不同小豆抗性品种对锈菌侵染的生化响应和防卫反应基因的表达特征

为探究小豆应答锈菌侵染的生理机制,以不同小豆抗性品种与豇豆单胞锈菌Uromyces vignae互作为研究对象,采用紫外分光光度法和实时荧光定量PCR技术分析锈菌侵染后不同抗性品种中防御酶活性及防卫反应基因表达的变化特征。结果表明,接种豇豆单胞锈菌后小豆抗病品种叶片内过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)和多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)活性均比感病品种显著提高;接种192 h后,小豆抗病品种中CAT和SOD活性最高,分别为16.93 nmol·g^-1·s^-1和950.89 U/g,较对照提高了496.13%和89.61%,小豆感病品种中CAT和SOD活性分别在接种192 h和120 h后达到峰值,分别为10.54 nmol·g^-1·s^-1和884.51 U/g,较对照增加了256.08%和55.50%,增加幅度小于抗病品种;接种12 h后,小豆抗病品种和感病品种...     

花椰菜幼苗叶片抗氧化酶系统与抗黑腐病关系的研究

 在盆栽条件下,花椰菜抗病品种雪峰和感病品种2003X-106的幼苗在接种黑腐病菌后,叶片组织内O₂^·产生速率,SOD、POD、PAL活性,MDA含量和膜透性都有不同程度的提高和增加。与2003X-106相比,雪峰的O₂^·产生速率和SOD、PAL活性的增加更为显著,POD活性也要高于2003X-106;而MDA含量和电导率的增幅要明显低于2003X-106。表明抗病品种雪峰比感病品种2003X-106具有更强的抗黑腐病能力和抗氧化能力。     

豇豆与锈菌互作中的多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性及其与抗性的关系

测定了具有不同抗性水平的5个豇豆Vigna sesquipdalis Wight品种在受锈菌Uromyces vignae Barcl侵染前和侵染后的若干阶段中的多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性,并分析其与抗性的关系.结果表明,在接种后24h内,免疫和抗病品种的PPO比活性及其变化率均高于感病品种,且前者PPO比活性变化率高峰出现早,后者出现迟.在接种后,各品种的POD比活性及其变化率均上升,但中抗和感病品种的高峰出现早,免疫和高抗品种出现晚.此外,中抗和感病品种的POD比活性及其变化率在接种12h左右出现高峰后立即下降,而高抗品种的则持续上升至24h左右出现高峰,免疫品种的POD比活性也在24h左右出现高峰,但其POD比活性变化率则持续到48h左右达到高峰,且免疫和抗病品种的峰值明显大于感病品种.     

活性氧及膜脂过氧化与棉花对枯萎病抗性的关系

 萎病菌侵染后,抗病品种棉苗及经氟乐灵诱发处理产生对枯萎病诱导抗性的棉苗茎与根组织中,膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量上升,膜系统中不饱和脂肪酸含量下降,表明有膜脂过氧化的发生,超氧阴离子(O₂^·)的产生速率、H₂O₂的积累水平及脂氧合酶(LOX)活性也明显增加,但超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性无显著差异。与此相反,感病品种棉苗受侵后MDA含量、O₂^·产生速率、H₂O₂的积累及LOX酶活性增加幅度较小,SOD及CAT酶活性则明显上升,膜系统中不饱和脂肪酸含量仅有小幅度下降。氟乐灵播前土壤处理可诱发棉苗对枯萎病的诱导抗性,同时也增加了LOX酶活性及活性氧(O₂^·、H₂O₂)的积累。这些结果说明,枯萎病菌侵染后棉苗体内活性氧的积累、LOX酶活性的上升以及由此引起的膜脂过氧化,可能在棉苗对枯萎病的抗性中起作用。     

超氧自由基在三环唑防治稻瘟病中的作用

 研究了三环唑对水稻超氧自由基(O₂^{· -})产生的影响及其在病害防治中的意义,结果表明三环唑能刺激药剂-植物-病菌互作过程中O₂^{· -}的产生。O₂^{· -}清除剂甘露醇和抗坏血酸对稻瘟病菌菌丝生长有一定的抑制作用,于接种后处理却对三环唑表现拮抗作用。外源H₂O₂和O₂^{· -}及从经三环唑预处理并接种的植株获得的叶片泌出液都对稻瘟病菌孢子萌发有直接的抑制作用,且三环唑对这种抑制作用表现明显的增效。说明刺激寄主产生O₂^{· -}和降低病菌的抗氧化能力可能是三环唑防治稻瘟病的作用机制之一     

植物病毒病选择性治疗药剂的筛选研究

 超氧自由基(O₂^·-)清除剂甘露醇和抗坏血酸在离体条件下对稻瘟菌丝生长有一定抑制作用,但它们施用到水稻上后却会加重稻瘟病的发生。O₂^·-清除剂对烯丙异表现拮抗作用。经烯丙异处理的水稻幼苗接种稻瘟菌后能刺激O₂^·-的产生。外源H₂O₂和超氧自由基对稻瘟病菌和水稻细胞有直接毒害。本研究表明:烯丙异刺激水稻体内产生的O₂^·-在药剂诱导水稻对稻瘟病抗性反应中发挥作用。     

生姜抗姜瘟病品种资源鉴定及其抗病生化机制

为鉴定生姜抗姜瘟病品种并明确其抗病生化机制,采用茎基部注射法和土壤灌根法接种测试22个生姜品种对姜瘟病的抗性水平,以高抗品种CDZIN012和高感品种CDZIN064为材料接种假茄科雷尔氏菌Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum,观察接种后抗、感品种的叶片气孔参数、蜡质含量等组织结构的变化,测定接种后过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)、多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性,O₂^-、H₂O₂含量及病程相关蛋白几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性的变化。结果显示,22个生姜品种抗性差异明显,其中表现为高抗、中抗、轻抗、感病和高感的品种分别为1、4、4、7和6个;茎基部注射法接种后生姜植株发病更稳定,更适合生姜品种抗性鉴定;感病后抗病品种叶片气孔密度为36.8个/mm²,比感病品种少(46.9个/mm²),...     

稻瘟菌GP66激发子诱导的水稻膜脂过氧化及其保护酶活性变化

 以抗稻瘟病水稻近等基因系C101LAC及背景品系CO39为材料,研究稻瘟菌(Magnaporthe grisea)来源的GP66激发子诱导的水稻膜脂过氧化及保护酶活性变化.结果表明,激发子诱导非亲和性互作水稻超氧阴离子(O₂^·)积累和脂氧合酶(LOX)活性在早期明显高于亲和性互作水稻;O₂^·积累和LOX活性的升高进而导致了非亲和性互作水稻的膜脂过氧化,其相对电导率及丙二醛(MDA)含量出现的高峰期和强度也明显要早和高于亲和性互作水稻.超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均趋于下降,不同亲和性互作水稻间的变化则不明显;非亲和性互作水稻过氧化物酶(POD)活性则在激发子诱导早期明显高于亲和性互作水稻,可能与其参与其它抗性有关.这些结果表明膜脂过氧化的发生是激发子诱导水稻抗性的主要生理机制之一.     

活性氧清除酶类在黄瓜感染霜霉病过程中的活性变化

 超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)能快速催化氧阴离子自由基(O₂^·-)进行歧化反应生成H₂O₂和氧。     

43个中国小麦品种(系)抗叶锈性研究

 选用12个墨西哥叶锈菌生理小种对43个中国小麦品种(系)所携带的抗叶锈病基因进行了推导,在25个品种(系)中推导出6个抗叶锈基因Lr1,Lr10,Lr13,Lr14a,Lr16和Lr26,9个品种(系)对本试验所使有的12个叶锈菌生理小种都表现感病反应,另有9个品种(系)携带未知的抗叶锈基因。在墨西哥2个地点进行的田间成株期抗叶锈性试验表明,12个品种(系)表现慢叶锈性,在将来的抗病育种中有一定的应用价值。     

枯萎病菌对不同抗性黄瓜品种几种酶活性的影响

用枯萎病菌接种不同抗性黄瓜品种,研究不同抗性黄瓜品种的过氧化物酶（POD）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）和几丁质酶的活性变化。结果表明,接种后抗感品种POD、PPO和几丁质酶活性基本都呈现先升后降再升（再降）的趋势。抗感品种均在接种后12 h时出现第1次POD活性峰值,抗病品种中农13号、津优3号分别在接种后60、72 h、感病品种在84 h出现第2次POD活性峰值;接种后24 h时抗感品种均达到第1次PPO活性峰值,抗病品种在48 h、感病品种在60 h时达到第2次PPO活性峰值;接种后抗病品种在48 h时达到第1次几丁质酶活性峰值,72 h时达到第2次峰值,而感病品种只在60 h时出现1次几丁质酶活性峰值。抗感品种的POD、PPO、几丁质酶活性的2次峰值都显著或极显著地高于各自的对照,在接种后的早期阶段,感病品种的POD、几丁质酶活性的第1次峰值都显著或极显著地高于抗病品种,PPO活性的第1次峰值极显著地低于抗病品种。     

棉花不同抗性品种根系分泌物分析及其对黄萎病菌的影响

 对7个不同抗黄萎病性能的棉花品种根系分泌物进行了收集和测定,结果发现抗病品种根系分泌物对病菌的孢子萌发和菌丝生长有一定的抑制作用,而感病品种根系分泌物则能刺激病菌生长。感病品种分泌物中氨基酸含量和种类较多,而且苯丙氨酸、脯氨酸等仅出现在感病品种的分泌物中;抗病品种根系分泌物中糖类物质含量亦明显低于感病品种。     

小麦持久抗性品种对中国条锈菌(系)抗病性特点的分析

小麦品种抗性谱鉴定、田间病情系统观察和抗性组分测定等结果表明,小麦持久抗条锈品种具显著的抗性特征,即成株期抗性谱很宽,有的品种甚至全生育期都表现抵抗,田间病情消长很慢且轻,成株期一般表现侵染机率低、病斑面积小、潜育期长。试验在控制条件下进行,便于操作,可用于小麦品种持久抗条锈性鉴定研究。     

Expression of adult plant resistance and its effect on the development of Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici in some Australian wheat cultivars

The onset of adult plant resistance (APR) to Puccinia striiformis was examined in seven Australian wheat cultivars under field conditions and in 14 cultivars under controlled environmental conditions. In most cultivars under field conditions the percentage leaf area affected by stripe rust at mid-tillering (GS 22–26; third leaf) was significantly less ( P < 0.05) than on the more susceptible cultivar Teal. The expression of APR was more conspicuous during tillering to node formation; at these growth stages chlorosis and/or necrosis developed in association with rust colonies on the most resistant cultivars. Under controlled conditions, the primary leaves of all cultivars except Olympic and Flinders displayed some resistance when compared with Teal (lower infection types, longer latent periods and/or less percentage leaf area affected). Studies on the spread of stripe rust from infection foci established in selected cultivars in the field indicated that the resistance detected at early growth stages in Suneca in controlled environmental studies also appeared to be effective in the field.     

Effect of crown rust on regrowth, competitive ability and nutritional quality of perennial and Italian ryegrasses

Infection of susceptible cultivars of perennial (Lolium perenne) and Italian (Lolium multiflorum) ryegrasses with crown rust (Puccinia coronata) reduced yield measured 6 weeks after infection and at two regrowth cuts. In perennial, but not Italian, ryegrass, rust infection of mixed swards of a resistant and a susceptible cultivar reduced the contribution to yield made by the susceptible cultivar and increased that of the resistant cultivar. This effect persisted for three regrowth cuts. The trend in effect on the number of tillers, but not plant height, was similar.
Infection increased leaf protein in susceptible perennial ryegrass but had little effect in Italian ryegrass. In both species, rust reduced water-soluble carbohydrate and the predicted digestibility of susceptible and resistant cultivars, but had no effect on quality of regrowth.     

Histological investigation of stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici) development in resistant and susceptible wheat cultivars

The wheat cultivar Kariega expresses complete adult plant resistance against stripe rust, whereas cv. Avocet S is susceptible. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy, initial fungal penetration into flag leaves was identical in both cultivars, with directional germ-tube growth towards stomata that were penetrated without the formation of an appressorium, followed by differentiation of a substomatal vesicle, infection hyphae, haustorial mother cells and haustoria. During the following 4 days, further fungal development occurred more quickly in the resistant than in the susceptible cultivar. However, by 7 days postinoculation (dpi) the situation changed, with exponential growth of the pathogen occurring only in the susceptible line. Induced cellular lignification, a typical defence reaction of cereals, was observed at 4 dpi in the resistant cultivar, and 2 days later lignified tissue completely surrounded the fungal colonies. In the susceptible cultivar, isolated lignified host cells occurred at 6 dpi, and long, unbranched fungal hyphae outgrowing the resistance reaction were observed.     

向日葵品种叶片组织结构与抗锈病的关系

向日葵锈病是向日葵的重要病害之一,在世界向日葵生产地区普遍发生,给向日葵产业带来巨大的经济损失。本研究通过比较向日葵抗、感锈病品种叶片组织结构的差异,以揭示此类病菌与寄主间的相互作用及其寄主抗病机理,研究结果表明：抗病品种叶片蜡质含量高于感病品种,且栅栏组织双层,排列整齐、紧密,可以抵抗病菌的侵入和扩展,而气孔密度与抗病性没有相关性。     

Distribution of pathotypes with regard to host cultivars in French wheat leaf rust populations

ABSTRACT Isolates of wheat leaf rust collected from durum and bread wheat cultivars in France during 1999-2002 were analyzed for virulence on 18 Thatcher lines with single genes for leaf rust resistance (Lr genes). Sampling focused on the five most widely grown bread wheat cultivars (two susceptible and three resistant) to allow statistical comparison of diversity indexes between the cultivars. Leaf rust populations from durum and bread wheats were different. The diversity of the bread wheat leaf rust pathotypes, as measured by the Shannon index, ranged from 2.43 to 2.76 over the 4 years. Diversity for wheat leaf rust resistance was limited in the host since we postulated only seven seedling resistance genes in the 35 cultivars most widely grown during 1999-2002. Leaf rust populations were strongly differentiated for virulence within bread wheat cultivars, and diversity was higher on those that were resistant, mainly due to a more even distribution of virulence phenotypes than on susceptible cultivars. The pathogen population on the susceptible cv. Soissons was largely dominated by a single pathotype (073100), whereas all other pathotypes virulent on cv. Soissons either decreased in frequency or remained at a low frequency during the period studied. Several pathotypes including the most complex one were found only on resistant cultivars, even though most of them were virulent on the susceptible cv. Soissons. Specific interactions were necessary, but not always sufficient, to account for pathotype distribution and frequencies on the cultivars, suggesting that selection for virulence to host resistance genes is balanced by other selective forces including selection for aggressiveness.     

Occurrence of two races of Puccinia kuehnii causing orange rust of sugarcane in Florida

Orange rust of sugarcane caused by Puccinia kuehnii was first reported in Florida in 2007. Since then, several sugarcane cultivars that were resistant during the initial epidemics became susceptible within a few years. These shifts in resistance were attributed to the evolution of the pathogen and appearance of new races. To study the variation in virulence of P. kuehnii, healthy leaf pieces of sugarcane cultivars susceptible to orange rust were brush inoculated with isolates of P. kuehnii collected from susceptible cultivars in the field. After inoculation, leaf pieces were placed in an incubator and disease severity based on the number of rust uredinia was determined 2 weeks postinoculation. Isolates of P. kuehnii collected from sugarcane cultivar CP 89-2143, which only showed severe symptoms of orange rust starting in 2011–2012, produced 300%–500% more uredinia on CP 89-2143 than the isolates collected from cultivar CL 85-1040 that has been susceptible since 2007. Sugarcane cultivar CL 85-1040 exhibited high and equivalent numbers of uredinia regardless of the inoculated isolate of the pathogen. These data support the occurrence of pathogenic specialization within P. kuehnii and the existence of at least two races of this pathogen in Florida. Analysis of amplified fragment-length polymorphism among isolates of P. kuehnii from cultivars CP 89-2143 and CL 85-1040 differing in resistance to orange rust revealed genetic variation among rust uredinia. However, this variation was not associated with a specific sugarcane cultivar, suggesting that pathogenic variation was not linked to major, but rather to small genetic changes within the genome of P. kuehnii.