Including root architecture in a crop model improves predictions of spring wheat grain yield and above‐ground biomass under water limitations

Although the root length density (RLD) of crops depends on their root system architecture (RSA), the root growth modules of many 1D field crop models often ignored the RSA in the simulation of the RLD. In this study, two model set‐up scenarios were used to simulate the RLD, above‐ground biomass (AGB) and grain yield (GY) of water‐stressed spring wheat in Germany, aiming to investigate the impact of improved RLD on AGB and GY predictions. In scenario 1, SlimRoot, a root growth sub‐model that does not consider the RSA of the crop, was coupled to a Lintul5‐SlimNitrogen‐SoilCN‐Hillflow1D crop model combination. In scenario 2, SlimRoot was replaced with the Somma sub‐model which considered the RSA for simulating RLD. The simulated RLD, AGB and GY were compared with observations. Scenario 2 predicted the RLD, AGB and GY with an average root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.43 cm/cm³, 0.59 t/ha and 1.03 t/ha, respectively, against 1.03 cm/cm³, 1.20 t/ha and 2.64 t/ha for scenario 1. The lower RMSE under scenario 2 shows that, even under water‐stress conditions, predictions of GY and AGB can be improved by considering the RSA of the crop for simulating the RLD.     

作物对干旱胁迫的响应机制及提高作物抗旱能力的调控措施研究进展

干旱是影响作物生长发育和产量的最主要非生物胁迫之一,在气候变化背景下,作物遭受干旱胁迫的风险越来越大。为了应对干旱,作物表现出一系列的抵御机制,包括形态特征和生理生化（抗氧化酶、渗透调节物质、内源激素）特性改变。本研究从上述2个方面总结了作物对干旱胁迫的响应机制,并对提高作物抗旱能力的调控措施进行了论述,主要包括：（1）筛选抗旱性品种,促进对深层土壤贮水的吸收利用;（2）地面覆盖,有利于降低土壤蒸发,增加土壤含水量;（3）节水灌溉技术,如微喷灌、滴灌等灌溉方式能实现少量多次灌溉,根区局部灌溉有利于调节气孔关闭,减少奢侈蒸腾,降低土壤蒸发;（4）抗蒸腾剂,在作物枝干及叶面表层形成超薄透光的保护膜,抑制作物水分过度蒸腾;（5）植物生长调节剂,调控植物生理代谢,增强抗旱性;（6）纳米肥料,改变作物生理生化反应,促进植株生长发育;（7）生物炭,有利于土壤通气保水,改善土壤的物理性质和土壤的持水能力。本研究系统地对以上7种措施提高作物抗旱能力的作用机理、应用前景及存在问题进行了论述,以期为应对干旱胁迫提供理论依据和技术参考。     

山西省小麦苗期根系性状及抗旱特性分析

小麦苗期根系形态是成株期根系分布的基础,与抗逆和产量密切相关,全面认识苗期根系及抗旱特性,对于抗旱优异种质的利用和早期筛选具有重要意义。采用239份山西省小麦品种(系)在土培条件下,研究了苗期根系性状及对水分胁迫的响应。结果表明,正常生长下山西小麦苗期根系性状多样性丰富,地方种变异最大;不同年代品种中,除最大根长随年代略下降外,其他性状均呈先升后降的趋势;不同根系性状对水分胁迫响应存在差异,总根长对水分最敏感,其次为根表面积、根体积和根生物量,最大根长和平均根数不敏感。苗期根系综合抗旱能力随年代呈先降后升的趋势,地方种和20世纪70年代品种多为中抗,80和90年代的品种抗旱性较低,2000年以后审定品种的抗性较高,其中旱地品种抗性最好。苗期根系抗旱特性与产量性状相关分析发现,最大根长、总根长、根体积和根生物量与雨养条件下的千粒重和产量显著正相关,最大根长和根生物量与成株期抗旱性也显著正相关。因此苗期最大根长和根生物量可作为半干旱地区旱地育种过程中抗旱性和产量的早期筛选指标。     

拔节期干旱对不同玉米品种叶片生理特性的影响及抗旱性分析

为筛选玉米抗旱品种及探究抗旱机制。本研究以目前主推的6个玉米品种为试验材料,在拔节期进行水分中度胁迫试验,分析干旱胁迫下6个玉米品种的丙二醛含量、叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、脯氨酸含量、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性。发现6个玉米品种在干旱胁迫下表现出了不同的生理响应机制,6个玉米品种叶片的丙二醛含量、叶绿素含量均不同幅度的显著下降,脯氨酸含量、可溶性蛋白含量、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性均不同程度的显著升高。干旱胁迫下,尤其‘郑单988’和‘郑单6386’的MDA含量升高幅度较低,叶绿素含量下降幅度较小,抗氧化酶活性升高幅度较大,可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量较高;相反‘郑单958’相对于‘郑单6386’和‘郑单988’,生理生化层面表现出较弱的抗旱性。结果表明拔节期‘郑单988’和‘郑单6386’的抗旱性较‘郑单958’强。本研究结果对揭示玉米耐旱机理有一定的重要意义,并可以为玉米耐旱种质筛选、改良和分子育种提供有效的指导和参考。     

Grain Yield and Drought Resistance Indices of Oat Cultivars in Field Rain Shelter and Laboratory Experiments

Oat cultivars (n = 22) varying in origin were examined in laboratory and field tests at Svalöv and Ultuna, Sweden, in 1985 and 1986. Comparisons were made between drought resistance characteristics of juvenile plants and drought responses in yield of crops grown in field. By using automatic, movable rain shelters in combination with drip irrigation systems, both high and low irrigation regimes could be effected in the field experiments.
Black oat cultivars were more stable under water deficiency conditions, particularly on sandy soil. They possessed the highest drought resistance indices both in the laboratory and field. Modern white oat cultivars were found to be most drought sensitive.
Drought resistance index (DRI) and seminal root length (RL), as assessed in seedling stage, were strongly correlated with field drought susceptibility index (S). It is suggested that DRI and RL could be used as selection criteria to increase drought resistance of oats.     

不同花生品种抗旱性鉴定及抗旱指标评价

本研究旨在筛选出抗旱性强的花生品种,为开展花生抗旱品种选育和抗旱基因的功能验证提供研究基础。在干旱胁迫及对照处理下,通过对13份花生品种生理指标和表型的测定和分析,筛选抗旱指标,鉴定品种抗旱性。结果表明,各指标间均存在不同程度的相关性,相关系数在0.070~0.683之间;13个花生品种的CDC值和D值整体趋势一致;主成分分析表明,总生物量、可溶性糖等6个公因子可反映花生抗旱性89.97%的原始数据信息量;聚类分析在阈值为5时,把13个品种分为4个类群（较强抗旱、中等抗旱、敏感和高感品种）,其中L147和L149具有较强抗旱能力。试验结果表明,总生物量、相对含水量、POD、可溶性糖可作为花生抗旱性快速鉴定指标。筛选出抗旱性较强的品种为L186、L147、L221和L149。     

穗期干旱胁迫下春玉米产量与抗旱性分析研究

干旱是造成中国北方玉米产量低而不稳的重要原因,为保证玉米既丰产又稳产,研究和筛选适宜的春玉米栽培品种至关重要;本试验在大田干旱条件下,选用生产上推广应用的春玉米代表品种,在穗期采用干旱胁迫和正常供水方法处理,对不同类型品种的产量及产量构成因素和抗旱性进行分析,结果表明,穗期受旱后密植型品种小区产量平均为12.14 kg,高于稀植型品种小区产量平均值10.4 kg;耐旱指数分析表明,以密植型品种‘大丰26’最高为0.89,而以稀植型品种‘农大108’最低为0.39,整体上密植型优于稀植型品种;同时结合产量构成因素分析表明,密度是影响产量的首要因子,其次才是穗粒数,而百粒重影响最小;试验中以‘大丰26’、‘先玉335’丰产及稳产性最好;因此,在干旱区选用适宜的密植型品种并推广玉米增密技术,是支撑未来玉米产业发展乃至粮食安全生产的重要途径。     

茶树抗旱机理和抗旱育种研究进展

茶树原产于中国西南地区,喜温暖潮湿的气候条件,其中水分对茶树的生长十分重要。笔者对茶树在干旱胁迫条件下的抗旱机理研究以及抗旱育种的现状进行综述,针对当前研究中存在的问题并结合当前分子生物学的发展,提出今后在茶树抗旱研究的研究重点：一是利用现代功能基因组研究技术,发掘更多的抗旱基因,深入研究茶树的抗旱机制;二是加强茶树转基因工程的研究。     

水稻抗旱生理生化及其相关基因研究进展

干旱胁迫是影响水稻生长发育的重要环境因素之一。水稻在干旱胁迫条件下,产生相应的生理变化并诱导特定相关基因的表达,这些生理变化与相关基因的表达减少了水稻在干旱胁迫条件下带来的伤害。选育抗旱新品种不但可以节约水资源,而且有利于提高水稻产量。该文对水稻抗旱生理生化机制和抗旱基因的最新研究进行阐述,为提高水稻抗旱性和抗旱育种提供理论依据。     

Comparison of Drought Tolerance of Maize,Sweet Sorghum and Sorghum‐Sudangrass Hybrids

In drought‐prone environments, sweet sorghum and sorghum‐sudangrass hybrids are considered worthy alternatives to maize for biogas production. The biomass productivity of the three crops was compared by growing them side‐by‐side in a rain‐out shelter under different levels of plant available soil water (PASW) during the growing periods of 2008 to 2010 at Braunschweig, Germany. All crops were established under high levels of soil water. Thereafter, the crops either remained at the wet level (60–80 % PASW) or were subjected to moderate (40–50 % PASW) and severe drought stress (15–25 % PASW). While the above‐ground dry weight (ADW) of sweet sorghum and maize was insignificantly different under well‐watered conditions, sweet sorghum under severe drought stress produced 27 % more ADW than maize. The ADW of sorghum‐sudangrass hybrids significantly lagged behind sweet sorghum at all levels of water supply. The three crops differed markedly in their susceptibility to water shortage. Severe drought stress reduced the ADW of maize by 51 %, but only by 37 % for sweet sorghum and 35 % for sorghum‐sudangrass hybrids. The post‐harvest root dry weight (RDW) in the 0–100 cm soil layer for maize, sweet sorghum and sorghum‐sudangrass hybrids averaged 4.4, 6.1 and 2.9 t ha^?1 under wet and 1.9, 5.7 and 2.4 t ha^?1 under severe drought stress. Under these most dry conditions, the sorghum crops had relatively higher RDW and root length density (RLD) in the deeper soil layers than maize. The subsoil RDW proportion (20–100 vs. 0–20 cm) for maize, sweet sorghum and sorghum‐sudangrass hybrids amounted to 6 %, 10 % and 20 %. The higher ADM of sweet sorghum compared with maize under dry conditions is most likely attributable to the deep root penetration and high proportion of roots in the subsoil, which confers the sorghum crop a high water uptake capacity.     

DROUGHT STRESS: Physiological Basis for Genotypic Variation in Tolerance to and Recovery from Pre‐flowering Drought in Peanut

Drought during the pre‐flowering stage can increase yield of peanut. There is limited information on genotypic variation for tolerance to and recovery from pre‐flowering drought (PFD) and more importantly the physiological traits underlying genotypic variation. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of moisture stress during the pre‐flowering phase on pod yield and to understand some of the physiological responses underlying genotypic variation in response to and recovery from PFD. A glasshouse and field experiments were conducted at Khon Kaen University, Thailand. The glasshouse experiment was a randomized complete block design consisting of two watering regimes, i.e. fully‐irrigated control and 1/3 available soil water from emergence to 40 days after emergence followed by adequate water supply, and 12 peanut genotypes. The field experiment was a split‐plot design with two watering regimes as main‐plots, and 12 peanut genotypes as sub‐plots. Measurements of N₂ fixation, leaf area (LA) were made in both experiments. In addition, root growth was measured in the glasshouse experiment. Imposition of PFD followed by recovery resulted in an average increase in yield of 24 % (range from 10 % to 57 %) and 12 % (range from 2 % to 51 %) in the field and glasshouse experiments, respectively. Significant genotypic variation for N₂ fixation, LA and root growth was also observed after recovery. The study revealed that recovery growth following release of PFD had a stronger influence on final yield than tolerance to water deficits during the PFD. A combination of N₂ fixation, LA and root growth accounted for a major portion of the genotypic variation in yield (r = 0.68–0.93) suggesting that these traits could be used as selection criteria for identifying genotypes with rapid recovery from PFD. A combined analysis of glasshouse and field experiments showed that LA and N₂ fixation during the recovery had low genotype × environment interaction indicating potential for using these traits for selecting genotypes in peanut improvement programs.     

四川冬小麦新品种（系）抗旱性鉴定及分析

干旱是四川麦区常发的自然灾害之一,培育抗旱性品种是一条抵御干旱既经济而又有效的途径。为探究四川麦区现有品种（系）的抗旱能力,采用小麦全生育期旱棚鉴定法,对四川省15个品种（系）进行抗旱性鉴定,并与北方抗旱品种‘洛旱7号’比较分析。根据国家《小麦抗旱性鉴定评价技术规范》标准,以籽粒产量抗旱指数为核心指标,以有效穗、千粒重、穗粒数及株高抗旱系数为重要参考指标。15个小麦新品种（系）中产量抗旱指数以‘川重组125’最高,抗旱能力较强;W138、‘10间236’、N08-51、BL227、‘川11131’、BL08512、10BMY12（杂交小麦）抗旱能力为中等;‘南30-7’、‘内3416’、L08-969、GHM3、‘南04-59’、HZ10-28、ym09-6抗旱能力处于较弱水平。在干旱胁迫下小麦各农艺性状均受损,但损伤程度存在差异。以株高受损最重,抗旱系数变幅在0.652~0.778之间;其次是有效穗,抗旱系数变幅在0.662~0.830之间;再次是穗粒数,抗旱系数变幅在0.724~0.866之间;最后是千粒重,抗旱系数变幅在0.807~1.013之间。从参试的15个小麦品种（系）来看,四川小麦品种与北方小麦品种相比,抗旱能力处于整体偏弱水平。     

Drought Priming at Vegetative Growth Stage Enhances Nitrogen‐Use Efficiency Under Post‐Anthesis Drought and Heat Stress in Wheat

To study the effects of early drought priming at 5th‐leaf stage on grain yield and nitrogen‐use efficiency in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under post‐anthesis drought and heat stress, wheat plants were first exposed to moderate drought stress (drought priming; that is, the leaf water potential reached ca. ?0.9 MP a) at the 5th‐leaf stage for 11 days, and leaf water relations and gas exchange rates, grain yield and yield components, and agronomic nitrogen‐use efficiency (ANUE ) of the primed and non‐primed plants under post‐anthesis drought and heat stress were investigated. Compared with the non‐primed plants, the drought‐primed plants possessed higher leaf water potential and chlorophyll content, and consequently a higher photosynthetic rate during post‐anthesis drought and heat stress. Drought priming also resulted in higher grain yield and ANUE in wheat under post‐anthesis drought and heat stress. Drought priming at vegetative stage improves carbon assimilation and ANUE under post‐anthesis drought and heat stress and their combination in wheat, which might be used as a field management tool to enhance stress tolerance of wheat crops to multiple abiotic stresses in a future drier and warmer climate.     

不同基因型谷子品种(系)对干旱胁迫的响应及抗旱性评价

旨在为旱区谷子生产及抗旱育种提供理论依据。以10个谷子品种(系)为研究对象,采用管栽试验,研究了干旱胁迫对不同基因型谷子生长及产量相关性状的影响。结果表明,在干旱胁迫条件下,参试的10个谷子品种(系),叶绿素含量下降的幅度为4.90%~33.11%,株高降低的幅度为9.56%~30.93%,穗长减小的幅度为5.58%~30.90%,穗粗减小的幅度为3.42%~16.34%,单穗重降低的幅度为7.30%~45.71%,单穗粒重降低的幅度为11.83%~54.72%,出谷率降低的幅度为4.89%~16.60%。抗旱性评价结果表明,‘冀谷31’、‘沧谷5号’、‘冀谷19’等3个品种的抗旱性较好。     

Long‐Term Field Drought Affects Leaf Protein Pattern and Chloroplast Ultrastructure of Winter Wheat in a Cultivar‐Specific Manner

Recurrent drought periods of varying duration often cause extensive crop damage and affect wheat production in Southern Europe. This study compares biochemical and ultrastructural responses of four wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars to long‐term field drought, and their contribution to final grain yield. Gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting analyses combined with transmission electron microscopy and grain yield evaluation were employed to assess drought susceptibility of the wheat cultivars. Two of them behaved as drought‐tolerant, the other two presented as drought sensitive. Enhanced degradation of Rubisco large subunit (RLS), Rubisco small subunit (RSS) and Rubisco activase (RA) accompanied by an increased protease activity and reduced levels of heat shock proteins (HSP70) and dehydrins (DHNs) were associated with drought sensitivity. Drought tolerance coincided with relatively stable or increased HSP70 and DHN contents, and unchanged/higher levels of RLS, RSS and RA. Sensitive cultivars were more vulnerable to ultrastructural damages, showing obvious degradation of chloroplast membrane systems and depletion of leaf starch reserves. These drought responses affected yield potential, as tolerant cultivars gave higher yield under intense drought. Thus, our results provide additional insights into the complexity of plant drought responses, identifying multiple interacting traits that may serve as indirect selection criteria for wheat drought tolerance.     

持绿型高粱B35灌浆期对干旱的生理生化响应

在盆栽条件下, 对典型持绿型高粱品系B35在开花后10 d和开花后30 d进行1周的干旱胁迫, 胁迫结束后测定与持绿性或抗旱性相关的生理生化指标。结果表明, 持绿型高粱品系B35与对照普通高粱品系三尺三相比, 具有较高的叶绿素含量(SPAD值)、净光合速率(P_n)和叶片、茎秆、籽粒含氮量, 且干旱胁迫使其值下降幅度较小。与对照相比, 干旱胁迫条件使B35叶片的相对电导率和丙二醛(MDA)含量增加量较少, 游离脯氨酸含量的增加量较多, 叶水势下降幅度较大。B35的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性均较高。因此, 我们认为在干旱逆境中持绿型高粱品系B35能够在光合作用、氮素积累、叶片质膜透性、渗透调节能力和保护酶活性等方面有效进行自身的生理调节, 以适应干旱胁迫。     

顶果木抗旱生理特性研究

为了评价顶果木(Acrocarpus fraxinifolius)的耐旱性,采取模拟自然极度干旱条件方法,利用盆栽方式,研究顶果木在干旱胁迫期间的生理特性。结果表明,在水分胁迫期间,顶果木叶片的叶绿素a、b含量出现先升高后降低的趋势,而类胡萝卜素含量出现增加趋势,叶绿素a的含量明显高于叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素的含量;顶果木叶片的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、游离脯氨酸含量出现先增加后降低的趋势;受水分胁迫的影响,顶果木叶片质膜透性越来越大。干旱胁迫开始在停止供水后的第11~16天的某一天,干旱胁迫的临界土壤含水量在20%左右;第21天顶果木各种生理机能开始丧失,已经达到顶果木的萎蔫系数(12.99%)。     

外源物质与烟草抗旱研究进展

摘要：在干旱胁迫的情况下,人们通常施用外源物质来减轻植物受到的伤害,常用的物质有水杨酸、油菜素内酯、甜菜碱等。本文综述了近几年来外源物质与烟草抗旱关系的研究进展, 并指出了存在的问题和发展趋势。     

棕榈科植物抗寒、抗旱生理生化研究进展

棕榈科植物作为世界热带地区最重要的科之一,具有较高的观赏和经济价值。低温和干旱是限制棕榈科植物生长发育和种植面积进一步扩大的主要因子。而植物生理生化指标的变化情况,能直接反映植物抗寒、抗旱能力强弱。简述了近年来棕榈科植物抗寒、抗旱生理生化的研究进展,分析了其生理生化变化规律,提出了提高棕榈科植物抗寒、抗旱的方法,并对未来研究发展方向进行了展望,为进一步开展棕榈科植物抗寒、抗旱机理和提高其抗寒、抗旱性研究提供参考。     

陆地棉品种根系特性与耐旱性关系的研究

研究了不同陆地棉品种棉花根系特性与耐旱性的关系。结果表明,耐旱型较非耐旱型棉花品种根系发达,主根长,各级侧根数量多且长,总根系长度长;一级侧根数、侧根总长、根系总长度与耐旱性呈显著或极显著正相关;棉花根系重量与生物学产量、子棉产量、皮棉产量呈极显著正相关。单位主根长度一级侧根着生密度可作为棉花耐旱性鉴定和选育的指标。