长安区樱桃果蝇发生规律及防控技术

樱桃果蝇是近年来为害大樱桃果实的一种重要蛀果类害虫,在大樱桃果园中其为害程度逐年加重,成为大樱桃生产中亟待解决的问题.本文针对西安长安区樱桃果蝇的发生规律,提出了农业防控、物理防控和化学防控的综合防控技术措施,为大樱桃栽培管理中防控樱桃果蝇为害提供参考.     

Host specificity of Asian parasitoids for potential classical biological control of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Drosophila suzukii</Emphasis>

The Asian spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii, has recently become a serious pest of soft fruits in Europe. Classical biological control through the introduction of larval parasitoids from its native range in Asia is presently being considered. However, host specificity of potential biological control agents has to be determined to avoid releasing species that may have unintended non-target impacts. Larvae of six different European non-target fly species and the target D. suzukii were exposed either on diet or blueberries to three Asian larval parasitoids, Asobara japonica, Leptopilina japonica, and Ganaspis cf. brasiliensis, and one European species, Leptopilina heterotoma. Asobara japonica showed the lowest specificity, attacking and developing in all Drosophilidae. Leptopilina japonica successfully parasitized two non-target Drosophilidae, D. melanogaster and D. subobscura, with one singly progeny emerging from D. immigrans. Ganaspis cf. brasiliensis had the highest level of specificity but variations occurred between two geographical populations tested. A Japanese population was strictly specific to D. suzukii, whereas another population from China parasitized D. suzukii, D. melanogaster and sporadically D. subobscura. The European L. heterotoma successfully developed in D. melanogaster, D. subobscura and occasionally in D. immigrans, but nearly all eggs and larvae in D. suzukii were encapsulated. These results show that Ganaspis cf. brasiliensis is the species with the highest potential for biological control, but more studies are needed on its taxonomic status and the existence of biotypes or cryptic species varying in their specificity before field releases can be conducted in Europe.     

Dietary yeast affects preference and performance in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Drosophila suzukii</Emphasis>

Yeasts play an important role in nutrition physiology and host attraction of many Drosophila species, and associations with various yeast species are documented for several drosophilid flies. The pest Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) has a predominant association with the yeast Hanseniaspora uvarum. However, research has not been conducted on the nutritional physiology of the yeasts associated with D. suzukii (spotted wing drosophila). Therefore, in this study, we determined whether dietary yeast was nutritionally relevant and whether yeast species closely associated with D. suzukii positively affected life-history traits. Our results confirm a crucial role of dietary yeast in the larval development and survival of D. suzukii. Furthermore, we found specific effects of the closely associated yeast species H. uvarum and Candida sp. on larval survival. Observations of the egg-laying behaviour of D. suzukii on cherry fruits artificially colonised with different yeast species revealed that the number of eggs laid increased on fruits colonised with Candida sp. and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.     

森林美剖析—主论森林植物的形式美

本文强调了森林美的多重性，系统地阐述了森林美的各种层次，分析了森林植物自然美的特征，并提出了森林植物自然美的构景原理，将路离和审美对象尺度两者相结合把森林植物景观区分为７个层次，即（１）细部景观；（２）个体景观；（３）林内景观；（４）林道景观；（５）近景观；（６）中景观，（７）远景观。对各个层次的界定主要构景因子进行了系统的说明，提出了在对森森景观进行评判研究时必须明确其对象的层次归属，最后，对１５个构景因子的近景，中景，远景中的重要性差异作了分析比较。     

五味子种籽性状与种仁含油特性的个体变异规律

采用典型样株和随机取样的方法,对五味子种耔性状进行系统研究．结果表明:无性系间的种籽横径、种籽纵径、种籽厚度、种籽千粒重、种仁千粒重、种仁含油率等性状的差异达极显著水平;在供试的20个无性系中,9911、9907、9913、9919、9918、9914等6个无性系种仁含油率较高,分别为70．17％、69．77％、68．99％、67．51％、65．97％、64．15％;五味子种油的形成、积累与无性系的种籽千粒重、种仁千粒重、种籽横径、种籽纵径等指标关系不密切,而与种耔厚度关系密切,相关系数为0．670,相关关系达极显著水平．本研究结果可为以高含油率为目标的五味子品种选择提供依据．     

GIS在森林防火中的应用

介绍地理信息系统的概念和特点,设计以ArcGIS为平台的系统软件结构,阐述GIS在数据库管理、火险预防、扑救指挥、灾后评估等方面的功能和设计。其中介绍资源地图、参数数据、防火设施、历史数据管理功能;火险区域、林火预报功能;火点精确定位、最佳扑火路径、火灾模拟、指挥决策辅助以及灾后评估等功能。集成基础地理信息、森林资源信息、专题防火信息、遥感数据等森林防火相关信息,提供强大的编辑、查询、制图等功能。     

北票地区3种针叶树容器苗雨季造林技术研究

在北票半干旱地区开展了油松、樟子松和桧柏3种针叶树雨季容器苗造林试验,分别以春季裸根苗造林为对照,结果表明：在北票干旱和瘠薄立地条件下采用容器苗雨季造林,造林成活率超过95%,春季裸根苗造林,成活率仅为65.4%～74.6%。3个针叶树种容器苗雨季造林比对照能够明显提高苗高生长量、主根长、侧根多,与对照相比,油松苗高生长量提高38.97%,地径提高29.9%,主根长提高40.78%,侧根长提高40.76%;樟子松苗高生长量提高37.59%,地径提高31.69%,主根长提高16.89%,侧根长提高20.90%;桧柏苗高生长量提高27.49%,地径提高34.56%,主根长提高18.90%,侧根长提高35.71%。效果十分显著。     

白桦EST-SSR信息分析与标记的开发

对NCBI(美国国立生物技术信息中心)中2 5 48条欧洲白桦ESTs的序列进行分析,结果表明:其中260条ESTs中含有306个SSRs,为全部 ESTs序列的10.2%,SSR频率为12.01%.其中,二核苷酸重复比例为81.37%,三核苷酸重复比例为16.67%,四核苷酸重复比例为1.96%.不同软件设计引物的效率不同,Pri mer3设计出176对SSR引物,在白桦中扩增成功的引物比例为59.09%,而具有多态性的引物比例仅为25.96%;SSR Primer设计出100对引物,在白桦中扩增成功的引物比例为37%,而具有多态性的引物比例为48.65%.     

马尾松肉桂酰辅酶A还原酶基因(CCR)克隆及分析

对马尾松肉桂酰辅酶A还原酶基因(CCR)进行扩增、克隆和测序(GenBank登录号:EU753854).应用MEGA4.0.2软件对不同树种CCR基因的核苷酸和氨基酸序列进行比对,结果表明:马尾松CCR基因的外显子和内含子数目与火炬松、杨树、银合欢、光皮桦、冈尼桉、柳桉、蓝桉的外显子和内含子数目相同,都有5个外显子和4个内含子.马尾松CCR基因编码区975 bp,编码324个氨基酸.马尾松外显子Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ,Ⅴ分别为133,155,186,353,148 bp,而内含子Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ分别为1 450,216,737,941 bp.马尾松CCR外显子和内含子连接处序列除内含子Ⅱ/外显子Ⅲ出现CTPuCG/外显子Ⅲ,其余遵循外显子/GTPuAG/外显子组成规律.马尾松外显子Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ核苷酸数目与桉属、杨属、桦木属和松属树种相同,但外显子Ⅰ和外显子Ⅴ不尽相同.比对的树种间在该基因编码区核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列上相对保守,也存在一定差异.马尾松与火炬松、光皮桦、银合欢、杨树、冈尼桉、柳桉、蓝桉各物种间编码区核苷酸序列相似性大小分别为99.2%,67.8%,68.0%,68.9%,69.5%,69.3%,69.9%,而相应的氨基酸序列间相似性大小分别为99.1%,73.5%,72.5%,74.4%,75.0%,74.4%,75.0%.马尾松与其他13个树种CCR序列构建的系统进化树表明:3个针叶树种形成1个独立分支,而且最早进化.     

祁连山自然保护区同翅目昆虫种类及生态特征调查

于1994~2004年期间,通过林间调查采集标本鉴定、查阅历史资料,查对有关单位标本等方法,对祁连山保护区同翅目(Homoptera)昆虫种类作了全面调查,整理记录同翅目昆虫14科72种,其中:蝉科4种、沫蝉科3种、角蝉科1种、叶蝉科15种、木虱科5种、球蚜科3种、绵蚜科7种、大蚜科7种、蚜科8种、绒蚧科1种、硕蚧科3种、蚧科6种、盾蚧科8种、粉蚧科1种。查清了它们的分布、优势种及其危害状况。     

小兴安岭地区阔叶红松林下主要草本可燃物烟气释放特征

以小兴安岭地区阔叶红松林下主要草本可燃物为研究对象,通过外业调查取样及室内控制环境燃烧试验,测定了42种主要草本可燃物燃烧过程中释放的CO2、CO、CxHy、NO、SO2的气体含量,计算了不同可燃物的排放因子及气体释放量。烟气分析结果表明:CO2、CO、CxHy、NO、SO2等5种气体的排放因子分别为2.930 1、0.459 9、0.013 9、0.008 7和0.022 7;试样燃烧过程中释放的5种气体总量的平均值分别为1 113.46、174.73、5.26、3.29和8.60 mg.g-1。CO2的排放因子和释放量均显著大于其他4种气体。聚类分析结果表明同一科内的草本植物具有相似的排放特性。     

Effect of season and soil treatments on carbohydrate concentrations in Norway spruce (Picea abies) mycorrhizae

We studied effects of season and soil treatments (watering, acidification, liming and combinations of these treatments) on soluble carbohydrates of mycorrhizal roots of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Arabinose, arabitol, fructose, glucose, inositol, lactose, mannitol, pinite, quinate, raffinose, shikimate, stachyose and trehalose were identified by HPLC. Concentrations of inositol, lactose and pinite were constant throughout the year, whereas concentrations of raffinose, stachyose and trehalose were higher in winter than in summer, and concentrations of glucose, fructose and mannitol increased from February to September. Soil acidification and liming had no effect on the annual mean concentrations of fructose, glucose, lactose, pinite, raffinose and stachyose. Liming increased quinate concentrations and decreased arabitol concentrations. Annual mean concentrations of arabinose and mannitol decreased in response to soil acidification. Annual mean concentrations of inositol increased in response to irrigation. None of the soil treatments affected the mean annual concentration of trehalose.     

Historical Change on Distribution and Quantity of the South-China Tiger (Panthera tigris amoyensis)

DistributionandQuantityofwildSouth-ChinatigerDistributionTheSouth-ChinatigersonlydistributeinChinaandtheskullstruCtureappeartobethemostsimilarwiththoseoftheirancestors.Asoneoffivesurvivedtigersubspecies,thistigersubspecieshasthelestquantityandisthemostendangeredintheworld.Therefore,the"InternationalTigerConservationStrategy"ScientificWorkshop,whichheldinMinnesotaoftheUnitedStatesofAmericaintheearlyof1986,pointedoutthattheSouth--Chinatigerwasoneofthemostendangeredanimalspecieswhichneede…     

广东桐花树群落上的柑橘长卷蛾研究

柑橘长卷蛾是红树林桐花树群落的重要害虫,在广东省局部区域的红树林保护区,已经对桐花树造威严重危害、对秋茄造成危害。柑橘长卷蛾在桐花树1年完成6代,以中龄幼虫越冬,第1～5代虫历时38～58d,越冬代虫历时130～137d。在桐花树群落,幼虫危害嫩芽、叶片、花序和果实;在桐花树＋秋茄群落,幼虫危害秋茄的嫩芽和嫩叶片。在桐花树群落,5月上旬-5月下旬和9月上旬～10月上旬,受害嫩芽数量与受害叶片数量有两个高峰期,柑橘长卷蛾种群数量消长规律与受害嫩芽与受害叶片数量的变化规律成正相关,柑橘长卷蛾种群数量全年也对应有两个高峰期,但秋季害虫高峰期害虫的总数量只有春季暴发期害虫总数量的29％。柑橘长卷蛾数量与捕食性蜘蛛数量的比例为1：0．33,林间捕食性蜘蛛数量的比例偏低。     

Responses of decomposition rate, nutrient return, and composition of leaf litter to thinning intensities in a Pinus tabulaeformis plantation

It is important to study the effect of tree density on the substrate quality and decomposition rate of leaf litter in plantations. In 2002, an experiment of the effects of thinning intensities at four different levels (i.e., 0 (I), 35.7% (II), 49.2% (III), and 64.2% (IV)) on undergrowth were carried out in an 18-year-old Pinus tabulaeformis plantation at an initial density of 3130 trees/hm² in the middle of the hills of Yingpan, Yanqing County, Beijing. Three years later, the rates of decomposition, the amount of nutrients returned, and the characteristics of leaf litter were compared by a litter bag method. The results show that the annual loss of dry matter of leaf litter in plots I, II, III, and IV was 25.81%, 26.25%, 27.68%, and 25.96%, respectively. The turnover of leaf litter was 10.04, 9.84, 9.24, and 9.97 years, respectively. Therefore, it is feasible and convenient to evaluate the effect of thinning on the rate of decomposition. In the first two months, the N, P, K, and Mg nutrients were released quickly. During the entire observation period of 14 months, the return of both N and Mg nutrients in the four plots exhibited a release-accumulation type of cycle. The return of P and K indicated a trend of release-accumulation and a relative balance. However, the return of Ca was far different from that of the other nutrients in the four plots. The total nutrient return of the four elements N, P, K, and Mg in the plots was 10.806, 31.016, 31.798, and 39.365 g/kg, respectively. Specifically, the quality of leaf litter in plot I was the worst in that N and Ca accumulated only 2.567 and 0.767 g/kg, respectively. Thinning did decrease the ratios of lignin to N and C to N and accelerated the rate of decomposition of leaf litter. The content of crude ash in leaf litter was enhanced by thinning, which prevented acid material, such as tannins and resins, from returning to the soil. The effect of thinning intensity was evaluated by the ratio of lignin to N, the ratio of C to N, and the ash content in leaf litter.     

不同八角林分类型蚂蚁群落多样性研究

2008年于云南富宁县八角林的2月春梢期、4月春果成熟期、10月秋果成熟期、12月休眠期4个重要物候期对八角林间作农作物林分类型Ⅰ、八角与油茶混交林林分类型Ⅱ、八角纯林林分类型Ⅲ、八角与茶树混交林林分类型Ⅳ4种八角林分类型,采用设样陷阱诱捕法采集蚂蚁,对不同八角林分类型的蚂蚁群落多样性进行了研究。共捕获蚂蚁44种,隶属6亚科21属。研究得出,粗纹巨首蚁是当地八角林中蚂蚁群落的绝对优势种。但在八角林各物候期及不同的八角林分类型内,蚂蚁的优势种类、群落组成特征不完全相同,造成八角林分类型间蚂蚁群落多样性差异的原因与其八角林云南链壶蚧的发生及危害程度有关。各八角林分类型经营状态的不同导致林分的植被类型及生境产生变化,使蚂蚁群落结构也发生较大的变化。     

西藏柏木半同胞家系子代测定及优良家系选择

为选择优良的藏柏用材和防护树种种质资源,对来自云南境内的35个藏柏优树家系建立的9 a生子代测定林进行调查分析。结果显示,家系间各性状生长差异均达到显著水平,说明具有丰富的遗传变异和选育潜力。林分树高、胸径、冠幅、冠高比、单株材积的遗传力分别为0.52、0.60、0.79、0.76、0.50。以树高、胸径、材积分别超过群体平均值5%、10%、30%选择优良用材林家系,入选5个家系树高、胸径、材积的平均值分别为6.55 m、12.82 cm、0.063 m3,估测遗传增益分别为5.13%、13.96%、29.68%;以冠高比、冠幅分别高于群体平均15%和20%选择防护林家系,入选5个家系冠高比、冠幅的平均值分别为0.355、2.32 cm,估算遗传增益分别为24.52%、21.95%。建议在家系选择基础上进行优树选择,建立嫁接无性系种子园,为生产提供良种。     

铁线莲属植物资源及其研究与应用价值分析

论述了中国铁线莲属植物种质资源、系统分类、栽培繁殖、新品种选育、园林应用等方面的研究现状。从加强管理、积极保护、建立野生铁线莲的引种驯化基地等方面提出了开发利用建议,并阐述了今后在生理生态、引种驯化、新品种选育、园林应用研究等方面的研究重点和方向。     

Lethal factors of diseases and protective countermeasures of wild and penned Giant pandas

Introduction,IthasbeenwellKnownthatgiantpanda(AjluropodsmelsnoI6uca)isanendangeredandrarespeciesthatdistributesinChinaonly,whosepopulationisdiminishing.GiantpandahasattraCtedtheattentionsofscientistsfromdifferentwalksintheworld.Inoddertorescuethepreciousspecies,Chinaandtheworldhaveputgreatenergyinsuchcontribution.StudiesfromvariousdisciplineshavealsobeenconduCted.Onthereasonsoftheendangeringandmortalityofgiantpandas,differentscientistsfromdifferentdisciplineshavedifferentviewpoints.ZhuJing…     

农药喷雾全过程性能分析及其测试技术研究进展

农林植物受生物及非生物胁迫的发生面积居高不下,化学农药防治是消灭或控制病虫草害等有害生物胁迫的最主要方法,而农药喷雾性能直接影响着病虫草害防治效果.通过农药喷雾全过程性能综合分析图,归纳了农药喷雾过程中的雾化性能、输运沉降性能和沉积性能.其中,雾化性能包括雾流锥角形状、射流贯穿长度、液膜破碎距离以及药液在线混合等喷雾宏...