鸭绿江下游（丹东段）冬春季鱼类种类组成及区系特征初步研究

为补充和完善鸭绿江下游鱼类资源状况的基础资料,了解近年调查区域的鱼类组成特征,采用定性与定量相结合的方法,通过实地现场调查与渔获信息采集的方式,于2011年11月至2012年5月对鸭绿江下游（丹东段）的鱼类种类组成及其区系特征作了初步分析,结果表明：调查区域发现鱼类33种,其中鲤形目最多（12种）,鲈形目次之（8种）;鱼类区系组成较为复杂,土著鱼类占优势,温水性鱼类占优势,喜稳水或缓流水的鱼类占优势;鱼类区系在洄游习性、适温性和摄食习性上表现为不同的生态类型。鸭绿江下游丹东河段鱼类群落表现为河口鱼类群落类型,部分物种种群数量急剧减少、迁徙或者消失,鱼类种质资源较为珍贵,建议进一步加强鸭绿江下游的生态环境保护,注意水质污染控制。     

模糊综合评价法在北碚主要支流河流水质评价中的运用

摘要：本文以重庆市北碚区的三条主要支流河流璧北河、磨滩河、黑水河为研究对象,运用模糊数学综合评价模型对5个监测断面和11个污染因子进行了综合评价。评价结果表明,5个断面水质具有明显的季节变化,并表明黑水河流域地表水质总体状况最好,除了偏岩断面2月份为Ⅲ级水质外,均处于Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级,符合功能水环境质量标准;而磨滩河的水质最差,甚至出现了劣Ⅴ级水质,可见其污染严重,需要治理;璧北河水质较好,2月份为Ⅳ类水质,5月份为Ⅲ级水质,8月份的河水水质较好,为Ⅱ类。评价结果为污染控制提供了科学依据。     

黄河下游灌区河南段农业非点源污染现状及原因分析

探明黄河下游大型灌区农业非点源污染状况,对区域环境质量安全和农业可持续发展具有重大意义。笔者分析了近年来黄河下游灌区河南段农业非点源污染相关数据,概述了该地区农业非点源污染形成的主要原因,指出了农用化学物质的不合理使用、生活与养殖废弃物随意排放等均不同程度地产生了农业污染,对地下水水质造成了影响。地下水硝态氮平均含量达9.31 mg/L,接近世界卫生组织地下水硝态氮含量的最大允许浓度。畜禽排泄物中COD和氨氮量分别为458.15万t和44.86万t,是全省工业及生活污水产生COD和氨氮量的7.03倍和5.89倍。     

Application of Micronucleus Technique in Testing River Pollution in the Qinhuang River,Binzhou City

To figure out water pollution of the Qinhuang River in Binzhou City,broad bean root-tip micronucleus technique was applied to test water quality,water sample from different sampling points was taken to detect the contamination of broad bean root tips,so as to reflect water pollution using the pol ution indexes.The results showed that water in the Qinhuang River was polluted in different degrees,and water pollution grew more serious from the upper to the lower reaches.Water pollution sources include domestic sewage and solid waste,thus pollution discharge into the river must be strictly controlled to restore the polluted water and the ecological functions of waterscapes.     

The Value of Ranch Open Space to Tourists: Combining Observed and Contingent Behavior Data

ABSTRACT Several empirical studies have estimated the value of agricultural land as open space to local residents. An important goup of individuals that may be affected by the loss of agricultural land are visitors to a region. The value of ranchland to tourists visiting a resort town in the Rocky Mountains is estimated through a travel cost model that combines information on observed behavior data from actual trips with contingent behavior data on intended current visitation if the resource were converted to urban and resort uses. The value of ranch open space to tourists is the gain or loss in consumer surplus derived from a visit to the study area attributable to the resource. A random effects Poisson regression model is estimated because of the panel nature of the data, accounting for the correlation of the multiple responses from heterogeneous individuals. Twenty-five percent of the sample would reduce visitation and 23 percent of the sample would increase visitation if ranch open space were converted to urban and resort uses. The overall effect of converting ranch open space to resort and urban uses is no net change in average consumer surplus per trip for summer tourists in general.     

Nuclear Protective Action Advisories: A Policy Analysis and Evaluation

Widespread spontaneous evacuation, the tendency for people to evacuate even when not advised to do so, has been highlighted as one of the likely behavioral responses to a nuclear power plant emergency. Utility company representatives contend that protective action advisories can be structured so as to stifle the magnitude and geographic extent of spontaneous evacuation. Data from a utility-company-sponsored telephone survey of households on Long Island, New York, where the Shoreham Nuclear Power Station is located, are used in this paper to test this proposition. Analyses of responses given to three sets of increasingly serious reactor accident scenarios, with and without information instructing people what protective actions to take, raise serious questions about the ability of emergency notification messages to affect human behavior in a radiological emergency. The results suggest firstly, that even if people me specifically advised not to evacuate, most would be inclined to do so; and secondly, that attempts to stifle the propensity to evacuate among those who are not at risk are likely to increase the propensity to stay behind among those who are at risk and should evacuate.     

Development and Apllication of an Intergrated Emergency Lightening System for Water Pollutant Accident Management in the Three Gorges Basin

An integrated water pollution management system for the Three Gorges Reservior Area (TGRA) titled as WPMIS_ER_TGRA was developed as an information based techenical tool for emergency response on water pollutant accident.ArcGIS Engine, a Geographic Information System (GIS) Module Warehouse, was used as programme developing platform, and Visual Basic (VB) as programming language.The mathematical models for hydraulic and water quality simulation were developed and integrated in the system and programmed as a DLL file via VB.WPMIS_ER_TGRA owns a new function of emergency lightening at watershed scale as well as the normal water environmental information management functions.The system was applied for emergency water pollution management by a dummy ship capsizal in Yangtze River.It was found that WPMIS_ER_TGRA could model the transfer and diffusion of the accident pollutants in rivers, quickly forecast the pollution situation and identify the influencing area and their changing with time in a few minutes just after the accident happened.     

中国农田退化价值损失计量研究

农田退化是全球普遍的问题,尤其是在亚非等发展中国家较严重,给农业发展带来巨大的经济损失。如何客观评价这些损失,本文利用市场价值、模拟市场价值、影子工程等方法开展评价研究。农田退化分为农田污染、生态破坏和肥力下降三个方面。其中农田污染计量了重金属和污灌污染造成的损失,生态破坏计量了土壤沙化、盐渍化和潜育化的损失,肥力下降是计量了生产力降低和水土流失的损失。研究结果表明：农田污染、功能降低以及肥力下降等退化类型价值损失量分别为440.51亿元、316.39亿元和468.55亿元。全国农田退化价值损失总量为1225.45亿元,分别相当于2004年GDP和农业国民生产总值的0.89%和6.20%。由此可见,农田退化对我国农业发展构成一定的影响,若不采取有效措施,将会对我国未来农业发展产生更大的影响。     

长江中下游地区循环农业的发展

为长江中下游地区进一步开展循环农业的相关研究及制定相关政策,实现长江中下游地区循环农业的可持续发展,本研究系统阐述了长江中下游地区在我国农业发展中的重要地位及该地区循环农业具有历史悠久性、结构复杂性、模式多样性、技术先进性、功能高效性、发展可持续性等显著特征。并指出当前长江中下游地区存在着资源浪费、生态破坏、环境污染、劳力缺乏、意识淡薄、机制缺失等方面的问题,严重制约着循环农业的可持续发展。针对以上存在的问题,提出了今后在长江中下游地区推进循环农业应采取以下对策和措施：（1）提高认识;（2）制定规划;（3）完善制度;（4）增加投入;（5）培养人才;（6）扩大规模;（7）延长链条;（8）加强研发。     

刀鲚洄游生物学及应激胁迫研究进展

刀鲚(Coilia nasus)隶属于鲱形目(Clupeiformes)鳀科(Engraulidae)鲚属(Coilia)，俗称刀鱼。刀鲚是中国长江中下游及相关湖泊的重要商业渔业资源，其味道鲜美和营养价值较高，具有较高的经济价值。本文查阅了刀鲚相关研究资料，对其洄游习性、应激胁迫方面的研究进展进行了归纳和整理，以期为刀鲚资源养护和产业化发展提供基础资料。     

明清时期淮河南下入江与周边环境演变

[摘要]明清时期,黄淮合流,东入黄海,但黄河所携巨量泥沙逐渐淤塞中下游河床,汛期无法迅速泄水,淮河改道南下入江,变为长江支流。淮河南下,不仅给当地百姓的生命财产等造成重大损失,而且对周边环境造成重大影响,南下的淮河洪泽湖至长江段两岸,湖泊扩大、河流改道、土质恶化,甚至加剧了沿江地区的江岸崩塌,引发整个周边环境发生了沧海桑田的巨变。     

A GIS-Based Study of the Pollution Load of Adsorbed Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Jialing River Basin, P. R. China

Some reasonable and suitable methods for factor calculation of the equation were chosen based on the American Universal Soil Loss equation,the characteristics of the Jialing River basin in P.R.China,and related research results.The soil erosion and loss in each hydrological unit of the basin were estimated using GIS.Employing the non-point source adsorbed nutrition load model,the loads of adsorbed nitrogen and phosphorus pollution were calculated and analyzed.The results show that the average sediment transportation module in the Jialing River Basin in recent years is 161.94 t/(km2a),and the loads of adsorbed nitrogen and phosphorus pollution are 29 620.8 t/a and 1 391.96 t/a,respectively,at the watershed outlet(Beibei hydrologic station).Adsorbed nitrogen and phosphorus pollution are serious in the Bailong River and Xihanshui basins.The descending order of land type with adsorbed nitrogen and phosphorus loss modulus is as follows: wild land,bush,turf,field,city and forest.     

When land,water and green‐grabbing cumulate: Hydropower expansion,livelihood resource reallocation and legitimisation in southwest China

Hundreds of hydropower dam projects, of all sizes, have been initiated in Yunnan Province, China, since the late 1990s. This paper frames hydropower‐driven resource reallocations as resource grabs that combine aspects of land, water and green‐grabbing, investigating how two dams built along the Red River have impacted local communities and how corporate and governmental stakeholders have viewed local livelihood changes and considered compensation mechanisms. This research documents how hydropower expansion triggers changes in both land and water availability, in turn depriving riverside communities of a wide range of intersecting livelihood benefits. Villagers were compensated for some losses, but in ways that failed to address how impacts accumulated over time and how hydrologic changes would impact overall livelihood activities. Financial compensation and specific environmental and modernisation agendas legitimised resource reallocations together with the provincial, national and global development campaigns driving them. Considering how different actors experience, frame and address the impacts of hydropower development through a resource‐grabbing lens elucidates the compartmentalised approaches of distant hydropower actors as well as scholars. This study answers recent calls to mobilise the scholarship on resource‐grabbing in the service of shedding light on the socio‐political projects driving resource reallocations and their livelihood impacts.     

Examining trans‐Tasman migration of new immigrants to New Zealand from the People's Republic of China: A quantitative approach

‘Back‐door’ migration refers to the entry of overseas‐born New Zealand citizens to Australia. Many New Zealand Chinese migrants from the People's Republic of China (PRC) are within this migration flow. Based on a detailed analysis on the permanent and long‐term arrival and departure data from Statistics New Zealand and an online survey conducted by the author, this paper examines the trans‐Tasman migration of New Zealand's PRC migrants. The result shows that compared with New Zealand‐born citizens, the trans‐Tasman migration of China‐born New Zealand citizens is not large in number. The 2001 Australia immigration policy change of the welfare provisions to New Zealand citizens discouraged ‘back‐door’ migration of the PRC migrants in the short term only. Australia still remains a favoured destination for many of them. Economic consideration is the main factor drawing these migrants to Australia. This paper also reveals a circulatory feature of the PRC migrants' trans‐Tasman migratory movements, as evidenced by a significant number of respondents who had migrated from New Zealand to Australia indicating that they would come back to New Zealand at some future time.     

非点源污染河流水环境容量研究

为探索适合非点源污染河流水环境容量计算的模型,为水环境容量的合理利用提供科学依据,针对中国东部地区典型河流-曹娥江的污染情况,选其上游以非点源污染为主的支流进行了水环境容量研究。根据该河段的水流特性和水文、污染源的调查资料及水质实测资料,选用适当的数学模型,研究了该河段各月的水环境容量。结果表明这种方法简单、实用,适用于非点源情形下河流氨氮、总磷及CODcr的容量问题研究。     

Present Situation and Countermeasure of Water Pollution in Yulin River, Yubei District, Chongqing

Yulin River is the major secondary stream of Three Gorges Reservoir Area. According to the requirement of "The Prevention Plan of Water Pollution in Three Gorges Reservoir Area and the Upper Areas (2001-2010)", the water environment pollution in Yulin River valley should be controlled. In this paper the reason of the water pollution is analyzed through investigation and evaluation on the present situation of Yulin River in North Chongqing area, and then a proposal on the prevention and cure measure of water pollution of Yulin River is presented.     

基于BP神经网络的土壤重金属污染评价方法——以包头土壤环境质量评价为例

为了克服国标(GBl5618—1995)内梅罗综合污染指数评价土壤环境质量时存在的缺点,借助BP神经网络模型,并结合GIS技术对包头土壤重金属污染的空间分布进行研究。实地调研获得221个土壤样,利用原子荧光光谱法和等离子体质谱法测试得到8种重金属含量数据。统计结果表明,研究区主要为Pb、Zn污染,考虑研究区特异性构造神经网络学习样本,建立基于特征模式的BP神经网络土壤环境质量评价模型。根据采样点评价结果,利用Kriging插值法绘制包头土壤环境质量专题图,分析得出包头土壤环境呈沿昆都伦河被污染的条带特点。结果表明,根据采样统计量信息利用BP神经网络模型,能够有效建立特殊研究区土壤中各种重金属含量与环境质量之间的非线性映射关系,为土壤污染的来源、分布、累积效应和主要影响因素以及污染链的阻断提供依据。     

基于污染损失率法的工业废水污染评价

为准确地估算水污染带来的长期和潜在的经济损失,利用水污染损失率评价方法,对江西省工业废水环境价值损失率及其价值损失量进行计算。结果表明：2008—2011年江西省工业废水造成的水污染经济损失在逐年增加,而2012年污染经济损失率则下降,这表明政府在工业废水的环境治理和保护起到了积极的效果。2008—2012年江西省工业废水造成的水污染平均经济损失量为4.88亿元,占该省GDP的0.042%。     

珠三角地区大米中的镉砷污染现状及治理措施

作为我国对外开放的“南大门”,珠三角地区在经济快速发展的同时也出现了一系列的环境污染问题,尤其是土壤镉砷污染情况越来越严重[背景]。本文针对珠三角地区镉砷污染物的来源和污染现状,分析镉砷重金属在水稻体内的赋存形态以及迁移转化规律,对镉砷对人体健康危害的影响进行阐述,研究土壤性状、动物、微生物、植物等与镉砷之间的相互影响,并试图找出珠三角地区植物对镉砷的抵抗机制[结果]。综合前人的治理经验与措施,来提出自己的展望[方法],以期为珠三角大米镉砷污染状况进行较为透彻的阐述,并且为以后的治理措施提出部分建议参考,据笔者所知,这是第一次系统地阐述珠三角大米中镉砷污染状况和治理的文章[结论]。     

Harmonious Town Development in Wujiang River Basin and Three Gorges Area

The relations between construction of Three Gorges Project and development of Wujiang River Basin are illustrated from three aspects. The importance of harmonious township development in Wujiang River Basin and Three Gorges Area is discussed and the strategies for harmonious development are proposed. Firstly, to promote the hydroelectric power development of the stream and accelerate the urbanization of Wujiang River Basin; next, establish rational urban system structure to realize the regional harmonious development within Three Gorges Area. Detailed proposition is given in this paper to establish the spatial relations between Wujiang River Basin and Three Gorges Area and further suggestion is put forward to perform research on urbanization and urban systems in these areas.