Current Research and Development on Deformation and Fixation of Bended Wood and Wood-based Composites

There are many advantages of bended wood,such as good-looking shape,simple process and low cost.The product,however,is easy to get recovery,which is urgent to be dealt with.This paper concludes the features of deformation and recovery of bended wood and wood-based composites and summarizes four treating methods to keep dimensional stability.Compared to bended solid wood,some elementary perspectives on the research of bended wood-based composites are presented.The purpose of this paper is to suggest:1)to investigate the optimum heating time and temperature that bended wood and wood-based composites need from the formation of deformation to the recovery and to the permanent fixation,according to its changes of dimensional stability such as curvature radius;2)to measure the composites comprised of wood and adhesives on the changes of stress relaxation,dynamic viscoelasticity and crystal1ization field;3)to quantitatively analyze changes of the major components in wood cell wall polymers as well as the composites under heat/steam treatment and untreated conditions.It will be helpful for subsequent research to clarify on the mechanisms of permanent fixation of bended wood and also contribute to that of wood-based composites.     

早实薄皮核桃品种引种筛选试验及综合评价

近年来,随着核桃产业的发展和早实薄皮核桃的推广应用,青海省河湟谷地也纷纷引种。由于引种前缺乏相关研究,引进品种杂乱,其表现良莠不齐,优少劣多现象突出。为了筛选出能适于该地区栽培的薄皮核桃品种,对引进的9个早实薄皮核桃品种开展了引种试验和观测分析,采用数据直观分析和主成分分析相结合的方法,对各品种果实的经济学性状进行了分析评价,筛选出了辽宁1号、中林5号为适于青海省栽培的优良品种,这两个品种可在该区域适度发展。     

Water and nutrient dynamics and tree growth

The balance in the investment of assimilate at any time into leaves and roots may depend on whether water, nutrients or radiation are limiting to growth. Also, for the same investment of assimilate into roots, the root configuration may range from intensive to extensive in both space and time, to take best advantage of the distribution and amount of water and nutrients. Intensive root configurations, which include mycorrhizas and proteoid roots, assist in the uptake of nutrients (such as phosphorus) which are rate-limiting in soil. Mycorrhizas may assist in water uptake in dry or coarse textured soils with low unsaturated hydraulic conductivities.

Adaptations which assist trees to survive in dry and nutrient-deficient environments are discussed. These mechanisms may reduce, maintain or increase growth. In production forestry, it is desirable to exploit those mechanisms which increase growth. When soil water and nutrients limit tree growth, productivity may be improved by increasing the amount of uptake of water and nutrients, or by increasing the efficiency by which they are used in growth. Maximizing water-use efficiency when soil water supply is limiting may be dependent on whether the trees are in mixed stands or in monoculture. Selecting trees with relatively less root may improve productivity in monocultures when weeds are controlled and fertilizer is added. It is well known that trees can ‘re-use’ nutrients by retranslocating them within the tree to zones of demand. Relatively little is known, though, about differences in the biochemical involvement of nutrients at the cellular and subcellular level which contribute to differences in nutrient-use efficiency in trees.     

Forest soils research and changing societal needs and values

The 10th North American Forest Soils Conference was held in Sault Ste. Marie, Canada, 20–24 July 2003. These conferences, held at 5-year intervals since 1958, are intended to provide a forum to discuss and summarize the state of knowledge on selected topics related to forest soils. Approximately 60 papers were presented on a variety of topics related to understanding and managing soils that support forests with particular emphasis given to field research, soil carbon, and site management/classification. We discuss the topics of this conference in relation to earlier ones and conclude that advances are made unevenly and that there is a need for new approaches to investigating many of the topics. We note the change in forest management that has occurred since the first of these conferences and the resulting changes needed in our approach to research and management. The need for interaction of scientists and clientele groups is noted as necessary for development of sound management and research policy. The interaction of scientific disciplines is needed to attack problems that have been difficult to elucidate. The challenge to forest soil scientists is to mesh their scientific interests with the needs of society to obtain the resources needed to advance science and provide information that will improve forest management.     

知识经济与林业调查规划创新

介绍了知识经济的发展过程、特征及其论点。云南林业调查规划这支专业队伍从成立的第一天起 ,就伴随着学科的发展和技术的创新而成长壮大。随着知识经济时代的到来 ,实现林业跨越式发展 ,林业调查规划事业就必须要接受知识经济时代的检验 ,跟着时代前进。因此要转变观念 ;调整结构 ;建立考评制度和激励机制     

全国森林资源清查和规划设计调查结果的比较及其使用

介绍了历次一类调查结果和江西省同期一、二类调查主要指标.提出当二类调查全部用抽样控制时,用估计区间作比较,而二类调查部分和全部未作抽样控制时,以允许误差为标准作比较;一类调查资料用于制定本地区的林业计划、规划以及对外数据公布等,二类调查资料用于分解计划、规划到二类调查单位等.     

Tissue culture and the propagation and genetic improvement of conifers: problems and possibilities

The utilization of tissue culture in the propagation and genetic improvement of conifers holds promise of many benefits including faster multiplication of selected genotypes, faster development of improved genotypes and the transfer of genes between non-fertile parents. However, many of the techniques required for the realization of this potential remain to be developed. Furthermore, genetic differentiation of cells in culture creates uncertainty as to the fidelity of reproduction by micropropagation. Aspects of the problem of nuclear DNA variation during reproduction by tissue culture are reviewed with particular reference to the genus Pinus.     

生态城市与城市绿化

良好地反映人与自然和谐发展关系 ,各项规划建设能以不使环境遭到破坏为标准 ,行为主体的活动能自觉地朝利于维护周围环境并融于自然的天然群落即为生态城市。城市绿化的作用在于改善气候、改善环境卫生、蓄水防洪、防灾减灾、美化环境、节约能源等。目前在我国城市绿化方面存在着以下问题 :①都市规划缺乏宏观性、全面性和远见性 ;②绿色城市观念没有在大多数市民中形成 ;③缺乏硬性绿化指标 ;④绿化模式脱离国情、市情 ;⑤园林水平与国外相比有较大差距 ;⑥修建大草坪热温度居高不下 ;⑦城市绿化简单化 ;⑧应该绿化可以绿化的地方尚未绿化 ;⑨绿化布局、比例不尽合理与和谐 ;⑩重种植轻管护。针对以上问题 ,提出了创建生态城市的建议     

干旱胁迫对杨树气体交换与荧光参数的影响

以白杨派和黑杨派杨树的盆栽苗为试材,分析了不同干旱胁迫程度对5个杨树的气体交换参数与荧光参数(Fv/Fm、Fmv/Fms)的影响,并对不同树种的耐旱性进行了综合评价。结果表明:①5种杨树净光合速率与蒸腾速率均随苗木叶水势的下降而呈明显下降趋势;在水分胁迫初期,欧洲黑杨和银白杨的净光合速率呈现明显的上升趋势。②在中度干旱胁迫前,5个供试杨树的水分利用效率大部分随叶水势的下降有增大现象。③不同树种的Fv/Fm随叶水势降低总体上呈逐渐下降趋势。④与Fv/Fm相比,Fmv/Fms能更直接地反映光合机构的实际光能捕获能力。⑤当苗木叶水势为-1.5 MPa时,5个树种耐旱性的综合评价结果为:转Bt基因欧洲黑杨>欧洲黑杨>银白杨>银灰杨为欧洲山杨,综合指数评价结果与采用单一指标中的水分利用效率完全一致,与净光合速率相近;水分利用效率证明是一种较为可靠的树种耐旱性评价指标。     

林火与水土流失

本文综述了林地用火与水土流失关系, 阐明在北方及南方平原林地"规定用火"或"迹地用火"后, 土壤渗透性能得到改善, 水土流失较为轻微; 而在南方山区, 强度火烧后水土流失较为严重, 陡坡地段可蚀性较强的土壤水土流失尤为严重。根据火后土壤生境特点及用火现状, 指出林业用火与耕作制度有机组合, 形成特定的"农林业系统", 将为南方林业生产带来重大改革。     

系统抽样与分层抽样的比较分析

系统抽样和分层抽样都是森林资源调查的常用方法，通过对两种抽样方法的比较分析，能够帮助调查人员更好地理解，掌握森林资源调查的技术和方法，从而达到在实践中提高调查精度的目的。     

政治生态学及其在林业上的应用和发展

简介了政治生态学的概念及其研究框架,并用其思路探讨了资源保护和经济发展的矛盾.矛盾的解决在于集中力量,高起点先发展局部和解决事物的重要方面的问题,再逐一推进.原始自然资源的价值更重要的在于它的原著性和不可替代性.生物多样性保护和生态旅游为原著性和不可替代性转变为经济价值提供了良好的机缘.我国林业的重点应由扩大森林面积转变到原始自然资源保护.在未被破坏地区实施高起点的原始自然资源保护和生态旅游,在已破坏地区实行近自然林业经营.林业的发展在于转变观念,各行各业参与,高起点先发展局部和事物的重要方面.     

Root length and nitrate under Sesbania sesban: Vertical and horizontal distribution and variability

Measurements of root and nutrient distributions in agroforestry systems have often been obtained from unreplicated plots. We, therefore, measured the vertical and horizontal distribution of root length and soil nitrate in replicated plots of sesbania [Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr.] to assess plot-to-plot variation and identify appropriate sampling schemes. Sampling was on profile walls exposed from pits at two on-farm sites (Ochinga and Muange) in Kenya. At Ochinga, soil was sampled at 27 0.15-m depth intervals and eight 0.15-m-wide locations perpendicular to 2.25-m-wide rows of 19-month-old sesbania. At Muange, sampling was 18 months after establishment of sesbania from seedlings with a 1 m by 1 m spacing. Soil was sampled at 17 0.15-m depth intervals and nine 0.15-m-wide sampling locations – one exactly below the tree and four each on opposite sides of the tree. Root length density generally decreased with distance from sesbania and with soil depth. Soil nitrate, however, followed different trends in the four replications at Ochinga and the three replications at Muange. At Ochinga, nitrate above 2.5-m depth clearly increased with distance from the tree in two replications but followed no distinct trend in another replication. At Muange, nitrate above 1.2-m depth decreased with distance from the tree in one replication, increased with distance from the tree in another replication and followed no clear trend in another replication. The suitability of various sampling schemes for measuring root length and nitrate was accessed from percent bias between measured values at sampling locations in the scheme and actual values for an entire transect of sampling locations. Bias associated with selection of sampling locations tended to be higher within the 2.25-m-wide sesbania rows than the 1 m by 1 m sesbania spacing. Soil sampling in systems with rows of young trees should be at several locations along a transect perpendicular to tree rows in order to minimize bias. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

海洋资源开发利用与环境可持续发展问题研究

通过查阅相关文献和资料,对我国海洋资源及其开发利用过程中所造成的环境问题进行了研究,结果表明:我国海洋资源开发迅速但管理措施尚不完善,且由于开发技术等原因,现阶段我国海洋资源在开发利用过程中已遭到一些破坏,产生的一系列海洋环境问题日趋严重。指出了为进一步深入开发和利用海洋资源,必须坚持可持续发展的思想,在开发的同时一定要加强管理,加强对海洋资源的评估和保护,合理开发和利用海洋资源,针对海洋资源的开发利用提出了相应的对策与建议。     

Aging and fossilization of wood and its components

Summary Aging of wood begins with the cutting of a tree. The subsequent changes of the wood substance proceed very slowly and depend on environmental conditions. In a hot, dry desert climate wooden objects and cellulose textiles are preserved for several millenia, whereas their degradation is accelerated by conditions which favor the attack of microorganisms.Two conditions under which aging processes take place can be distinguished: a) aerobic conditions as prevailing in wooden buildings, sculptures etc.; b) anaerobic conditions valid for wooden items buried in the ground or submerged in water such as foundation pillars, ships etc. Submersion and underground embedding initiate the very slow process of fossilization in which the cell wall substance is transformed into highly condensed compounds (coalification) or is substituted by minerals (silicification).The various wood components are subjected to different kinds of degradation and conversion. The polysaccharides disappear with aging and seem to be more sensitive than lignin. Although more resistant, the lignin is converted chemically and its structure differs increasingly from its original state. Even extractives may survive millions of years.Academy Lecture presented at the IAWA IUFRO Wood Anatomy Symposium 1990, in Zürich, Switzerland, on 24th July 1990I wish to express my gratitude to members of my staff who have been involved in the study of ancient and fossilized wood as well as of Egyptian linen for the past 23 years: Monika Friedl, Margarete Przyklenk, Manfred Stoll, Ulrike Wegener, Maria Wenzkowski. Many thanks to the guests in my laboratory who worked in this field and whose results were included in this report: Yoon Soo Kim (Kwangju, Korea), Renzo Tomellini (Rome, Italy). And last but not least I am much indebted to several colleagues who provided me with slides or gave permission to reproduce their figures for the Academy Lecture: Takeshi Furuno (Matsue, Shimane, Japan) Dietger Grosser (Munich, FRG), John I. Hedges (Seattle, Wash., USA), Per Hoffmann (Bremerhaven, FRG), John R. Obst (Madison, Wisc., USA). Sylvia Schoske (Munich, FRG)     

The effect of compression and incision on wood veneer and plywood physical and mechanical properties

ABSTRACT

Drying takes the largest share of energy in plywood production, and varying moisture content of veneers necessitates re-drying that often leads to over-dry veneers with deactivated surfaces, which may promote imperfect bonding. In order to decrease the drying time, reduce the need for re-drying of veneers, and improve the quality of plywood, birch and spruce veneers were subjected to pre-treatment by cold compression, incision, or a combination of the two. The effects of pre-treatment on the veneer and plywood quality were assessed by standard tests. Compression had a beneficial effect on water removal of the wettest veneers (spruce sapwood (SW) and birch), but some thickness reduction was observed in the veneers as well as the finished birch plywood. Compression led to thickness reduction of spruce veneers, but had no effect on SW plywood thickness likely due to higher viscoelasticity. Both compression and the combination of incising and compression levelled the moisture variation within the compressed stacks. Incision improved the modulus of elasticity of birch plywood, shear strength of SW plywood, and both bending and shear strengths of heartwood plywood. Higher surface pressure decreased the drying time of spruce SW in both plain compression and combined incision and compression pre-treatment.     

甩挂运输的PEST与SWOT分析

甩挂运输是一种安全、高效和节能的运输方式,开展甩挂运输可以降低物流成本,提高运输效率,实现节能减排,带动货运行业发展.通过PEST分析与SWOT分析对我国甩挂运输所面临的现状进行探究,并对甩挂运输行业的资源进行整合,进而得出将甩挂运输中国化既是可行的也是必要的结论.在政府的带动下,从低碳发展角度来看,响应国家号召实施甩挂运输战略是绿色经济的必然之路,从可持续发展角度来说,甩挂运输必将成为未来的发展趋势.     

Linkages between forest soils and water quality and quantity

The most sustainable and best quality fresh water sources in the world originate in forest ecosystems. The biological, chemical, and physical characteristics of forest soils are particularly well suited to delivering high quality water to streams, moderating stream hydrology, and providing diverse aquatic habitat. Forest soils feature litter layers and high organic contents, both of which contribute to an abundant and diverse micro- and macro-fauna. Root systems under forests are extensive and relatively deep compared to agricultural lands and grasslands. Together, these biological conditions create soils with high macroporosity, low bulk density, and highly saturated hydraulic conductivities and infiltration rates. Consequently, surface runoff is rare in forest environments, and most rainfall moves to streams by subsurface flow pathways where nutrient uptake, cycling, and contaminant sorption processes are rapid. Because of the dominance of subsurface flow processes, peak flows are moderated and baseflows are prolonged. Conversion of forests to row crops, pastures, or lawns almost always results in deterioration of water quality. In North America, the majority of municipalities ultimately rely on forested watersheds to provide adequate quantities of high quality water for human use. This is particularly true in the western and eastern parts of the continent where human populations are large or growing rapidly. Forest soils provide the perfect conditions for creating high quality water supplies. This paper provides a historical perspective of the linkage between forest soils and water quantity and quality over the past century, and it also makes predictions about research directions in the area of forest soil and water quality linkages.     

文冠果的特性及其开发应用

文冠果是我国特有的一种集观赏、绿化、油料、药用于一身的优良树种,也是优良园林绿化树种,具有很大的开发利用价值。文中阐述文冠果的植物属性与其生物学特性,分析文冠果在城市绿化中的园林应用方式及开发利用的前景。       

城市园林中鸟类及蜂蝶的重要性及其招引与保护

鸟类及蜂蝶是城市生态系统的重要组成部分,一定程度上也是生态园林的具体体现,它们还可以提高园林的艺术感染力.因此有必要对它们加以招引和保护.本文在分析鸟类和蜂蝶生活习性的基础上,从提供食物、水源、栖息地等多个方面入手,提出了在园林设计中,有效吸引和保护鸟类、蜂蝶的途径和具体方法.针对不同地区分别推荐了适宜的植物群落配置,介绍了冬季补饲、悬挂巢箱、引鸟屋顶和引鸟水景的一般做法,最后从招引和保护鸟类和蜂蝶的角度,提出了城市建设和园林绿地养护管理中的一些需要注意的问题.