芪黄石硫散对断奶仔猪生产性能和免疫功能的影响

试验旨在探讨芪黄石硫散对断奶仔猪的促生长作用.试验采用单因子随机分组设计,试验选取30日龄三元杂交(杜×长×大)仔猪48头,随机分成4组,每组3个重复,每个重复4头,对照组、试验1组试验2组试验3组的日粮在基础日粮的基础上分别添加0、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%芪黄石硫散,试验为期35d.结果表明,试验1组、试验2组、试验3组较对照组日均采食量和平均日增重均显著提高(P<0.05);与对照组相比,试验2组/试验3组平均日增重和血清AIgA和IgG水平均显著提高(P<0.05),可见芪黄石硫散提高断奶仔猪的生长性能和免疫功能.综合各项指标,断奶仔猪饲料中添加1.0%芪黄石硫散,饲喂效果较好.     

发酵当阳散对断奶仔猪促生长作用研究

试验旨在探讨发酵当阳散对断奶仔猪的促生长作用。试验采用单因子随机分组设计,试验选取30日龄三元杂交(杜×长×大)仔猪52头,随机分成对照组试验1组试验2组试验3组,每组3个重复,每个重复6头,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1组试验2组试验3组的日粮在基础日粮的基础上分别添加含0.3%、0.6%、1.2%发酵当阳散,试验为期5周。结果表明试验2组3组较对照组日均采食量显著提高(P0.05),与对照组相比试验2组平均日增重和A Ig A水平显著提高(P0.05),可见发酵当阳散提高断奶仔猪的生长性能和免疫功能。综合各项指标,断奶仔猪饲料中添加0.6%发酵当阳散,饲喂效果较为理想。     

粉渣酸化料对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响

本试验旨在研究粉渣酸化料对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响。试验采用单因子随机分组设计,选取30日龄三元杂交(杜×长×大)仔猪96头,随机分成4组(对照组和试验1、2、3组),每组3个重复,分别饲喂含0、1%、3%、6%粉渣酸化料的日粮,试验为期5周。结果表明:试验2组、试验3组与对照组相比日均采食量显著提高(P<0.05);与对照组相比,试验1组、2组和3组平均日增重显著提高(P<0.05),而腹泻指数显著降低(P<0.05)。可见粉渣酸化料可提高断奶仔猪生产性能,饲料中添加2%的粉渣酸化料效果较理想。     

复方中草药饲料添加剂对仔猪生长性能及血清蛋白的影响

为了研究复方中草药饲料添加剂对仔猪生长性能及血清蛋白的影响,试验采用48头体重相近的28日龄断奶三元杂交(杜洛克×长白×大约克)仔猪,随机分成4组,对照组饲喂基础日粮;试验1,2,3组分别在基础日粮中添加1%复方中草药1、复方中草药2、复方中草药3,饲喂30 d后测定仔猪生长性能及血清蛋白含量。结果表明:与对照组相比,试验1,2,3组仔猪增重、平均日采食量、头均总耗料量、平均采食量显著高于对照组(P0.05),试验1,2,3组料重比均显著降低(P0.05)。试验期各组仔猪成活率均为100%。对照组有3头仔猪出现白痢,腹泻率为25.00%;试验3组仔猪有1头仔猪出现白痢,腹泻率为8.33%;其他组未出现下痢。试验1,2组血清总蛋白、白蛋白和球蛋白浓度均显著高于对照组(P0.05),试验3组与对照组差异不显著(P0.05)。     

杜洛克与鲁烟白杂交断奶仔猪对可消化赖氨酸的需要量

本试验旨在研究杜洛克与鲁烟白(杜×鲁烟白)杂交断奶仔猪对可消化赖氨酸的需要量。首先,选取体重(35.00±1.25)kg的健康杜×鲁烟白杂交阉公猪6头,按照试验原料的不同配制成7种半纯合饲粮进行消化试验,获取饲料原料的回肠表观可消化氨基酸数据。然后,选择(35±2)日龄的杜×鲁烟白杂交断奶仔猪120头,公母各占1/2,平均体重(9.13±1.61)kg,按照饲粮可消化赖氨酸水平(0.90%、1.00%、1.10%、1.20%)分4个组,每个组6个重复(3个阉公猪圈、3个母猪圈),每个重复5头猪。结果表明:1)所有试验仔猪,0.90%、1.10%和1.20%组与1.00%组相比,料重比分别提高了13.24%(P<0.01)、4.24%(P>0.05)、11.32%(P<0.01);平均日增重分别降低了15.82%(P<0.01)、4.55%(P>0.05)、9.74%(P<0.01)。2)阉公猪和母猪,1.00%组平均日增重均显著高于0.90%和1.20%组(P<0.05),1.00%组平均日采食量均显著高于1.20%组(P<0.05);阉公猪,1.00%组料重比显著低于0.90%和1.20%组(P<0.05);母猪,料重比各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。3)所有试验仔猪和其中母猪,1.00%组血清尿素氮含量显著低于1.20%组(P<0.05);所有试验仔猪和其中阉公猪、母猪,血清总蛋白含量各组间均差异不显著(P>0.05)。由结果可知,杜×鲁烟白杂交断奶仔猪(10～20 kg)可消化赖氨酸需要量为1.00%,性别因素对可消化赖氨酸需要量没有显著影响。     

高免全蛋粉对早期断奶仔猪生产性能、肠道组织形态的研究

试验研究高免全蛋粉对早期断奶仔猪生产性能、肠道组织形态及饲料表观消化率的影响 ,以及在断奶仔猪日粮中添加高免全蛋粉的应用效果。试验采用 72头、2 8d断奶仔猪 (杜×长 ) ,按性别、体重随机分为 4个处理 ,每个处理 6个重复 ,每个重复 3头仔猪。 4个处理组为高免全蛋粉组、血浆蛋白粉组、普通全蛋粉组和不添加上述 3种蛋白原料的对照组 ,试验期 2 8d。试验结果表明 :0～ 14d ,在断奶仔猪试验日粮中添加高免全蛋粉 ,能显著提高平均日采食量、平均日增重和饲料转化效率 ,而与血浆蛋白粉组没有显著差异 ;15～ 2 8d ,高免全蛋粉有提高采食量的趋势。高免全蛋粉能显著提高干物质、总能、粗蛋白、有机物、钙、总磷、灰分的表观消化率。高免全蛋粉能有效防治早期断奶仔猪腹泻 ;在日粮中添加高免全蛋粉能降低肠道中大肠杆菌数 ,增加绒毛高度 ,降低隐窝深度。在断奶仔猪日粮中添加高免全蛋粉 ,在获得与添加血浆蛋白粉组相同的生产性能下 ,每吨饲料可以节省成本 4 2 .3元。     

日粮添加不同水平的酵母多糖对仔猪生长性能及免疫力的影响

试验研究在断奶仔猪的日粮中添加不同水平的酵母多糖对其生长性能及免疫力的影响,并探讨酵母多糖的最适添加量。试验选取21日龄杜×长×大断奶仔猪80头,按照单因素试验设计,随机分为4个处理组(每组4个重复,每个重复5头仔猪)。对照组仔猪饲喂基础日粮,试验1～3组依次饲喂含有0.10%、0.15%、0.20%酵母多糖的基础日粮。试验周期为28 d。结果显示,试验2组断奶仔猪的试验末重显著高于对照组(P0.05);试验2组和试验3组断奶仔猪的平均日增重显著高于对照组(P0.05),料重比显著低于对照组(P0.05);试验1～3组断奶仔猪的腹泻率均极显著低于对照组(P0.01)。随着酵母多糖添加量的增加,试验组仔猪血清中IL-6、TNF-α含量逐渐显著低于对照组(P0.05);试验2组和试验3组的IL-10含量显著高于对照组(P0.05)。研究表明,在断奶仔猪日粮添加0.15%～0.20%的酵母多糖可以提高断奶仔猪的生长性能及免疫力。     

复合中草药添加剂对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

试验旨在研究不同剂量复合中草药添加剂对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响。选取84头(28±1)日龄、体重(8±0.5) kg的"杜×长×大"三元杂交断奶母仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3个重复,每个重复7头猪。试验1组饲喂基础日粮为对照组,试验2、3、4组分别添加2.0、2.5、3.0 g/kg的复合中草药添加剂。结果表明,试验3、4组仔猪平均日增重、平均日采食量显著高于试验1组(P<0.05);试验2、3、4组仔猪料重比、腹泻率显著低于试验1组(P<0.05)。试验3、4组仔猪的血清总蛋白、白蛋白含量显著高于试验1组(P<0.05);试验3、4仔猪血清尿素氮含量、谷丙转氨酶活性显著低于试验1组(P<0.05),试验4组仔猪血清碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性显著高于试验1组(P<0.05)。试验4组仔猪血清免疫球蛋白G (IgG)、免疫球蛋白A (IgA)、补体C3、补体C4含量显著高于试验1组(P<0.05)。研究表明,日粮添加3.0 g/kg的复合中草药添加剂能有效提高断奶仔猪生长性能、调节代谢水平、增强免疫功能。     

棉籽糖替代抗生素对断奶仔猪生长性能和营养物质表观消化率的影响

试验旨在研究使用棉籽糖替代断奶仔猪日粮中的抗生素后,棉籽糖对断奶仔猪生产性能和营养物质表观消化率的影响试验选取180头初始体重7 kg左右的"杜×长×大"三元杂交仔猪按照体重相近公母各半的原则分成5个处理组,每个处理组6个重复,每个重复6头猪。5个处理组分别是抗生素组及分别添加0.1%、0.2%、0.3%和0.4%的棉籽糖组,试验为期28d。试验结果表明饲料中添加棉籽糖后对仔猪平均日采食量、腹泻率没有显著影响(P0.05),平均日增重和料肉比有随着棉籽糖含量增加而降低的趋势(0.05≤P0.10)添加棉籽糖后对仔猪粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分、中性洗涤纤维和总能的表观消化率有显著提高(P0.05),且添加0.4%棉籽糖组的各营养物质全肠表观消化率最高。     

酵母水解物替代血浆蛋白粉对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响

为研究酵母水解物部分或全部替代血浆蛋白粉对仔猪生长性能的影响。本试验选取30头(28±2)日龄、体重相近的"杜×长×大"断奶仔猪,随机分为3组(血浆蛋白组、半替代组、全替代组),每组2个重复,每个重复5头猪。血浆蛋白组饲喂含4%进口血浆蛋白粉日粮,半替代组饲喂含2%酵母水解物+2%血浆蛋白粉日粮,全替代组饲喂含4%酵母水解物日粮。试验期22 d,所有仔猪自由采食和饮水。结果表明,半替代组与血浆蛋白组相比,断奶仔猪平均日增重(ADG)有提高的趋势,且降低料肉比(F/G);全替代组与血浆蛋白组相比,断奶仔猪的生长性能与血浆蛋白组基本一致。因此,酵母水解物替代血浆蛋白粉对仔猪生长性能无不良影响。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.