高渗透剂BCM-101和F-101与草甘膦混用增效作用研究

使用BCM-101高渗透剂6 m l/667m2和12 m l/667m2,或F-101高渗透剂12g/667m2和24g/667m2,与10%草甘膦铵盐水剂较常规用量降低20%即640 m l/667m2和降低40%即480 m l/667m2混用,其除草效果较10%草甘膦铵盐水剂800 m l/667m2单用,提高5%~10%。     

2%霸草灵SC混用防除小麦田阔叶杂草试验

2％霸草灵SC与巨星、苯磺隆、噻磺隆混用防除小麦田杂草，有较好的防除效果，小麦冬季除草：每667m2用2％霸草灵SCl0ml 75％巨星SC 0.667ml或用2％霸草灵SC10ml 10％苯磺隆WP5g-10g或用2％霸草灵SC 10ml 15％噻磺隆WP10g于冬季小麦2～3叶期对水40kg喷雾处理，药后14d，总草株防效达90％以上，药后81d，总草株防效和鲜重防效可达98％以上。小麦春季除草：每667m2用2％霸草灵SC10ml l5ml 10％苯磺隆WP 10g-20g于小麦春发后(3月上旬)采用常规喷劣，药后45d，总草株防效可达93％以上,鲜重防效可达97％以上。     

10％嚼唑酰草胺EC等对水稻直播田杂草的防效

除草效果及对水稻安全性好的最佳组合为10％嘌唑酰草胺EC1500mL／hrn2＋48％灭草松Ec1500mL／hm2;综合防效、安全性及农本最佳组合为42％比嘧·禾草丹WP3000g／hm2及50％二氯喹啉酸WP690g／hm2＋15％氢氟草酯750mL/hm2＋48％灭草松EC1500mL／hm2。     

吡草醚·苯磺隆防除麦田杂草试验

2％吡草醚悬浮剂是日本农药株式会社生产的麦田除草剂新品种。据介绍，2％吡草醚悬浮剂与10％苯磺隆WP混用．对麦田内多种双子叶杂草具有较好的防除效果。为明确2种药剂与其他除草剂混用后对作物的安全性及其综合除草效果．进行了麦田杂草田间防除试验，结果报道如下：     

1％(噁)嗪草酮悬浮剂及与其他除草剂混用对机插稻田杂草的防效

1％(噁)嗪草酮悬浮剂45 g a.i./hm2处理对稗属杂草、千金子的防效均为90％以上.1％(噁)嗪草酮悬浮剂37.5 g a.i./hm2剂量与10％苄嘧磺隆可湿性粉剂22.5 ga.i./hm2混用,对稗属杂草、千金子、鳢肠、陌上菜、丁香蓼、草龙、田菁及异型莎草的防效均达到80％以上.1％(噁)嗪草酮悬浮剂37.5 g a.i./hm2剂量与10％双草醚可湿性粉剂30 g a.i./hm2混用对稗属杂草、千金子、鳢肠、陌上菜、丁香蓼、草龙、田菁、野荸荠、异型莎草的防效为88％～ 100％.1％(噁)嗪草酮45 g a.i./hm2剂量及37.5 g a.i./hm2剂量与10％苄嘧磺隆可湿性粉剂22.5 g a.i./hm2混用或与10％双草醚可湿性粉剂30 g a.i./hm2混用,对机插秧水稻安全.     

四种除草剂不同施药时期对冬小麦田杂草的防除效果

通过对巨星等四种麦田除草在冬前（小麦越冬前）和春季（小麦拔节前）不同施药时间的除草试验，结果表明同一种除草剂品种在冬前适期用药除草效果明显优于春季用药，防效较春季施药可提高10％－20％     

几种除草剂适宜用量与除草效果的调查

除草剂过度使用会导致除草剂药害。为探寻除草剂适宜用量,先后在小拱棚和大田进行多种除草剂不同用量单用和混用试验。结果显示,按照说明书浓度施用除草剂的除草效果与浓度大于说明书浓度2～3倍的除草效果相当,均达到80%以上。说明过量施用除草剂是不必要的。     

甲基化植物油对环磺酮·莠去津防除玉米田杂草的增效作用

为明确添加甲基化植物油对40%环磺酮·莠去津悬浮剂防除杂草的增效作用及混配后对玉米的安全性,开展了玉米田化学除草试验,调查各处理对杂草的防效,记录玉米药害情况并在收获时测产。结果表明,环磺酮·莠去津除草效果随有效成分用量的提高而上升;在同等用量下,添加甲基化植物油具有提高除草效果的作用,并对环磺酮·莠去津低浓度(600 g/hm2)处理区的产量有提升作用;药剂单用或与助剂混用均对玉米安全。另外还发现,环磺酮·莠去津对禾本科杂草的防效优于阔叶杂草。     

几种除草剂和助剂对苜蓿Medicago sative出苗和生长的影响

在温室条件下研究了几种苗前除草剂单用或混用对苜蓿出苗和生长的影响,以及不同叶龄苜蓿对苗后除草剂的反应及添加助剂对药效的影响。结果表明:咪唑乙烟酸在60~120 g/hm2剂量下,于苗前施用,对苜蓿出苗和幼苗生长都有明显的抑制作用。咪唑乙烟酸(30 g/hm2)与二甲戊灵(495 g/hm2)混用,对苜蓿的药害显著降低。苗后施用除草剂对苜蓿的安全性与叶龄密切相关。咪唑乙烟酸以30~60 g/hm2剂量在苜蓿3叶期施用,对苜蓿安全;在120 g/hm2用量下,对5叶期的苜蓿无明显药害。乳氟禾草灵(130~260 g/hm2)和丙炔氟草胺(75~150 g/hm2) 无论是3叶期还是5叶期施用,对苜蓿幼苗都有严重的药害。与咪唑乙烟酸单用时比较,药液中添加1.0 mL/L 的平平加-15和AM-100及5.0 mL/L的SDP,对苜蓿幼苗生长无明显影响。     

35%甲嘧磺隆·草甘膦可溶粉剂除草试验研究

35％甲嘧磺隆·草甘膦可溶粉剂是一种良好的果园、林地及非耕地除草剂,400- 525ga．i．／hm2可用于苹果园除草,600-1200ga．i／hm2可用于马尾松幼林除草,1500-2 250g．a．i．／hm2 可用于灭除橡胶园芒萁骨。     

福寿螺配偶个体大小选择性初步观察

通过野外观察与实验研究,掌握了福寿螺的婚配体制及其配偶选择性规律。福寿螺与多数低等动物一样,其婚配属于乱交制,无固定配偶;雌螺对与其交配的雄螺个体大小没有选择性,而雄螺对雌螺的个体大小有选择性,倾向于与较大个的雌螺交配。     

Investigation of the Mode of Action of Nematode Neuropeptides

The neuropeptide AF2 has a complex set of actions on the dorsal muscle strip of Ascaris suum, including a potentiation of the acetylcholine-stimulated muscle contraction. Caffeine at 100 μm and 5 mm inhibited this potentiation, as did 100 μm theophylline in two out of six studies. The cyclic-AMP-potentiating compounds IBMX, dibutyryl cAMP and forskolin had no effect on the AF2-induced potentiation of the acetylcholine-stimulated muscle contraction. These preliminary data suggest that the potentiating action of AF2 is not mediated by a cAMP pathway.     

Systems of designation of pathotypes of plant pathogens12

A variety of systems of designation has evolved to name pathotypes of plant pathogens. The systems were evaluated to determine those best suited for particular purposes. Virulence and avirulence/virulence formulae of pathotypes have advantage over the use of consecutive numbers or letters given in chronological order of pathotype discovery. As soon as pathotype information exceeds a certain level of complexity, mathematical codes are most advantageous, in particular two codes, octal notation and coded triplets. A more universal adoption of the most appropriate codes is recommended to ease communication and comparisons of results.     

Localization of metabolic sites of action of herbicides

Time- and concentration-course studies were conducted to determine the effect of thirteen herbicides on photosynthesis, respiration, RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, and lipid synthesis using isolated single leaf cells. Each herbicide was from a different chemical class. Appropriate ¹⁴C-substrates and product purification procedures were used for each process prior to liquid scintillation counting. The most sensitive metabolic site of inhibition was photosynthesis for atrazine, bromacil, dichlobenil, monuron, and paraquat; RNA synthesis for dalapon and dinoseb; protein synthesis for chlorpropham; and lipid synthesis for CDAA, chloramben, 2,4-D, EPTC, and trifluralin. However, with several herbicides, one or more process was almost as sensitive as the one mentioned above. All herbicides inhibited more than one process, and the most sensitive site of inhibition may not be the same process that was inhibited the greatest at the maximum concentration and maximum exposure time used. Therefore, a concept of metabolic sites of action, rather than a primary site of action, appears to be more meaningful for herbicides.     

Effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on efficacy and duration of control of Fusarium wilt of tomato

The effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on the control of fusarium wilt of tomato were investigated. Application of P. oxalicum to tomato seedlings in seedbeds reduced disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in a growth chamber by 45–49% and in glasshouse experiments by 22–69%. Disease suppression was maintained for 60–100 days after inoculation with the pathogen in the glasshouse. No disease reduction was observed in tomato plants where P. oxalicum was applied to seeds. Treatment with P. oxalicum did not affect the population of F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in the rhizosphere.     

厚朴病虫害种类的初步调查

采用标准地法和线路调查法,对湖北恩施市新塘乡双河厚朴基地的厚朴病虫害进行了系统调查,记录主要虫害13种,其中叶部害虫9种,枝干害虫2种,根部害虫2种。厚朴主要病害5种。藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴新丽斑蚜为湖北省首次报道,小绿叶蝉为厚朴新寄主记录种。同时记录了藤壶蚧的天敌6种,其中寄生小蜂2种,瓢虫4种;厚朴新丽斑蚜的天敌昆虫8种。对藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴苗木根腐病等重要病虫害的发生规律进行了初步调查,同时提出了防治建议。     

百合地下害虫主要种类调查及生物（源）农药筛选

调查了甘肃省临洮县为害百合的地下害虫种类, 并以主要发生为害种类为供试对象, 采用拌土法测定了几种生物（源）农药对主要害虫的室内毒力和致死中时。调查发现小云斑鳃金龟Polyphylla gracilicornis、棕色鳃金龟Holotrichia titanis为主要发生及为害种类, 不同时间发生种类存在差异, 9月份以小云斑鳃金龟幼虫发生为害为主, 发生量占地下害虫总数的66.16%, 平均种群密度为10.48头/m2, 10月份, 则以棕色鳃金龟幼虫发生为主, 发生量占地下害虫总数的96.86%, 平均种群密度为7.79头/m2, 主要取食百合根系和鳞茎, 造成根系数量减少, 鳞茎出现不规则褐色缺口或凹陷斑。药剂筛选结果表明, 1.8%阿维菌素乳油、200亿孢子/g球孢白僵菌粉剂对两种蛴螬均具有较高的杀虫活性和速效性, 药后7 d时, 校正死亡率在82.22%以上, 对小云斑鳃金龟幼虫和棕色鳃金龟幼虫的LC50分别为0.161、0.060 mg/g和5.558×107、0.362×107孢子/g, LT50分别为2.237 d（2.2 mg/g）、1.393 d（2.2 mg/g）和6.645 d（40.0×107孢子/g）、4.940 d（2.0×107孢子/g）, 这两种生物（源）农药对两种蛴螬的LC50和LT50值均略大于两种化学农药25%二嗪磷乳油、40%辛硫磷乳油处理的, 且对小云斑鳃金龟幼虫的杀虫活性均低于对棕色鳃金龟幼虫的杀虫活性, 致死中时则长于对棕色鳃金龟幼虫的致死中时。     

青稞种子带菌检测及杀菌剂消毒处理效果

为了研究青稞种子外部和内部携带真菌情况,比较不同杀菌剂对青稞种子的带菌消毒效果和对幼苗生长的影响,为青稞种子播前包衣处理和种传真菌病害防控提供依据,采用离体平皿法对云南迪庆‘云青1号’、‘云青2号’和‘短白青稞’3个主栽品种进行带菌检测,并对种子进行拌种或浸种处理测定6种杀菌剂对种子消毒效果,分析杀菌剂对种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:供试青稞种子表面携带的优势菌群为青霉(Penicilliumspp.)、镰刀菌(Fusariumspp.);种子内部寄藏的真菌主要为镰刀菌、核腔菌(Pyrenophoraspp.)、附球菌(Epicoccumspp.)、丝核菌(Rhizoctoniaspp.)、链格孢(Alternariaspp.)和木霉(Trichoderma spp.)。青稞不同品种的种子表面及内部携带的真菌种类差异较大。致病性测定表明,镰刀菌对种子萌发和幼苗生长影响最大,后期出现幼苗坏死现象。45%咪鲜胺EW、75%百菌清WP、50%福美双WP对青稞种子携带真菌均有显著抑制作用和消毒效果,50%福美双WP消毒效果最优,达100%;45%咪鲜胺EW、75%百菌清WP、50%福美双WP处理对青稞种子发芽和幼苗生长均无显著影响。     

棉花黄萎病菌致病型的AFLP分析

 选用41个棉花黄萎病菌(Verticillium dahliae)代表菌系,在温室条件下,对4个棉花品种鄂荆1号(感)、中棉所12(耐)、文-5(抗)和唐棉2号(抗)进行致病性测定,结果可将供试菌系分为落叶型与非落叶型2类。选取8对AFLP引物PCR扩增的结果中,统计带型稳定、清晰且有多态性的条带,共169条作系统聚类分析,将上述菌系分为2大类,第一类为非落叶型菌系,包括10个非落叶型菌系和1个过渡菌系;第二类为30个落叶型菌系。根据聚类分析建立树状图,发现菌系与地理来源存在一定的相关性,而依据菌系致病力强弱分类则相关关系不大。选用25对EcoRⅠ和MseⅠ引物组合,对供试的41个V.dahliae进行AFLP扩增,筛选到2对引物E64(GACTGCGTACCAATTCGAC)、M53(GATGAGTCCTGAGTAACCG)和E49(GACTGCGTACCAATTCCAG)、M65(GAT-GAGTCCTGAGTAAGAG),能分别扩增出433bp和110bp2条仅为V.dahliae非落叶型菌系独有的特异片段,可将落叶型与非落叶型菌系分开,这2条特异片段被命名为EM₄₃₃和EM₁₁₀。