < 0.001) and macrozooplankton, especially euphausiids (r=0.578 in the northern region and r=0.840 in the southern region, P < 0.05) and amphipods (r=0.695 in the northern region and r=0.648 in the southern region, P < 0.05).