饥饿对凡纳滨对虾能量代谢及脂肪酸组分的影响

试验考察了喂食与禁食状态下,凡纳滨对虾（Litopenaeus vannamei）的生长及其肌肉脂肪酸组成的变化。试验虾初始重为0.2627~0.2715g,水体盐度10,温度为27~30℃。喂食采用蛋白饲料（PD）和无蛋白饲料（FPD）,蛋白饲料主要以酪蛋白、明胶为蛋白源,蛋白质含量为43.8%。喂食试验为30d,禁...     

温度胁迫对凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺氧代谢及能量代谢的影响

为探究温度胁迫对凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺氧代谢和能量代谢的影响,本研究采用生物化学方法分析了低温及高温胁迫对凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺中超氧阴离子(O2-·)产生,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力及谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量,一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活力及其催化的一氧化氮(NO)生成量,以及对三磷酸腺苷(ATP)含量的影响.结果表明,15℃低温及31与35℃的高温胁迫均会导致O2-·显著增加,在15 ～31℃内,SOD活力与O2-·含量变化趋势相似,低温胁迫导致CAT活力升高更为显著,低温与高温胁迫后,GSH含量均显著增加;高温胁迫会引起NOS活力及其催化的NO生成量显著增加;低温与高温胁迫均会引起ATP含量显著增加,但是随着温度回复至对照水平,ATP含量也回复至对照水平.结论:低温和高温胁迫均会引起凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺组织中氧代谢失衡,SOD、CAT及GSH在机体应对低温及高温胁迫导致的氧化损伤中可能扮演不同角色,NO介导的信号传导可能在应对高温胁迫中起着重要作用;低温及高温均会导致ATP含量增加,提示对虾在应对温度胁迫的过程中可能需要更多能量.推测环境温度过低或者过高时,可能由于超出凡纳滨对虾氧-温度忍受极限(OCLTT)而导致氧代谢失衡,并对凡纳滨对虾的能量代谢及其他生理活动产生重要影响.     

饲料脂肪水平对凡纳滨对虾生长、肌肉和肝胰腺脂肪酸组成的影响

以脂肪水平为4.64%、6.56%、8.47%、10.39%和12.31%的5组试验饲料,饲喂凡纳滨对虾[初始质量(9.84±0.14)g].水温为23.4～27.0℃,60 d.饲养结果显示,体质量增加及成活率以8.47%脂肪含量组最佳;雄虾肝胰腺中的C18:3n-3,雄虾肌肉脂质中C20:4 n-6、C20:5n-...     

饲料中添加螺旋藻对凡纳滨对虾生长、体组分的影响

系统研究了饲料中添加0～5％不同水平的螺旋藻对凡纳滨对虾生长性能与体生化组成的影响。结果表明：（1）螺旋藻能促进对虾生长,提高饲料的消化利用率,以0．8％、1．5％螺旋藻添加组凡纳滨对虾生长性能较好,试验中期、末期增重率分别达到926．10％、959．78％和4382％、4353．3％,与对照组相比,虾体增重率分别提高2．82％、6．56％和3．45％、2．77％。结合饲料利用、虾体生化组分分析结果表明,饲料中添加0．8％水平螺旋藻为最佳。凡纳滨对虾肝体指数（HSI）随螺旋藻添加量的增加呈现下降趋势。（2）在1％螺旋藻添加范围内,虾体EPA含量内（Y）与螺旋藻添加量（X）呈现良好的线性关系（YEPA=2．4275X＋4．5975,R0=0．9611）,在0．8％范围内螺旋藻,虾体中DHA、ARA的含量与螺旋藻添加量呈显著线性相关（yDHA=4．668X＋5．6545,R^2=0．9631;YARA=105．58X＋0．3241,R^2=0．9749）。（3）从虾体DHA、EPA和ARA含量分析,0．5％大蒜添加量与5％螺旋藻添加量的对虾体脂肪酸改善效果相当。     

海水养殖和低盐养殖凡纳滨对虾脂肪酸分析比较

对饲喂同一种配合饲料分别在海水及低盐水体中饲养的凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vannamei肌肉及肝胰脏的脂肪酸组成进行了分析比较.结果显示,(1)海水养殖凡纳滨对虾肌肉中的多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)和总含量低于低盐养殖凡纳滨对虾(P<0.05), 而单不饱和脂肪酸(MUPA)总含量高于低盐养殖凡纳滨对虾(P<0.05), 二者的饱和脂肪酸总量(SAFA)无显著差异(P>0.05).海水养殖凡纳滨对虾肌肉中ω3系列脂肪酸总量显著低于低盐养殖对虾(P<0.05),而ω6系列脂肪酸总量显著高于低盐养殖凡纳滨对虾(P<0.05),ω3/ω6比率海水养殖凡纳滨对虾显著低于低盐养殖对虾(P<0.05).(2)海水养殖凡纳滨对虾肝胰脏中多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和饱和脂肪酸(SAFA)总含量均显著高于低盐养殖凡纳滨对虾(P< 0.05).海水养殖凡纳滨对虾肝胰脏中ω3系列脂肪酸总量显著高于低盐养殖凡纳滨对虾(P<0.05),而ω6系列脂肪酸显著低于低盐养殖对虾(P<0.05), ω3/ω6比率海水养殖凡纳滨对虾显著高于低盐养殖对虾(P<0.05).     

凡纳滨对虾饲料添加剂的研究进展

凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)俗称南美白对虾,是目前世界养殖产量最高的三大虾种之一,具有对水环境抗逆能力强、营养要求低、生长速度快,虾体含肉量大、肉质鲜美、营养丰富等诸多优点,自1998年来,在广东、广西、海南等省(区)广为     

凡纳滨对虾养殖成本控制浅析

本文主要从养殖管理、饵料选择投喂及苗种选择等几方面介绍了凡纳滨对虾在养殖过程中成本控制技术要点,为指导生产实践提供借鉴。     

凡纳滨对虾卵子发生的超微结构

利用透射电镜研究凡纳滨对虾卵子发生过程中细胞内部结构的变化。结果显示,卵原细胞结构简单,代谢水平低,核孔稀少,通过核周池来完成核、质之间的物质交换。卵黄发生前晚期和卵黄发生初期的卵母细胞变化显著：核膜凹凸不平,核仁数量多,核孔密集,大量核仁外排物经核孔输送到卵质中;卵质中胞器极为丰富和发达,代谢活性极强。卵黄发生旺盛期是卵黄大量形成的阶段,卵质边缘还呈辐射状排列了一圈椭圆形皮质棒,细胞出现微吞饮活动并形成卵黄膜。卵黄发生晚期卵质中充满了粗大的卵黄粒和脂滴,胞器锐减。另外,探讨了卵细胞内部结构的变化和卯黄形成的关系以及皮质棒的来源与功能。     

凡纳滨对虾循环水养殖可行性研究

为探寻高产高效的养虾模式,应对环境恶化及疾病蔓延对凡纳滨对虾养殖的制约,以凡纳滨对虾新品种"科海1号"SPF优质虾苗为对象,采用循环水养殖系统及其高效水处理技术,进行了为期90d的循环水养虾试验,以探析循环水养虾的可行性及适宜的养虾条件与管控措施。结果显示:在循环水系统,凡纳滨对虾活动正常,生长快速;在放虾苗750~1200尾/m2的高密度情况下,养成产量平均高达8.6016kg/m2(5.734 4kg/m3),平均存活率64.88%,饵料系数1.22。由此表明,循环水系统适合凡纳滨对虾集约化养殖,并能高产高效。     

硫化物胁迫对凡纳滨对虾血细胞的毒性影响

硫化物是水产养殖过程中常见的水体污染物之一。为探讨水体硫化物胁迫对虾类血细胞的毒性影响,以不同浓度(0.5 mg/L,2.0 mg/L)的硫化物对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)进行胁迫,于胁迫后6、12、24和48 h取血淋巴,应用流式细胞术测定血细胞的总数(THC)、活性氧(ROS)含量、一氧化氮(NO)含量以及凋亡率。结果显示,经0.5 mg/L硫化物胁迫48 h后,对虾THC显著下降至11.78×10~6个/mL,为对照组的72.7%(P0.05),ROS含量为对照组的225.2%(P0.05),血细胞凋亡率显著上升至7.42%(P0.05);经2.0 mg/L硫化物胁迫6 h开始,对虾THC呈现显著的下降(P0.05),血细胞ROS含量和凋亡率显著提高(P0.05);表明硫化物胁迫刺激对虾血细胞产生大量ROS,诱导血细胞凋亡,从而导致THC下降,这一过程可能是硫化物导致虾类细胞免疫下降的重要机制;随着硫化物浓度的升高,其细胞毒性作用明显提高。血细胞NO含量在2.0 mg/L硫化物胁迫12和48 h时显著升高(P0.05),推测NO可能在硫化物胁迫防御调控中起着信号因子的作用。     

饥饿对凡纳滨对虾仔虾摄食行为和消化酶活力的影响

2004年5月,在中国海洋大学海水养殖教育部重点实验室内营造半精养、精养养殖模式,研究短期饥饿(0(对照组)、1、2、3、4、5、6d)对凡纳滨对虾仔虾摄食行为、摄食率及消化酶的影响。结果表明,两种模式中仔虾的摄食行为和摄食率都随饥饿天数的增加而呈现先上升后下降的趋势;半精养模式中,经饥饿再投喂后仔虾的胃蛋白酶、类胰蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力均随饥饿天数的增加呈现先上升后下降的趋势;精养模式中,胃蛋白酶活力也呈现以上趋势,但类胰蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力则在饥饿初期波动,然后下降。凡纳滨对虾仔虾遭遇饥饿胁迫后,通过提高摄食强度、摄食率及消化酶的分泌量来进行能量补充。但随着饥饿时间的延长,其应对饥饿胁迫的能力下降,各种消化酶活力呈降低趋势。实验表明,在半精养模式中,凡纳滨对虾对饥饿胁迫的承受能力高于精养模式。     

亚硝态氮慢性胁迫对凡纳滨对虾体成分和糖代谢的影响

为研究亚硝态氮(NO2–-N)慢性胁迫对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)[(2.03±0.33) g]生长、摄食、体成分和糖代谢的影响,实验设置0 (对照组)、8 (N8组)、15 (N15组)和30 mg/L (N30组) NO2–-N浓度组,进行36 d的NO2–-N慢性胁迫实验。结果显示,随着NO2–-N浓度升高,对虾的终末体重、特定生长率、增重率和日摄食率均呈显著下降趋势。N8组和N15组对虾的血糖和肝胰腺中糖原含量在实验中期高于对照组,但最终均低于对照组,而肌肉中糖原含量在实验期间始终低于对照组。胁迫组凡纳滨对虾肌肉中的己糖激酶活力低于对照组;而肝胰腺己糖激酶活力和丙酮酸激酶活力均高于对照组,同时,肝胰腺乳酸含量与乳酸脱氢酶活力呈先上升后下降的趋势,最终与对照组相比无显著差异。终末体成分中,N30组的粗脂肪含量显著低于对照组。结果表明,NO2–-N慢性胁迫会降低对虾食欲,减缓凡纳滨对虾的生长,机体糖代谢调节可作为对虾应对NO2–-N慢性胁迫的短期响应,对虾对脂质的利用在应对NO2–-N慢性胁迫过程中起重要作用。     

Biotic communities and feeding habits of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone 1931) and Litopenaeus stylirostris (Stimpson 1974) in monoculture and polyculture semi-intensive ponds

Zooplankton, macrozoobenthos and feeding habits of Litopenaeus stylirostris and L. vannamei in monoculture and polyculture semi‐intensive experimental ponds were evaluated. Zooplankton was more abundant in monoculture of L. stylirostris (1002±670 organisms (org.) L^?1) than in monoculture of L. vannamei (470±37 org. L^?1), and polyculture (321±188 org. L^?1). The main zooplanktonic groups were polychaeta larvae, nauplii, copepods and polychaeta. Macrozoobenthos was more abundant in polyculture (6898±11 137 org. m^?2) compared with monoculture of L. stylirostris (3201±350 org. m^?2) and L. vannamei (2384±3752 org. m^?2). The main benthic groups were copepods, polychaeta, ostracods, nematodes and insects. Differences in feeding habits were found between species and regimes. Litopenaeus vannamei showed to be a more voracious species and fed mostly on organic detritus and benthos in both culture regimes. Litopenaeus stylirostris had a more restricted sources of feed in the ponds. The major component in the stomach content of both species was detritus. Macroalgae, sand, exuvia, formulated feed, prey and microalgae were minor components for both species (<7%). Ingestion of formulated feed was <4% for L. stylirostris and was not detected for L. vannamei. The stomach repletion rates were larger for L. vannamei (55.6% and 48.8%) than for L. stylirostris (43.75% and 44.89%). Litopenaeus stylirostris grew better in polyculture (10.3±3.4 g) that in monoculture (9.0±3.8 g). Litopenaeus vannamei grew better in monoculture (16.1±4.8 g) than in polyculture (13.4±4.5 g). For both species, feed conversion ratio was lower in polyculture.     

生物絮团在凡纳滨对虾封闭养殖试验中的形成条件及作用效果

本研究尝试将生物絮团技术应用到凡纳滨对虾试验性封闭养殖系统中,筛选生物絮团养殖所需的适宜碳源及其添加量,在此基础上研究生物絮团养殖系统中凡纳滨对虾的适宜养殖密度。结果表明,在养殖密度为150和300尾/m2的凡纳滨对虾养殖系统中,每天按照饲料(蛋白含量42%)投喂量的77%添加蔗糖,生物絮团4d即可形成,在84d的养殖期内,养殖水体的氨氮和亚硝酸氮浓度均维持在较低水平,对虾成活率在80%以上,取得较好的养殖收获。     

Dietary protein level and natural food management in the culture of blue (Litopenaeus stylirostris) and white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in microcosms

The effect of dietary protein level and natural food management on the production parameters of blue and white shrimp, as well as on water quality, was evaluated in a microcosms system (plastic pools simulating aquaculture ponds). Two experimental trials were carried out in the facilities of DICTUS, University of Sonora, Northwest México. Treatment with low protein diet (LP) consisted of a low protein input (diet with 250 g kg^?1 crude protein) through the culture period; treatment with high protein diet (HP) consisted of a high protein input (diet with 400 g kg^?1 crude protein) through the trial, and finally treatment VP consisted of an adjustment of protein input (diets with 250, 350 or 400 g kg^?1 crude protein), depending on the abundance of biota (zooplankton and benthos) in the system. Each species responded differently to the treatments. For blue shrimp, low protein input resulted in the lowest final body weight (12.9 ± 0.6 g) and biomass (696.0 g pool^?1). Survival and feed conversion ratio were similar in the three treatments. For white shrimp, the best growth, biomass and food conversion ratio were obtained in the low protein input treatment. Water quality parameters such as nitrate, ammonia and organic matter during the two trials, were better for LP and VP treatments. White shrimp seems to have lower protein requirements than blue shrimp. For the blue shrimp culture, adjusting protein input according to natural food abundance (zooplankton and benthos) in the system, seems to be advantageous because of the possibility of getting a production similar to that obtained with a high protein input through the farming period, but at lower feed cost, and with a lower environmental impact. It is concluded that a high protein input through the whole farming period is not the best feeding strategy for any of the two species.     

投喂频率对凡纳滨对虾生长和水质的影响

研究了不同投喂频率(1,2,3,4和5次·d-1)对凡纳滨对虾生长、存活率和水质的影响。试验在室内2m3的圆形水泥池(d=1.6m)中进行,采用全封闭养殖模式,凡纳滨对虾(初始重量为0.24g)养殖密度为50尾·m-3,投喂人工配合饲料(粗蛋白含量为42.98%)。通过7周的试验,结果表明,投喂频率为1～4次·d-1时,随着投喂频率的增加,对虾增重率显著增加;投喂频率由4次·d-1增加到5次·d-1时,对虾增重率略有增加,但差异不显著。凡纳滨对虾的成活率在1次·d-1时最低,2次·d-1时最高,2～5次·d-1时随着投喂频率的增加而降低(投喂频率为1和2次·d-1之间、3和4次·d-1之间差异显著)。投喂频率为3次·d-1时饲料系数最低,蛋白质效率最高。随着投喂频率1～3次·d-1增加,饲料系数逐渐显著降低,蛋白质效率显著递增;而投喂频率从3～5次·d-1增加时,饲料系数增大,蛋白质效率逐渐下降(3和4次·d-1差异显著;4和5次·d-1之间差异不显著)。投喂频率对水环境中的pH值、H2S含量、COD、盐度等水质指标没有显著影响;在养殖后期水环境中投喂频率3～5次·d-1的NH 4和NO-2浓度较投喂频率1～2次·d-1时高。     

海参体壁及消化道的氨基酸和脂肪酸分析

用氨基酸自动分析仪和气相色谱仪测定海参体壁及海参消化道中氨基酸、脂肪酸的组成和含量。结果表明:海参体壁及消化道中都含有18种氨基酸,分别占体壁干重的37.23%、消化道湿重的7.96%,其中都含有8种必需氨基酸,分别占总氨基酸的31.02%和41.81%;体壁及消化道中脂肪酸分别是19种和21种,其总量为12.931 mg/g(干重)、5.782 mg/g(湿重)。消化道中同时含有DHA和EPA,且EPA的含量最高,达17.36%。     

Effects of dietary lipid sources on growth and fatty acid composition of juvenile shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary lipid sources on the growth performance and fatty acid (FA) composition of juvenile shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Six isoenergetic and isonitrogenous semi‐purified diets containing casein, solvent‐extracted soybean meal and gelatin as protein sources, were supplemented with 60 g kg⁻¹ of lipid sources. The lipid sources included: pollack fish oil (PO), pork lard (PL), soy oil (SO), peanut oil (PN), rapeseed oil (RO) and a mixture of pollack fish oil and soy oil (POSO 1 : 1 w/w). Each diet was fed to juvenile shrimp (0.10 g average weight) four times daily in triplicate tanks to apparent satiation (feeding ratio was about 8%) for 8 weeks. At the end of the experiment, weight gain, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio were significantly higher for shrimp fed the diet containing PO and the POSO mixture oil than the other lipid sources. The nutritional values of SO, RO, PN and PL were similar. Shrimp fed on PO, mixture oil of POSO and SO had better survival rates than the other lipid sources, and shrimp fed the PL had the lowest survival rate. There were significant differences in lipid contents of whole body and hepatopancreas amongst the dietary treatments; however, lipid contents of tail muscle were not significantly affected by the dietary lipid sources. Shrimps fed POSO diet had higher protein content in whole body than those fed the other lipid sources, and shrimp fed PO diet had highest crude protein content of the tail muscle. A high correlation was found between dietary FA composition and FA composition of whole shrimp. FA composition of the whole body was generally affected by dietary lipid sources, especially dietary unsaturated FA.