鸡实验性尿酸盐沉积症的肾脏病理学研究

将１２０只３５日龄迪卡商品代蛋用雏鸡随机分为高钙组、高蛋白组和对照组,分别饲喂高钙（含钙３．９％）、高蛋白（含粗蛋白４４．０％）和全价（含钙０．８％,粗蛋白１８．２％）饲料。试验第２５天,各组剖检５只鸡,作肾脏的光镜和电镜观察。结果表明,高钙、高蛋白饲料均能引发尿酸盐沉积。高钙组鸡肾脏肿大,表面及切面有大量尿酸盐结晶;输尿管扩张,管内充满白色尿酸盐沉积物。光镜观察,肾小球肿胀,近曲及远曲小管上皮细胞肿胀、变性。电镜观察,近曲小管上皮绒毛短缩、肿胀、断裂、脱落,线粒体肿胀、嵴断裂;远曲小管线粒体肿胀,呈现空泡,核呈锯齿型。高蛋白组眼观病变不明显,肾脏的光镜、电镜病变与高钙组相似,但损伤程度较轻。作者认为,高钙、高蛋白所致肾脏损害是鸡尿酸盐沉积症的重要原因。     

犊牛磺胺中毒的病理形态学观察

为了解犊牛磺胺中毒的病理形态学变化特点,对2头因磺胺中毒而死亡的犊牛进行了详细的病理学研究.结果表明,犊牛磺胺中毒的病理性损伤主要发生于肾脏和肝脏.宏观检查可见,肾脏肿胀,色泽变淡,皮质增宽,肾盂有多量豆腐渣样物质.肝脏肿胀,淡橘红色,质地脆易碎.微观检查可见,近曲小管上皮细胞肿胀,核浓缩,染色不良,大量上皮细胞脱落....     

Comparative Histology of the Kidney of Bos taurus and Bos indicus Cattle

Twenty-six kidneys of 2–4 years old Bos indicus (zebu cattle) and twenty kidneys of 4-year old Bos taurus were examined under the light microscope. The renal tubular epithelial heights and diameters were smaller in zebu than in Bos taurus. The Bos indicus kidney had fewer vascular bundles in the outer medullary zone and a smaller number of capillaries per vascular bundle, hence a lower renal blood flow than in Bos taurus. The Bos indicus proximal tubules had broader brush borders than those of Bos taurus. The smaller renal corpuscles with smaller glomerular filtration surface and low renal blood flow are responsible for low glomerular filtration rate and urinary flow, enabling their kidneys to retain more water than those of Bos taurus.     

Mammalian renal modifications in dry environments

The literature on the role of the kidney and renal morphological modifications in places of limited water supply is reviewed. The anatomical structures for urine concentration found in animals living in desert or arid environments, although not all occurring in one particular animal, are wide medullae, long loops of Henle, long proximal tubules, long collecting tubules, small renal corpuscles, extension of the renal pelvis, well developed elongated papillae, occurrence of giant vascular bundles, specialized ultrastructure of Henle's loops, epithelial changes in the collecting tubule, zonation of the vasa recta and peculiarity of the arterial supply to the kidney. The renal renin content is moderately high in these species. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is very active, retaining Na⁺ with water. The urine is concentrated at the expense of other electrolytes. Both the renal blood and urinary flow rates are lower than in species with access to unlimited water supply. The juxtaglomerular apparatus components are topographically intimate for effective tubuloglomerular autoregulation of renal blood flow.     

Tubulointerstitial nephritis causes decreased renal expression and urinary excretion of cauxin, a major urinary protein of the domestic cat

Cauxin, a member of mammalian carboxylesterases (EC 3.1.1.1), is excreted as a major urinary protein in the domestic cat. Urinary cauxin is derived from the kidney proximal straight tubules. Here, we report changes in the renal expression and urinary excretion of cauxin in cats with tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN). Immunohistochemistry using anti-cauxin antibody showed fewer cauxin-positive tubules in 15 TIN cases than in normal animals. In areas with tubulointerstitial damage, fibroblasts and inflammatory cells replaced renal tubules, and cauxin-positive tubules consequently disappeared. Urine was analysed in six of the 15 cases. In the two cases with mild tubulointerstitial changes, urinary cauxin was detected using SDS-PAGE with Coomassie staining. In the four cases with severe tubulointerstitial changes, urinary cauxin was below the detection limit using Western blotting. These results indicate that the renal expression and urinary excretion of cauxin decrease with the progression of TIN in cats.     

Renal lesions in rats infected with Rattus serotype hantavirus (SR-11 strain).

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) virus, strain SR-11 (SR) was inoculated intraperitoneally into specific-pathogen-free (SPF) newborn rats, from which the kidney lesions were examined pathologically. The infected rats revealed proteinuria on and after 16 days postinoculation (PI). Histologically, the epithelial cells of the renal tubules showed mild vacuolar and granular degeneration with cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (CIB) on and after 16 days PI. Ultrastructurally, a decrease in number of mitochondria and endocytic vesicles was recognized in the epithelial cells of the proximal renal tubules. Occasionally, both the proximal and distal renal tubular cells had CIB near well-developed Golgi apparatus on and after 13 days PI. Immunohistochemically, CIB were positive for anti-SR nucleocapsid antibody, but negative for anti-SR envelope protein antibody. From the results obtained here, it was concluded that the proteinuria in rats infected with HFRS virus resulted from an insufficiency of reabsorption in the proximal renal tubules, and that CIB consisted of the viral nucleocapsid protein.     

Ultrastructural postmortem changes in chicken kidneys at 27 C

Ultrastructural postmortem changes of glomeruli, proximal tubules (PT), distal tubules (DT), and cortical collecting ducts (CD) were studied in adult chickens held at 27 C for 0, 1, 5, 10, 30, 60, or 360 minutes. There were marked ultrastructural alterations in tissues considered normal by light microscopy. The earliest changes, evident in immediately fixed samples, consisted of apical cell swelling of PT and DT epithelium and formation of smaller projections from glomerular capillary endothelium. Swelling increased with time, and gaps in cell membranes of tubular cytoplasmic blebs were evident by 10 minutes postmortem. The urinary space also contained cellular debris in immediately fixed samples and was filled by swollen epithelial cells by 10 minutes postmortem. Organelle changes were pronounced by 5 minutes in PT epithelium and by 10 minutes in DT epithelium. These initial changes consisted of dilation of mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum. Flocculent mitochondrial matrix densities were present by 5 minutes in PT epithelium and enlarged and appeared in other tubular segments as the time postmortem increased. Nuclear chromatin margination occurred first in 10-minute samples of PT and DT, and it was present by 30 minutes in glomerular epithelial cells. Chromatin clumping was present in PT and DT epithelium at 30 minutes and was followed by pyknosis and karyorrhexis at 360 minutes. These latter nuclear changes were not found in glomerular cells during the study. Nuclei of CD showed little change during the periods studied. The glomerular basement membrane appeared as a single hyaline membrane by 30 minutes postmortem, but this membrane and podocyte foot processes showed little further change by 360 minutes postmortem.     

Urinary tract cryptosporidiosis in commercial laying hens

Formalin-fixed kidney tissues from adult egg-laying chickens in two houses of an egg-production complex in the upper Midwest were submitted to Iowa State University for histopathologic examination. An increased incidence of visceral gout, average daily mortality 1%-2% higher than expected, and egg production within normal limits were observed in both houses. Numerous developing stages of Cryptosporidium were observed on the apical surface of epithelial cells lining renal collecting tubules and ureters. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to visualize colonization of cryptosporidia, disruption of microvilli, and exfoliation of parasitized epithelial cells. Lymphoplasmacytic infiltration in the wall of ureters and hyperplasia of parasitized epithelial cells resulted in partial obstruction of ureters, which may have induced visceral gout in affected hens. This is the first report of urinary tract cryptosporidiosis occurring in adult hens in a modern commercial egg-production facility.     

The effect of the host lymphocyte lysosomal system on the developing intracellular Theileria annulata sporozoites

The fate of developing intracellular Theileria annulata sporozoites within bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) was investigated in vitro using acid phosphatase ultracytochemistry. The intracellular sporozoites, while they developed into trophozoites, fed, and transformed into schizonts, provoked intense host lysosomal activity as early as 30 min after they were mixed with lymphocytes. Although viable developing trophozoites failed to fuse with lysosomal vesicles, thereby avoiding enzymatic digestion, the dead parasites readily formed 'phagolysosomes', resulting in lysosomal degranulation and trophozoite digestion. Possible factors responsible for the observed lack of lysosomal fusion with viable trophozoites are discussed.     

Localisation and expression of TRPV6 in all intestinal segments and kidney of laying hens

1. The aim of this study was to investigate the localisation and expression of the epithelial Ca2+ channel TRPV6 (transient receptor potential vanilloid channel type 6) in different intestinal segments and kidney of laying hens during peak lay. 2. Immunohistochemical analysis of the intestine indicated that TRPV6 was localised to the brush-border membranes of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum, and rectum. Expression was weaker in the rectum, and little or no expression was found in crypt and goblet cells. In addition, TRPV6 mRNA was quantified amongst different intestinal segments, and expression was highest in the duodenum and jejunum. Furthermore, Western blotting indicated that the duodenum expressed the greatest amount of TRPV6 and the rectum the least with the other segments expressing intermediate levels. 3. In the kidney, distinct immunopositive staining for TRPV6 was detected at the apical domain of the distal convoluted tubules (DCT) and medullary connecting tubules (CNT). Interestingly, distribution of TRPV6 extended to the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT). Furthermore, the kidney expressed lower TRPV6 mRNA and protein levels compared with that in the duodenum. 4. In conclusion, the epithelial Ca2+ channel TRPV6 is strongly expressed in the apical cells of the entire intestine and the renal tubules, suggesting that active Ca2+ transcellular transport plays a crucial role in dietary calcium (re)absorption in laying hens.     

Distribution and form of uranium-containing deposits in chickens treated with uranyl nitrate

The kidneys of chicks treated with uranyl nitrate were examined by electron microscopy. Most deposits of electron-dense material containing uranium were found in the lumina of distal tubules and collecting ducts of kidneys collected 12-24 hours post-treatment. Some deposits were present in extracellular spaces between adjacent cells. Only occasionally were deposits found intracellularly where they were associated with localized cellular degeneration. A generalized cellular degeneration over the whole kidney was seen 72-96 hours post-treatment, but this was not directly associated with the deposits of electron-dense material.     

The morphological postnatal development of the testis of the Nubian bucks

This study was designed to monitor the morphological development of the reproductive tract of the Nubian bucks in relation to puberty. Thirty-two Nubain male kids were used in the study. The animals were slaughtered at intervals of 2 weeks starting from 1 day old up to 24 weeks of age. Tissue samples were obtained from the testes and processed for ultrastructural studies. The boundary tissue of the newly forming seminiferous tubule adhered closely to the basal lamina. It consisted of a single continuous layer of myoid cells, the outer surface of which was covered by scattered fibroblasts. The ultrastructural study of the boundary of the seminiferous tubule revealed that it consisted of three layers; inner fibrous, middle and outer cellular. The seminiferous tubules at week one were lined by two layers of epithelia; spermatogonia and Sertoli cells in the basal layer, and primary spermatocytes in the second layer. A gradual increase in the diameter of the tubules and epithelial height continued to increase with age. Furthermore, spermatocytes number showed an increase with age. In conclusion, based on the appearance of spermatozoa in the lumina of the seminiferous tubules, puberty age was achieved between weeks 18 and 20.     

Morphological Study of Mast Cell Localization in the Wall of the Proximal Tubule in the Domestic Swine Kidney

Morphological studies to localize mast cells in the wall of the convoluted and straight parts of the proximal tubules of the domestic swine kidney were performed. Kidney perfusion was carried out in 8-month-old pigs and semi-thin and ultrathin sections were prepared after a routine treatment. A light microscopic study showed that mast cells were not frequently found. Most were localized in the wall of the proximal convoluted tubule, while in the proximal straight tubule wall they were fewer in number. Most of the mast cells were oval in shape, their size being typical for this species, and the granules were reddish in colour. Three types of granule containing an evenly distributed granular-fibrous substance were found by TEM examination: the first type had a single electron-optically dense belt under the membrane; the second showed optically empty spaces between the substance and the cell membrane; the granules from the third type had two parallel dense belts below the granular membrane and were the smallest in size. Some of the granules of the first type were connected with the granular endoplasmic reticulum. A very narrow intercellular area and single desmosome-like junctions were found between the mast cells and the epithelial cells. Protrusions of plasmalemma and granules outside the cells were not established. On the basis of these results and data from the scientific literature, a comparative analysis was carried out. This showed certain differences between the results obtained and previous findings on the morphology of domestic swine mast cells and granules.     

Ochratoxin A and citrinin induced nephrosis in Beagle dogs. III. Terminal renal ultrastructural alterations

The extent and type of renal ultrastructural changes in Beagle dogs varied with the administration of ochratoxin A and citrinin alone and in the two dosage combinations. The three predominant changes were cytoplasmic vacuolation, myelin figure formation and lesions designated as cytoplasmic disarray. These changes were mainly of the endomembane system of the tubular epithelial cells. Cytoplasmic vacuoles were within proximal and distal tubules and collecting ducts and were most numerous in dogs given 10 mg/kg critrinin. Vacuolation of similar distribution, but less severe, was seen in renal tubular cells of dogs given the higher dose of the combined mycotoxins (0.2 mg/kg ochratoxin A + 10 mg/kg citrinin). This damage was limited to the proximal tubular cells in dogs given only ochratoxin A (0.1 or 0.2 mg/kg). Myelin figures were in proximal epithelial cells of dogs given ochratoxin A alone or combined with citrinin. There was cytoplasmic disarray in dogs of all groups except for dogs given 5 mg/kg citrinin. This lesions was usually limited to the proximal tubules. The lesions, however, was found in cells of the distal tubules of dogs given 10 mg/kg citrinin alone.     

Renal Cystic Adenocarcinoma in a Flowerhorn Cichlid with Metastatic Involvement of the Spleen

Abstract

A 480-g flowerhorn cichlid (an ornamental hybrid) with severe bilateral abdominal swelling, bulla-like structures on the skin, bilateral exophthalmia, and a prolapsed intestine was presented. Radiographs showed compression of the posterior part of the swim bladder and abdominal distention. Ultrasonography of visceral organs revealed a heterogeneous mass with hypoechoic to anechoic polycystic parenchyma and free fluid in the abdominal cavity. At necropsy, free fluid in the abdominal cavity and a large polycystic mass originating from the posterior kidney were observed. Histologically, the mass was composed of more cystic growth of tubules. The renal architecture was replaced by tubules, often irregular in shape, lined by simple to lightly stratified layers of neoplastic and pleomorphic cuboidal to columnar epithelial cells and the absence of glomeruli. Birefringent crystals were observed with polarized light within the lumen of some tubules. The apical border of the neoplastic cells was periodic acid–Schiff positive. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells were positive for cytokeratin AE1/AE3 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen and were negative for p53 (tumor suppressor protein). Microscopic metastasis was seen in the spleen. The metastatic tumor was classified as a cystic adenocarcinoma of the kidney, originating from the proximal tubules.

Received October 7, 2016; accepted June 18, 2017 Published online July 31, 2017     

Primary hyperoxaluria (L-glyceric aciduria) in the cat: a newly recognised inherited disease

The clinical features of a newly recognised inherited disease, primary hyperoxaluria in the cat, are reported. Affected cats developed acute renal failure between five and nine months old owing to the deposition of oxalate crystals in the tubules of the kidney. In addition to the signs attributable to kidney failure the affected animals became profoundly weak; there was evidence of denervation atrophy in skeletal muscle, and accumulations of neurofilaments were found in the proximal axons of the ventral horn cells and dorsal root ganglion cells of the spinal cord. Examination of urine from affected cats revealed L-glyceric aciduria and intermittent hyperoxaluria suggesting that the disease is a feline analogue of the human disorder, primary hyperoxaluria type 2. This supposition was confirmed by liver enzyme studies.     

肠艾美耳球虫配子生殖与病理变化

用单个肠艾美耳球虫Eimeria intestimalis Cheissin 1984卵囊感染无球虫兔,获得纯种进行研究。1.肠艾美耳球虫的配子生殖阶段寄生于空肠和回肠,此时宿主组织有较严重病变。12指肠、结肠和盲肠未见虫体,但在感染后264小时见盲肠的个别绒毛内有1～3个配子体,可能属偶然现象。2.感染后180小时发现极少数早期配子体,感染后192小时出现少量配子体寄生在空肠和回肠的绒毛和腺上皮细胞内,感染后216至264小时,绒毛上皮和腺上皮细胞内多为配子体、合子和卵囊所取代。感染后216小时出现极少量卵囊,264小时则见有大量卵囊。3.感染开始时(感染后61～73小时),回肠、空肠绒毛上皮正常;腺上皮细胞出现少量滋养体和裂殖体。96至192小时后,肠绒毛上皮和腺上皮受侵害程度渐趋严重,肠绒毛变矮,绒毛上皮及腺上皮细胞肿大变空,细胞核消失。许多腺泡塌陷。感染后216～264小时,肠绒毛受侵害最为严重,空肠和回肠绒毛萎缩或消失,变为一层矮柱或立方形上皮细胞或全无上皮细胞覆盖的绒毛。固有层均质红染,或颗粒状。肠腺塌陷,数量减少,大小不一。腺腔内见有配子体、合子或卵囊残留,部分腺泡上皮细胞再生,细胞核增生成堆。12指肠、盲肠和结肠正常。     

THE HISTOPATHOLOGY OF INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS IN FOWLS INFECTED WITH A NEPHROTROPIC "T" STRAIN OF VIRUS

The histopathology of the infectious bronchitis caused by the Cumming "T" strain of virus is described in fowls exposed to infection by an aerosol method. Desquamation of the ciliated and glandular epithelium throughout the trachea was seen 24 hours after exposure to virus. This was followed by rapid proliferation presumably of residual basal cells with the production of a stratified undifferentiated epithelial covering. Small areas of the tracheal submucosa showed lymphocytic infiltration by the 4th day. Cilia were first observed in the regenerating epithelium on the 7th day when mucous cells were also seen to be numerous. Alveolar mucous glands developed over the following 4 days and by the 12th day regeneration appeared complete. Pulmonary lesions were generally not severe and the air sacs were only slightly oedematous for 4 days following exposure. Necrosis of a few tubules scattered throughout the kidneys was seen on the 4th day. By the 6th day cystic tubules containing epithelial debris and polymorphonuclear leukocytes were prominent in both cortex and medulla and necrotic tubules were scattered throughout the kidneys. PAS positive granules were present in the renal tubular epithelium and were most pronounced in the distal convoluted tubules. Infiltration of the interstitium by lymphocytes and plasma cells was generally marked on the 7th day. The cytoplasm of these plasma cells was strongly PAS positive and such cells were most numerous on the 12th and 13th days after exposure and then their numbers rapidly declined. Regeneration of tubular epithelium was advanced by the 10th day and much of the cell debris had been cleared from the lumina of the tubules. What appeared to be compressed areas were seen in the cortex from the 13th day where glomeruli and tubules were numerous through considerably reduced in size. These were not seen after the 35th day, however an occasional lymph nodule persisted in the intersitium.     

Distribution and amount of cathepsin B in gentamicin-induced acute kidney injury in rats

The aim of our study was to investigate how the distribution and amount of cathepsin B change during acute kidney injury. The research was done on a rat model of acute kidney injury that was induced by nephrotoxic antibiotic gentamicin. Gentamicin was injected at a dose of 40 mg/kg body weight (the first treated group) and 80 mg/kg body weight (the second treated group) for 14 days. Control groups received injections of physiological saline only. One day after the last injection, animals were euthanized, dissected and kidney samples were taken and fixed in 10% buffered formalin. Tissue sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin, periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) and Oil-red-O. Immunohistochemistry was used for the demonstration of cathepsin B. Vacuolar degeneration of the proximal convoluted tubules was the most prominent pathologic lesion found in the first treated group, while necrosis prevailed in the second treated group in the same localisation. In both treated groups significantly weaker immunohistochemical reaction for cathepsin B was noticed in the proximal convoluted tubules in comparison to the control groups (P < 0.05). The decrease of positive reaction was the largest in the proximal convoluted tubules of the outer renal cortex. Stronger positive reaction for cathepsin B, although not statistically significant, was found in the proximal straight tubules (P > 0.05), as well. However, more numerous cathepsin B-positive large granules appeared in the proximal straight tubules of the second treated group then in the second control group (P < 0.05). We can conclude that the amount of cathepsin B in the affected proximal convoluted tubules significantly decreases along the increased severity of the histopathological lesions of the proximal convoluted tubuls, the amount of enzyme in the well preserved proximal straight tubules increases and more cathepsin B-positive large granules appear in the cytoplasm.     

Effects of intravenously administered tetra-thiomolybdate on the distribution of copper in the liver and kidney of copper loaded sheep: a histochemical study

The effects of intravenously administered thiomolybdate on the liver and kidney of copper loaded sheep were studied using 16 ewes in three groups. Copper, iron and molybdenum concentrations were determined by spectrophotometry and the distribution of copper in the liver and kidney was studied histochemically. Following thiomolybdate administration, the concentration of copper in the liver was reduced, that of molybdenum increased and the concentration of copper and molybdenum in the kidney increased. The reduction of copper concentration in the liver was associated with reductions in the number and size of granules in hepatocytes which stained positively for copper and in the number of Kupffer cells containing positively staining granules. The decrease in the amount of copper in hepatocytes appeared to be greater than that in Kupffer cells. This effect was greatest in the centrilobular zones and least in the periportal zones. The increased concentration of copper and molybdenum in kidney was associated with an increase in the number and size of granules staining positively for copper in the epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubules which suggested an uptake of copper-molybdenum complexes by the lysosomes of these cells.