利用转基因番茄生产葡激酶的研究

利用农杆菌介导的方法,将葡激酶(Staphylokinase,SAK)基因导入番茄中。经PCR、Southern杂交和Northern杂交检测,葡激酶基因已整合到再生番茄植株基因组中,共获得8个转基因株系。经ELISA检测,转基因番茄的果实和叶片均能表达SAK蛋白,SAK蛋白在果实和叶片可溶性蛋白中的比例最高分别为3.42%和2.47%。转基因番茄中的SAK蛋白具有一定的溶栓活性,溶栓比活力为3 866 AU·mg-1。     

First report of Tuta absoluta resistance to diamide insecticides

Journal of Pest Science - The tomato borer Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is an invasive pest of tomato crops that is rapidly expanding around the world. It is considered a devastating...     

Über nematizide Wirkungen der Henna-PflanzeLawsonia inermis gegen den WurzelnematodenMeloidogyne incognita

A suppressive effect was obtained by the henna plant (Lawsonia inermis) againstM. incognita development. Henna reduced tomato root gall numbers, number of the egg-laying females and rate of the nematode reproduction, when tomato and henna were grown together. Also, same, reduction in these nematode biological processes was found, when tomato plants were grown in soil containing root exudates of henna, but with less amount. When henna was grown alone, root gall index and the rate of nematode reproduction reduced to 75 and 99%, respectively, compared with those of tomato grown alone.     

Bottom-up effects of breeding tomato genotypes on behavioural responses and performance of Tetranychus evansi population

The tomato red spider mite, TRSM, Tetranychus evansi Baker & Pritchard (Acari: Tetranychidae), is an invasive tomato pest in several countries, with potential to reduce yield by up to 90% in Africa. Solanum habrochaites, access PI 134417 is a wild tomato genotype resistant to several arthropod pests, including TRSM. There is an interest in increasing the resistance of a tomato genotype (Solanum lycopersicum cv. TLCV15) widely cultivated by smallholder western African farmers to TRSM, through interspecific crossings with that wild genotype. For this purpose, after obtaining the F1 progeny and as well as F2 (SPJ-10–2017) and BC1 back-crossed (SPJ-05–2018) genotypes selected for high glandular trichome densities, we characterized their resistance level to TRSM. We quantified the types and densities of trichomes on the abaxial surface of their leaflets, and examined the subsequent bottom-up effects of these progeny plants attributes on behaviour and demographic parameters of the mite. Our results showed that the densities of glandular trichomes inherited from the resistant genotype (PI 134417) by the progenies were highly variable, with types I, IV and VI being the most prevalent. The progeny SPJ-10–2017 was classified as resistant, while the progenies F1 and SPJ-05–2018 were classified as partially resistant. These findings constitute one of the first steps towards advancing breeding programs in African countries to obtain tomato genotypes resistant to TRSM, targeting more sustainable production.

     

Comparative performance of the cotton bollworm,Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on various host plants

The effect of various host plants; chickpea (varieties Arman, Hashem, Azad and Binivich), bean varieties (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), common bean (Khomein), white kidney bean (Dehghan), red kidney bean (Goli), cowpea (variety Mashhad) and tomato (variety Meshkin) on the life table parameters of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) were evaluated under laboratory conditions (25 ± 1 °C, 65 ± 5 % RH and a 16:8 h light:dark photoperiod). Records for larval period, pupal period, and development time of H. armigera were longest on tomato (24.9, 15.1, and 45.4 days, respectively) and shortest on chickpea Arman (17.5, 9.1, and 31.7 days, respectively). Among various host plants fecundity (total number of eggs laid per female) was highest (2,665 eggs) on chickpea Arman and the lowest (700 eggs) on tomato. The net reproductive rate (R ₀) was significantly affected by various host plants being highest on chickpea Arman (1,422) and lowest on tomato (111.3 females/female/generation). The highest and lowest intrinsic rates of natural increase (r _m) were observed on chickpea Arman (0.244 day^?1) and tomato (0.123 day^?1) varieties, respectively. Cluster analysis of the life table parameters of H. armigera on various host plants indicated that tomato, in comparison to other plants was an unsuitable host to H. armigera.     

Effectiveness of tagetes natural exudates onMeloidogyne javanica (Chitwood) nematode

The effectiveness of intercropping tagetes with tomato in comparison with the natural root exudates of tagetes onMeloidogyne javanica nematode population and galls on tomato cultivated in sandy soil was studied. Both tagetes roots extracts and intercropping tagetes with tomato significantly reducedM. javanica nematode population, egg masses and galls on tomato. Intercropping tagetes with tomato was more effective in reducing root-knot nematode population and galls than treating tomato with natural root extracts of tagetes.Therefore, intercropping resistant plant with susceptible host to nematode is a new and good approach to nematode control.

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Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Wirkung des Pflanzens vonTagetes zwischen Tomaten im Vergleich zur Beigabe von Wurzel-Exudaten vonTagetes zu den Tomaten auf den NematodenMeloidogyne javanica in Sandboden untersucht. Beide Verfahren reduzierten signifikant die Zahl der Nematoden, die Eigelege und Gallenbildungen an den Tomaten. Jedoch wirkte die Zwischenpflanzung vonTagetes besser als die Hinzufügung vonTagetes-Wurzelexudaten.Auf Grund der Ergebnisse bietet das Zwischenpflanzen einer resistenten Pflanzenart zu einer nematoden-empfindlichen Pflanzenart einen neuen Weg der Nematodenbekämpfung.

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With one table     

Biological invasion of European tomato crops by Tuta absoluta: ecology, geographic expansion and prospects for biological control

The tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is a devastating pest of tomato originating from South America. After its initial detection in eastern Spain in 2006, it rapidly invaded various other European countries and spread throughout the Mediterranean basin. If no control measures are taken, then the pest can cause up to 80–100% yield losses in tomato crops in recently invaded areas and may pose a threat to both greenhouse and open-field tomato production. The exceptional speed and extent of T. absoluta invasion have called for studies documenting its biology and ecology, while indicating an urgent need for efficient and sustainable management methods. The development of approaches to manage T. absoluta would be facilitated through a detailed revision of information on this pest in its area of origin. This review combines information on the invasion by T. absoluta, its ecology, and potential management strategies, including data that may help the implementation of efficient biological control programs. These programs, together with a variety of other management tactics, may allow efficient integrated pest management of T. absoluta in Europe and Mediterranean Basin countries.     

Meteorus rubens—Steinernema carpocapsae interaction, field studies

The entomogenous nematode,Steinernema carpocapsae was applied in three forms in two fields cultivated with cotton and tomato, under each cotton seedling or tomato plant: a bait like form, a suspension and in irrigation water. High concentrations of 2000 and 1000 IJS/seedling induced 100% mortality (after 5 days), while lower concentrations showed the same result but after 15 days or later. Under all doses of nematode, bait form application was more effective than suspension or irrigated water.     

Beziehungen zwischen Fruchtwechselfolgen einerseits und dem Auftreten der Tomaten-Umfallkrankheit und der Zwiebelwelke sowie den Populationen ihrer Pathogene und des Antagonisten Bacillus subtilis im Boden andererseits

Crop rotation showed a pronounced effect on incidence of tomato damping-off and onion (Fusarium) basal rot as well as on the soil population of the two disease incitants. Out of nine rotation systems, wheat/sorghum and wheat/maize preceding tomato diminished damping-off while clover/maize, lentil/sorghum, wheat/sorghum and wheat/maize preceding tomato diminished damping-off while clover/maize, lentil/sorghum, wheat/sorghum and wheat/maize preceding onions increased basal rot incidence. First crops of the rotation system as well as the second crop were of noticeable effect onRhizoctonia solani andFusarium oxysporum f. sp.cepae as onBacillus subtilis (antagonistic to both fungi) population in soil. Almost all rotations increased population ofF. oxysporum f. sp.cepae andB. subtilis in soil while response ofR. solani was variable. The results show thatBac. subtilis did not correlate with tomato damping-off or onion basal rot. There must be some other factors found in the soil that play a role in effect of crop rotation on disease incidence.     

Wirkungen des Wachstumsregulators Cycocel auf Tomatensämlinge und deren Befall durch den Wurzelnematoden Meloidogyne javanica (Treub)

Cycocel, was evaluated at three different doses 500, 1,000 and 1,500 ppm achieving its effect on tomato phytotoxicity and growth in relation to root-knot nematode,Meloidogyne javanica, tomato infection. The results indicated that using 500 ppm of Cycocel was the optimum where no phytotoxic effects or reduction on plant growth were noticed at all. In addition, percentages of infected plants withM. javanica and numbers of galls per root were greatly decreased. Also, a great reduction was detected in nematode population. Increasing Cycocel concentration was parallel to the increase in phytotoxicity and decreasing of tomato growth was noticed.     

Potential for combined use of parasitoids and generalist predators for biological control of the key invasive tomato pest Tuta absoluta

The tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) has recently invaded Mediterranean countries and is a major pest in tomato crops. Trichogrammatid oophagous parasitoids have shown promising potential for controlling the pest before the yield decreases in the greenhouse. In protected tomato crops (greenhouse), mirid predators are commonly used for biological control of whiteflies and they also prey on T. absoluta. These predators do not attack Trichogramma adults but they may partially decrease the overall impact of parasitoids on T. absoluta if intraguild predation (IGP) occurs on parasitized eggs. Under laboratory conditions, we tested if the mirid predator Macrolophus pygmaeus shows preference between parasitized and unparasitized T. absoluta eggs. We also tested if the predator reduces the number of parasitized eggs on caged tomato plants (microcosms) and assessed the efficacy of natural enemies used alone or together in limiting T. absoluta populations. We found that IGP is inflicted on the parasitoid Trichogramma achaeae by M. pygmaeus and that the risk of IGP depends on the developmental stage of T. achaeae inside the egg because the larva is at risk mostly early in its development (when parasitized egg is still yellow). In addition, we observed that non-consumptive events, likely probing of the predator on parasitized eggs, may induce mortality in parasitoid offspring without actual feeding on parasitized eggs. However, both IGP and non-consumptive events decreased when the predator was not confined with parasitized eggs in small arenas. Despite negative effects of the predator to the parasitoid, results demonstrate that adding Trichogramma parasitoids may significantly increase the level of control of the pest over what could be attained when only the mirid predator M. pygmaeus is present on tomato. Implications of results are discussed regarding potential of these natural enemies for biological control of T. absoluta in greenhouse tomato crops.     

Effect ofZinnia elegans as a mix-crop along with tomato againstMeloidogyne incognita andRotylenchulus reniformis

Effect of nematicidal potential ofZinnia elegans Jacq (1, 2, 3 & 4 plants per pot) as a mix-crop along with tomato againstMeloidogyne incognita andRotylenchulus reniformis was studied under a greenhouse conditions. The nematode final population of both nematodes and their rate of build up as well as the root gall index were significantly affected by the number of zinnia plants when grown with tomato together. There was a negative correlation between the number of zinnia seedlings and the final population of both nematodes. The lowest nematode final population and rate of build up were determined at the highest number of zinnia plants (4 plants per pot). The highest number of root gall index was found on roots of tomato grown alone (4), while, the lowest one was found on roots of tomato (0.7) grown with four plants of zinnia. This type of control is considered inexpensive and pollution-free.

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Zusammenfassung Zur Wirkung vonZinnia-Pflanzen in Mischung mit Tomate gegen die NematodenMeloidogyne incognita undRotylenchulus reniformis.Bei Zugabe von 1, 2, 3 oder 4 Pflanzen vonZinnia elegans pro Topf zu Tomate unter Gewächshausbedingungen wurden die Enddichte der Wurzel-NematodenMeloidogyne incognita undRotylenchulus reniformis sowie die Reproduktionsrate und der Wurzelgallenindex signifikant beeinflußt, und zwar mit steigender Zahl an Zinnia-Pflanzen vermindert. Der höchste Wurzelgallen-Index (4,0) wurde bei allein wachsender Tomate pro Topf festgestellt, der niedrigste Index (0,7) bei Anwesenheit von 4 Zinnien. Diese Form der Wurzelnematodenbekämpfung ist billig und frei von Umweltbelastungen.

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With 2 tables     

Host preference and nymph performance of B and Q putative species of Bemisia tabaci on three host plants

Host selection is central to understanding the evolution of the interaction between herbivorous insects and host plants. Most studies on host selection of herbivorous insects are focused on the optimal oviposition theory which posits that the herbivores preferentially oviposit on plants that provide optimal conditions for offspring development (preference–performance hypothesis). However, the positive correlation between female oviposition preference and offspring performance is not always observed. Here, we determined the relationship between whitefly settling and oviposition preference and nymph performance of B and Q putative species of Bemisia tabaci on three host plants, cotton Gossypium hirsutum L., tomato Lycopersicum esculentum Mill, and poinsettia Euphorbia pulcherrima Wild. We further investigated whether nutritional and defensive chemistry of the three host species shaped whitefly settling and oviposition preference of both putative species. Foliar chemistry differed significantly among the three host species. Compared to cotton and tomato foliage, poinsettia foliage was 8?% lower in nitrogen, 60?% higher in carbohydrate, and 90?% higher in phenolic compounds, respectively. When given a choice, B and Q putative species of B. tabaci preferred settling on nutritionally superior tomato, whereas both putative species preferentially oviposited on nutritionally inferior poinsettia. Nymph survivorship of B and Q putative species was substantially reduced and nymph developmental duration (egg-to-adult) was markedly prolonged on poinsettia relative to those reared on cotton and tomato. Therefore, our results are consistent with the optimal foraging theory, rather than the optimal oviposition theory. Females of B and Q putative species of B. tabaci preferentially ovipositing on poinsettia may be a trade-off between nymph performance and the avoidance of natural enemy.     

Thermal biology of Tuta absoluta: demographic parameters and facultative diapause

Journal of Pest Science - The South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta, (SATP) is now a devastating pest worldwide of crops in the family Solanaceae. Most prior studies of SATP’s thermal...     

Nematizide Wirkungen einiger Herbizide auf den Wurzelgallen-Nematoden Meloidogyne javanica (Treub.) in Tomatenwurzeln

The studies showed that herbicides i. e. Treflan had side effects in controllingMeloidogyne javanica (38.1% reduction in nematode population) followed by Gramoxone (15.1% reduction), while Dowpon “S” and Cotoran showed lethal phytotoxic effects on the tomato plants.     

Biology of two key Palaearctic larval ectoparasitoids when parasitizing the invasive pest Tuta absoluta

During the last few years following the invasion of European tomato crops by the invasive South American tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), several indigenous larval parasitoid species were recorded as natural enemies of this pest. Necremnus cf. artynes (Walker) and to a lesser extent Stenomesius sp. nr. japonicus (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) have been frequently reported attacking T. absoluta in tomato greenhouses in Europe and they are considered as possible biocontrol agents. Few biological data are available on these two species, notably when they parasitize T. absoluta. Therefore, the present study documents their biology when parasitizing T. absoluta, and provides scientific bases for potential development of biological control programs relying on larval ectoparasitoids in invaded areas. We demonstrated the ability of the two parasitoid species to reproduce on T. absoluta as host on tomato plants. On average, N. cf. artynes female parasitized 28.5 larvae and killed 26.2 larvae during its life time whereas S. sp. nr. japonicus female was more long-lived and consequently more efficient; it parasitized 144.3 larvae and killed 90.1 larvae. In a second step, we also explored the effect of T. absoluta larvae instar on parasitism by S. sp. nr. japonicus and subsequent development of the parasitoid offspring. Best results were obtained with the third larvae instar with a higher number of offspring produced, bigger individuals and a higher proportion of females. Our results support the hypothesis that the two species are good candidates for biological control programs targeting T. absoluta in Europe.     

Plant-derived essential oils affecting settlement and oviposition of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) biotype B on tomato

The silverleaf whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) biotype B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is an economically important pest of tomatoes Solanum lycopersicum (L.), causing irregular ripening on fruits and transmitting several plant pathogenic geminiviruses. The management of this pest is commonly based on repetitive spraying with synthetic pesticides, causing serious environmental damages and increase of resistance by insect population. In the present study, essential oils from the leaves of Artemisia camphorata Vill., Ageratum conyzoides L., Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Lippia alba (Mill.) N. E. Br., Plectranthus neochilus Schltr., and Tagetes erecta L. were investigated for their possible repellent and oviposition-deterrent effects against B. tabaci biotype B on tomato. In a multi-choice assay, P. neochilus essential oil was the most active repellent and oviposition deterrent. Essential oils of A. conyzoides and T. erecta significantly deterred the female B. tabaci biotype B from laying eggs on treated tomato leaflets compared with the control. (E)-Caryophyllene (30.67 %) and the monoterpenes α-pinene (15.02 %) and α-thujene (11.70 %) were identified as the major constituents of the essential oil of P. neochilus. Our findings demonstrated the potential of essential oil of P. neochilus and other oils in the reduction of settlement and oviposition of B. tabaci biotype B on tomato.     

Supercooling capacity and cold tolerance of the South American tomato pinworm,Tuta absoluta,a newly invaded pest in China

Journal of Pest Science - Tuta absoluta is a devastating invasive pest worldwide, causing severe damage to the global tomato industry. It has been recorded recently in the northwestern border areas...     

Comparison of biological parameters between the invasive B biotype and a new defined Cv biotype of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bemisia tabaci</Emphasis> (Hemiptera: Aleyradidae) in China

The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a widely distributed and destructive agricultural pest on various host plants. The biology of two biotypes of B. tabaci: the invasive B and a new defined Cv biotype, on a range of host plants (hibiscus, laurel, poinsettia, collard, cucumber and tomato) were studied in the laboratory. Results revealed that the developmental periods of the B biotype immatures were not significantly different on the tested host plants except those between laurel and collard. The Cv biotype immatures developed significantly slower on cucumber and tomato than on the other plants. B. tabaci B biotype had the highest survivorship on collard (68.55%), and the lowest on laurel (33.24%), while the Cv biotype had the highest and lowest survivorships on laurel (61.63%) and tomato (36.74%). Host plants did not significantly affect the pre-ovipostion period regardless of biotype. The longest averaged longevity and highest fecundity of B biotype were both recorded on collard: 25.15 days and 143.0 eggs. The highest fecundity of Cv biotype was 196.49 eggs on laurel and its longest longevity was on hibiscus (19.62 days). The intrinsic rate of natural increase (r _m) of B biotype on the three vegetables were all higher than those on the three ornamentals whereas the r _m of Cv biotype on the three ornamentals were all higher that those on the three vegetables. Our research indicates that B. tabaci B and Cv biotypes have different host plant suitabilities. The three tested vegetables were more suitable for B biotype while the three tested ornamental plants were more suitable for Cv biotype. The potential mechanism for the different suitability of B and Cv biotypes on various host plants is also discussed.     

Antibacterial activity of Rosa damascena essential oil

The essential oil of Rosa damascena petals was evaluated for its antibacterial effects against three strains of Xanthomonas axonopodis spp. vesicatoria. The essential oil may be a potential control agent in the management of the disease caused by X.a. vesicatoria in tomato and pepper plants.