Mapping Potential Crop Management Zones within Fields: Use of Yield-map Series and Patterns of Soil Physical Properties Identified by Electromagnetic Induction Sensing

Investment in precision farming technologies can be expensive and is not expected to be cost-effective for every farm. Previous research and farm experience has shown that the amount of soil variability across a farm and within a field is of key importance for determining potential benefits from the adoption of precision farming. The research reported here evaluates the analysis of yield map sequences and electromagnetic induction (EMI) soil sensing as potentially cost-effective methods for identifying and mapping soil-determined management zones within fields. Both methods are shown to provide useful information for the provisional delineation of soil type boundaries and crop management zones, though soil examination in the field is still necessary to confirm specific soil characteristics.     

广西岩溶峰丛洼地内涝现状分析与综合治理对策研究

在南疆干旱气候生态条件下,以矮秆品种新春22和高杆品种新春19为试验材料,研究了滴灌条件下不同土壤水分对春小麦生长、产量及水分利用效率(WUE)的影响,结果表明:拔节-扬花期是春小麦水分敏感期,水分亏缺将显著影响小麦株高、生物量、叶面积和产量形成。各水分处理中T2(出苗-拔节期、拔节-扬花期、扬花-乳熟期田间相对含水量分别为65%-70%、70%-75%、65%-70%)的产量、WUE和收获指数(HI)最高,其次是T4(出苗-拔节期相对含水量为45%-50%,其余时期同T2),其WUE、HI、穗粒数和粒重与处理T2差异不显著,在调亏灌溉中此处理是经济可行性的。不同基因型品种对土壤水分反应有差异,矮秆品种新春22受水分调控较大,各处理的耗水量均低于新春19,是个节水型品种。研究表明南疆春小麦实现高产节水的适宜滴灌量范围:矮秆品种为318.86 mm-368.72mm,高杆品种为394.52 mm-458.14mm。     

渭北旱塬不同施肥与覆盖栽培对冬小麦产量形成及土壤水分利用的影响

 【目的】研究不同施肥和覆盖栽培模式对渭北旱塬旱地冬小麦产量和水分利用的影响。【方法】通过田间试验,研究测土推荐施氮、顶凌追肥、垄覆沟播、秸秆还田覆盖等措施对冬小麦产量、生物量、收获指数、水分利用效率及土壤水分周年变化的影响。【结果】旱地早春追肥使冬小麦增产6%—14%,水分利用效率提高7%—10%,达到12.2—13.6 kg•hm-2•mm-1;“减氮+垄覆沟播”增产达15%—41%,水分利用率提高10%—30%,达到12.2—16.5 kg•hm-2•mm-1。主要原因是,通过测土优化氮肥用量,采用基肥﹕追肥（3﹕1）方式,并与起垄覆膜栽培措施相结合可促进冬小麦利用深层土壤水分,提高冬小麦抽穗开花期植株含水量和成熟期的生物量及收获指数;虽然生育期耗水增加,但水分利用效率也提高。而单纯减少氮肥用量,不利于水分利用效率的提高;夏季垄上覆膜沟内覆盖作物秸秆可提高休闲效率,利于土壤水分恢复,实现土壤水分周年平衡和旱地小麦可持续增产。【结论】优化施氮结合垄覆沟播是黄土高原渭北旱地小麦增产增效的栽培模式。     

日光温室冬春茬黄瓜滴灌的肥水优化管理

【目的】 明确滴灌黄瓜不同生育阶段适宜的土壤含水量指标和土壤氮素供应值,优化关键生育时期肥水施用,为保障设施黄瓜绿色生产与高产提供科学依据。【方法】 供试作物为日光温室冬春茬黄瓜。在相同基肥用量下,滴灌追肥设计低量（W1）、中量（W2）、高量（W3）3个灌水量和低量（F1）、中量（F2）、高量（F3）3个施肥量,共9个肥水组合处理。分生育阶段分析产量、品质、养分吸收量与肥水用量、主根区（0—40 cm）土壤含水量及养分供应水平的响应关系。【结果】 （1）与W1处理相比,W2、W3处理商品瓜总产量显著增加,增幅11.1%—12.8%,其中W3处理第1、2次肥水管理期间商品瓜产量显著降低,降幅10.4%—17.7%,W2、W3处理第6—8、10—12和14—16次肥水管理期间商品瓜产量分别增加10.8%—26.2%、21.2%—40.3%和33.5%—46.4%;W2、W3处理氮、磷、钾总吸收量显著增加,增幅分别为17.9%—20.2%、28.3%—36.3%、25.9%—33.7%,其中进入产瓜盛期后,阶段养分吸收量增加显著;W2、W3处理产瓜期间主根区平均体积含水量增加4.2—6.4个百分点,保持在相对含水量79%—87%;果实含水量增加0.2—0.3个百分点,但果实可溶性固形物、硝酸盐、可溶性糖、Vc含量分别下降7.4%—10.1%、0.9%—5.4%、5.9%—6.2%、5.5%—12.8%;产瓜期间主根区硝态氮含量降低9.1%—68.0%;灌水利用效率下降31.1%—49.3%。（2）与F1处理相比,F2、F3处理商品瓜总产量增加4.0%—7.9%;氮、磷、钾总吸收量显著增加,增幅分别为9.7%—13.1%、7.9%—11.8%、12.6%—17.3%;F2、F3处理产瓜期间主根区硝态氮含量增加38.0%—162.0%,分别保持在24.6—47.9、27.3—72.2 mg·kg ^-1;但果实硝酸盐含量增加5.5%—14.6%,肥料利用效率下降32.1%—47.8%。（3）从全生育期角度综合肥水效应,W2F2处理能保持较高产量、肥水利用效率和较优品质,同时降低土壤氮素残留,为冬春茬黄瓜兼顾绿色生产与高产的滴灌肥水用量。【结论】 高产（170—180 t·hm ^-2）温室滴灌冬春茬黄瓜3月下旬至4月下旬（产瓜初期）、4月下旬至5月中旬（产瓜盛期前期）、5月中旬至6月中旬（产瓜盛期）、6月中旬至7月上旬（产瓜末期）主根区土壤适宜相对含水量分别为63%、78%、82%、85%,下限控制在61%、73%、78%、81%;在3月下旬至4月上旬,主根区相对含水量上限控制在67%—71%。产瓜期间主根区适宜硝态氮含量维持在25—40 mg·kg ^-1。     

Optimization Management of Water and Fertilization for Winter-Spring Cucumber Under Greenhouse Drip Irrigation Condition

【Objective】 This study focused on determining the appropriate soil water parameters and the potential of soil nitrogen supply at different growth stages of drip irrigated cucumber to optimize the water and fertilizer management and to guarantee the sustainable green and high yield production.【Method】 A plot experiment was conducted inside a greenhouse using cucumber as tested material during the winter-spring growing season. Drip irrigation with 3 water amounts (W1, W2 and W3) and 3 fertilizer amounts (F1, F2 and F3) were designed to form 9 combination treatments. The impacts of the irrigation and fertilization amounts on the fruit yield, qualities, nutrient uptakes, water and fertilizer use efficiencies, soil water contents and nutrient availabilities were analyzed in the study. The response relationships between the marketable yields , the root zone soil water and available nitrogen contents at different growth stages were built.【Result】 (1) Compared with W1, the total marketable yields were increased by 11.1%-12.8% under W2 and W3. The marketable yields were deceased by 10.4%-17.7% under W3 during the 1st-2nd fertigation managements, but which increased by 10.8%-26.2%, 21.2%-40.3% and 33.5%-46.4% under W2 and W3 during the 6th-8th, 10th-12th and 14th-16th fertigation managements, respectively. The rootzone (0-40 cm soil layer) soil water contents were increased by 4.2-6.4 percentage point by maintaining at the soil relative water content of 79%-87% uder W2 and W3 and the N, P₂O₅ and K₂O uptakes by 17.9%-20.2%, 28.3%-36.3% and 25.9%-33.7%, respectively. However, the rootzone nitrate nitrogen contents were decreased by 9.1%-68.0% under W2 and W3, the water use efficiency by 31.1%-49.3%, and the fruit soluble solids, nitrate, soluble sugar and Vc contents by 7.4%-10.1%, 0.9%-5.4%, 5.9%-6.2% and 5.5%-12.8%, respectively. (2) Compared with F1, the total marketable yields were increased by 4.0%-7.9% under F2 and F3. The rootzone (0-40 cm soil layer) nitrate nitrogen contents were increased by 38.0%-162.0% under F2 and F3, and the N, P₂O₅ and K₂O uptakes by 9.7%-13.1%, 7.9%-11.8% and 12.6%-17.3%, respectively. However, the fruit nitrate contents increased by 5.5%-14.6% under F2 and F3 and the partial factor productivities were deceased by 32.1%-47.8%. (3) From the view of whole growth period, W2F2 was recommended to drip irrigated cucumber because of the relatively higher yield, water and fertilizer use efficiencies and qualities, and lower residual soil nitrogen.【Conclusion】 For greenhouse cucumber with a target yield of 170-180 t·hm ^-2, the appropriate soil relative water contents were recommended as 63%, 78%, 82% and 85% during the March 21th- April 20th (the initial harvesting stage), April 21th-May 20th (the early vigorous harvesting stage), May 21th-June 20th (the vigorous harvesting stage) and June 21th-July 10th (the late harvesting stage), respectively. The corresponding low limits of soil relative water contents were recommended as 61%, 73%, 78% and 81%, respectively. The suitable rootzone nitrate nitrogen should be maintained at 25-40 mg·kg ^-1 during the yield formation.     

北方麦区小麦产量与籽粒氮磷钾含量对监控施钾和土壤速效钾的响应

【目的】分析我国北方麦区监控施钾下小麦产量与养分吸收分配变化与土壤速效钾的关系,为节约钾资源,实现小麦丰产优质可持续发展提供理论依据。【方法】于2018—2020年在我国北方麦区43个地点进行田间试验,研究不同土壤速效钾水平下监控施钾对小麦产量、产量构成、籽粒氮磷钾含量及养分吸收分配的影响。【结果】北方麦区农户小麦施钾不足和过量问题同时存在。小麦产量随土壤速效钾含量升高显著增加,在土壤速效钾含量150—180 mg·kg^-1时,小麦产量达到最高,为6 340 kg·hm^-2。土壤速效钾过高并不能持续提高小麦产量,当土壤速效钾含量>180 mg·kg^-1时,小麦产量显著降低,平均为5 409 kg·hm^-2。与农户施肥相比,在土壤速效钾含量<90、90—120、120—150和>180 mg·kg^-1时采用监控施肥技术增加了钾肥用量,在速效钾含量150—180 mg·kg^-1时减少了钾肥用量,各土壤速效钾水平下采用监控施肥技术施用钾肥均提高了小麦产量,且在速效钾含量<90和>180 mg·kg^-1时显著增产。土壤有效磷含量>30 mg·kg^-1时,土壤速效钾含量120—150或>180 mg·kg^-1时,不施钾肥小麦产量有降低的趋势。土壤速效钾含量升高显著提高了小麦籽粒氮含量,农户施肥和监控施肥处理的籽粒氮磷钾含量无显著变化,速效钾含量>180 mg·kg^-1时不施钾肥的小麦籽粒磷钾含量显著降低。速效钾含量>150 mg·kg^-1时,监控施肥的钾肥偏生产力与钾肥吸收效率较农户施肥显著提高。【结论】在北方麦区,土壤速效钾含量150—180 mg·kg^-1时,合理施肥可使小麦产量达较高水平,但当土壤有效磷较高,超过30 mg·kg^-1时,不施钾肥小麦有减产风险。应根据土壤速效磷钾和小麦产量水平监控施肥,合理确定钾肥用量,实现北方麦区小麦丰产高效生产。     

干旱条件下不同倍体春小麦根系碳消耗及其与产量形成的关系

在自动控制的遮雨棚中,用桶栽法研究了干旱条件下不同倍体春小麦根系耗碳过程及其与子粒产量的关系.分别对二倍体小麦MO1、四倍体小麦DM22和六倍体小麦陇春8275进行充分供水(CK)和中度干旱胁迫处理(二者土壤含水量分别保持在田间持水量的75％和45％),结果表明,干旱胁迫下六倍体小麦陇春8275比二倍体小麦MO1和四倍体小麦DM22有较高的光合固碳量、较低的根系碳消耗量及较高的光合产出,因此认为这是六倍体小麦在干旱条件下既能提高水分利用效率又能保持较高子粒产量的主要原因.     

Using a systems modeling approach to improve soil management and soil quality

Soils provide the structural support, water and nutrients for plants in nature and are considered to be the foundation of agriculture production. Improving soil quality and soil health has been advocated as the goal of soil management toward sustainable agricultural intensification. There have been renewed efforts to define and quantify soil quality and soil health but establishing a consensus on the key indicators remains difficult. It is argued that such difficulties are due to the former ways of thinking in soil management which largely focus on soil properties alone. A systems approach that treats soils as a key component of agricultural production systems is promoted. It is argued that soil quality must be quantified in terms of crop productivity and impacts on ecosystems services that are also strongly driven by climate and management interventions. A systems modeling approach captures the interactions among climate, soil, crops and management, and their impacts on system performance, thus helping to quantify the value and quality of soils. Here, three examples are presented to demonstrate this. In this systems context, soil management must be an integral part of systems management practices that also include managing the crops and cropping systems under specific climatic conditions, with cognizance of future climate change.     

花后高温干旱胁迫下氮素对冬小麦氮积累与代谢酶、蛋白质含量及水氮利用效率的影响

【目的】 本研究基于气候室模拟温度日变化特征,旨在探讨氮素对高温、干旱及复合胁迫下冬小麦地上干物质重、氮积累与分配、氮代谢相关酶活性、蛋白质含量、产量及水氮利用效率的影响。【方法】 基于人工气候室开展冬小麦盆栽试验,以小偃22号为试验材料,采用裂-裂区随机完全区组设计,以2个温度处理（高温：H;适宜温度：S）为主区,以2个水分水平（干旱：D;充分供水：F）为裂区,3个施氮水平（低氮：N₁;中氮：N₂;高氮：N₃）为裂-裂区,研究冬小麦生长生理特性、产量及水氮利用效率对高温干旱胁迫及各施氮量的响应特征。【结果】 高温、干旱及复合胁迫导致地上总干物质重（ADW）和氮积累量（ANA）降低。在成熟期,高温干旱复合胁迫（HD）和干旱胁迫（SD）下N₃处理ANA分别较N₁处理增加7.26%和6.82%。高温、干旱及复合胁迫提高小麦花前氮素对籽粒贡献率（NRR）,HD胁迫各施氮处理NRR均值较对照（SF）增加达38.21%,施氮量的增加扩大这种增加效应。高温、干旱及复合胁迫导致成熟期穗氮分配率降低,特别是复合胁迫。暴露于高温、干旱及复合胁迫下籽粒蛋白质产量（PY）降低,干旱胁迫（7.37%）各施氮处理PY均值较高温胁迫（3.94%）降低更多,无论单一或复合胁迫下籽粒PY均在N₂处理下显著增加。此外,单一的干旱和高温胁迫下降低的谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）和硝酸还原酶（NR）活性在N₂处理下显著增加,复合胁迫N₁处理NR和GS活性分别较N₃处理提高23.81%和23.07%。与对照相比,干旱胁迫各施氮处理穗粒数、千粒重和产量均值的降幅均高于高温胁迫,N₂处理对高温和干旱胁迫下这些参数存在明显正向调控,产量水分利用效率（WUE_g）和生物量水分利用效率（WUE_b）在N₂处理下得到明显改善。充分供水+N₂处理籽粒（NUE_g）分别较低干旱和复合胁迫N₃处理提高19.09%和19.44%,表明在水分充足条件下中氮能有效地缓解干旱和高温胁迫下籽粒氮利用效率的降低。NUE_g和NUE_b的提高可能归因于合理氮肥调控下增加的GS和NR活性。主成分分析表明胁迫条件下小麦千粒重和ADW与产量的关系更紧密。【结论】 高温和干旱胁迫的综合效应比单一胁迫对小麦危害更大。在单一高温和干旱胁迫下,适量增加氮输入能增加氮代谢酶活性并维持更高氮代谢能力,提高籽粒氮积累量及蛋白质产量,将更有利于提高产量及水氮利用效率。然而在花后遭遇高温干旱复合胁迫时,相比低施氮量,增加施氮对小麦产量形成及水氮的吸收利用均产生一定抑制作用,应适当减少氮肥用量。     

高海拔旱地油菜产量对土壤贮水量和热量的响应

为制定气候变化情景下农作物种植应对措施,采用 分期播种法,研究高海拔旱作区春油菜产量对土壤有效贮水量和热量的响应。结果表明,高 海拔旱地土壤有效贮水量在油菜生长前期较多,后期较少。出苗期和开花期土壤有效贮水量 对油菜产量的影响较小,薹花期和角果发育期土壤贮水对产量影响较大,薹花期、角果发育 期油菜产量与土壤贮水量正相关显著,薹花期土壤贮水每增加10 mm,产量增加71.7 kg·hm ^-2;角果发育期土壤贮水每增加10 mm,产量增加30.13 kg·hm^-2。热量也是 影响油菜产量的重要因素,油菜产量与日平均气温、积温负相关显著,日平均气温每升高1 ℃,产量减少163 kg·hm^-2;积温每升高50℃·d,产量减少251.15 kg·hm^-2 ,根据不同气候条件和油菜生长特点,从品种、播期、技术与结构等方面提出了种植应对措 施。     

我国冬油菜种植区土壤有效镁状况与油菜施镁效果

我国冬油菜主产区耕作土壤有效镁供应能力有限,近年来随着产量提高作物从土壤中带走的镁养分量大,而生产上普遍施用氮、磷、钾养分含量高的化肥从而导致随施肥带入的镁养分极少,镁营养缺乏逐渐成为限制油菜产量的潜在因子.为全面评价冬油菜种植区土壤有效镁丰缺状况与油菜施镁效果,本文系统梳理了油菜镁营养研究的主要进展,在揭示油菜需镁量...     

严重侵蚀红壤封禁管理后土壤性质的变化

采取人工施肥、补植与封山育林相结合的措施对福建长汀河田严重侵蚀红壤进行治理 (称封禁管理 ) ,对治理后的林地及对照的土壤持水性能、抗蚀性能、土壤化学性质、土壤酶活性、土壤微生物、土壤呼吸作用进行了研究 .结果表明 ,与对照相比 ,治理后土壤的持水性能和抗蚀性能有明显的改善 ,土壤养分贮量和速效性养分供应强度亦得到明显改善 ,土壤微生物总数明显增加 ,土壤水解性酶、氧化还原酶活性和土壤呼吸作用强度得到显著加强 ,但它们的绝对数值与正常的土壤相比都还较小 .表明采用封禁管理进行治理是改良严重侵蚀红壤的有效途径之一 ,同时也说明严重侵蚀退化生态系统的恢复与重建是一个漫长的过程     

川西低山区几种林(竹)-草复合经营模式水土保持能力对比研究

通过坡面人工径流小区的定位观测,对川西低山区2003年几种林(竹)-草复合经营模式与农耕地的产流产沙特征及养分流失情况分析与比较,结果表明:①植被类型及土地经营利用方式的不同对径流特征及产沙量有很大的影响,苦竹+牛鞭草模式在3年后所表现的生态效益优于其他模式;②由于川西低山区强降雨主要集中在7、8月份,此两月各模式与农耕地的产流产沙量均达各自全年总量的70%以上。在此两月保持林地覆盖物特别是林下的枯落物或地被物能显著减少水土流失;③坡地上的纯牧草地或林(竹)草模式林分郁闭度较低时,刈割牧草的时间对水土保持是至关重要的因素;④苦竹+牛鞭草模式的养分流失量最少。各模式内均以全K流失量最多,全N次之,全P最少。