六盘山叠叠沟小流域土壤稳渗速率及其影响因子

采用小区漫流法研究叠叠沟小流域内4种典型植被下的土壤稳渗速率及其影响因子.结果表明:不同植被类型的土壤稳渗速率平均值表现为天然草地>虎榛子灌丛>沙棘灌丛>华北落叶松林地.坡向影响土壤稳渗速率表现为阴坡>半阴坡>阳坡,坡位对土壤稳渗速率的影响表现为中坡位>下坡位>上坡位,坡度对土壤稳渗速率的影响表现为中坡>陡坡>缓坡,当坡度小于25.时土壤稳渗速率随坡度增大而增大,当坡度大于25°时土壤稳渗速率随坡度增大而减小.因此,以坡度25°为分界点,找到了影响土壤稳渗速率的主导因子,并经多元逐步回归得到土壤稳渗速率与主要影响因素的分段函数.     

樟树人工林土壤水文-物理性质特征分析

对樟树人工林林地不同坡向阳坡和阴坡的土壤水文-物理性质进行为期两年的观测和对比分析.结果表明:随土层深度的增加,土壤容重、最大持水量、最小持水量、总孔隙度逐渐减小,通气度减弱.土壤含水量呈现下降趋势、土壤水分年动态变化主要决定于降雨量和降雨的分布状况,与降水的年动态变化一致,6月份达到最高.依此确定出土壤水分消耗期、相对稳定期、积累期3个时期.阴坡0～20 cm、20～40 cm层的渗透性能均好于阳坡同层土壤,0～20 cm层达到稳渗所需时间阴坡比阳坡短,分别为56 mim和64 min;20～40 cm层达到稳渗所需时间阴坡比阳坡长,分别为48 mim和32 min,阴坡、阳坡0～20 cm层的初渗速度和稳渗速度均大于20～40 cm层.     

立地因子对半干旱石质山区山杏直播造林效果的影响

对半干旱石质山区山杏直播造林的立地因子研究结果表明:在相同的坡位上,阴坡造林成活率高于阳坡;在相同的坡向上,下坡造林成活率高于中上坡,随着坡度的增加,成活率逐渐降低;造林后2年的树高年生长量以阳坡大于阴坡.     

陕北半干旱黄土区沙棘人工林的死亡率及适宜地形因子

【目的】确定沙棘人工林在陕北半干旱黄土区适宜的地形条件,为该区人工林的稳定性建设及其可持续经营提供参考。【方法】通过样方法对陕西省延安市吴旗县的13年生沙棘人工林进行调查,采用相关分析和单因素方差分析,从坡位、坡向和坡度3个方面,比较不同地形条件下沙棘人工林的死亡率差异。【结果】随坡位降低,沙棘人工林的死亡率先增大后减小,上坡、中坡和下坡的平均死亡率分别为38%,47%和31%,不同坡位间的差异均不显著;在不同坡向中,沙棘人工林死亡率最轻的是阴坡,最大值仅21%,平均为4%,死亡率最高的是阳坡,最小值为33%,平均值为63%,半阴坡和半阳坡的死亡率介于阴坡和阳坡之间,其中半阴坡的平均死亡率稍低于半阳坡,阴坡与半阴坡、半阳坡、阳坡的死亡率均差异显著(P0.05);在不同坡向中,沙棘人工林的死亡率均随坡度升高而增大,阴坡死亡率增大趋势不明显,半阴坡呈对数型增大,半阳坡呈直线型,阳坡呈指数型;沙棘人工林死亡率与坡位相关不显著,与坡向和坡度相关均极显著(P0.01),其中,坡度比坡向对沙棘人工林衰退死亡的影响更大;阴坡沙棘人工林均属于轻度衰退(死亡率0%～30%),半阴坡和半阳坡的平缓坡(5°～15°)和缓坡(15°～25°)属于轻度衰退,陡坡(25°～35°)和极陡坡(35°～45°)属于中度衰退(死亡率30%～70%),阳坡的平缓坡、缓坡和陡坡均属于中度衰退,极陡坡属于重度衰退(死亡率70%～100%)。【结论】在年均降水量小于500 mm的陕北半干旱黄土区,沙棘人工林衰退死亡的主要原因是水分不足,其适宜的地形条件是阴坡、半阴坡平缓坡、半阴坡缓坡、半阳坡平缓坡和半阳坡缓坡。     

阜新地区油松林土壤养分空间差异分析

为明确辽西阜新地区油松林土壤养分的空间差异,以35年生油松纯林为研究对象,采集了不同坡位及坡向的土壤,并对土壤中的各养分指标进行了测定分析,结果表明:不同坡位供试土壤中所有检测营养成分均以坡下位置含量最高,其中除速效K以外,有机C、全N、速效N、速效P的含量顺序均依次为坡下>坡中>坡上;不同坡向所有检测营养成分均以阴坡含量最高,半阴坡含量次之,其中有机C、全N、速效P含量次序均为阴坡>半阴坡>阳坡>半阳坡,速效N和速效K含量次序为阴坡>半阴坡>半阳坡>阳坡。     

不同地形条件下油松直播更新效果研究

在辽西山区不同坡度、坡向和坡位开展油松直播更新造林试验,对造林3年后的幼苗保存情况进行了调查及分析.结果表明:在阴坡直播更新效果较好,阳坡直播更新效果较差,达不到直播更新规定标准.在阴坡的不同坡位中,下坡位和中坡位直播更新效果较好,其中下坡位最好,而上坡位较差.在阴坡的下坡位,坡度越小直播更新效果越好,坡度在10°以下...     

地形条件对华北落叶松林木生长的影响

选择河北省木兰围场国有林场管理局范围内的山湾子、五道沟、龙头山、克勒沟和孟滦5个林场内不同地形条件下的华北落叶松林分为研究对象,拟通过对其生长的调查,找出适宜其生长的地形条件。结果显示:阴坡立地条件下胸径和树高都要高于阳坡;坡下位的胸径、树高好于坡中位,坡中位的要好于坡上位;坡度对林木的胸径影响不大,随着坡度的增加,树高增加,但是当坡度达到一定程度时,树高降低;而海拔因素对林木生长的影响没有表现出明显规律。     

四川盆周西缘山地3种典型人工林土壤渗透性研究

为了解四川盆周西缘山地3种典型人工林(楠木、水杉、柳杉)下土壤渗透性特征,利用环刀入渗法对其土壤渗透性进行研究,结果显示,3种典型人工林各土层均是初渗率平均渗透率稳渗率,除0~20 cm层外,其余土层初渗率、稳渗速率、平均速率和总渗透量均是柳杉林最小;3种人工林不同土层的入渗速率随时间的增加而下降,且水分入渗速率的变幅均是0~20 cm土层大于20 cm~40 cm和40 cm~60 cm;采用Kostiakov模型对不同林分土壤入渗率与入渗时间进行拟合,拟合结果表明:各林分土壤入渗率与入渗时间存在较好的幂函数关系,F检验显示均达到极显著水平(P0.001),表明该模型适合描述各林分土壤入渗过程;通过对土壤物理性质和土壤渗透系数间的相关分析表明,土层厚度和土壤容重与土壤渗透系数呈负相关关系,其余土壤物理性质指标与土壤渗透系数间呈正相关关系,但各因子间相关系数均未达显著水平(P0.05)。     

黄土丘陵区人工油松林地土壤入渗特征的研究

油松 (Pinustabulaeformis)人工林是黄土丘陵区半湿润地区的主要人工林类型 ,具有良好的水土保持和水源涵养功能。通过对人工油松林地和荒坡地土壤入渗特征的研究 ,发现 :人工油松林地的入渗速率显著高于荒坡地 ,其阴坡和阳坡土壤的入渗速率仅在坡顶部有一定的差异 ,而在坡的中下部并不明显 ;而荒坡地的初始入渗速率和最终入渗速率均是阴坡高于阳坡。由于来源坡上部的泥沙在下部沉积 ,致使坡下部形成一个入渗能力较低的致密层 ,降低了坡下部的入渗速率 ,使入渗速率在坡位上的空间变化表现为坡上部 >坡中部 >坡下部。对于黄土丘陵地区而言 ,水分入渗过程采用方正三方程和Kostiakov方程拟和较好 ,两个方程结合使用可更好地说明土壤的初始入渗速率和最终入渗速率     

闽楠天然林木及其林下幼苗生长调查分析

在福建省大田县太华镇调查了天然起源闽楠林不同坡向、不同坡位楠木林及其林下幼苗生长情况,结果表明:(1)坡向、坡位对闽楠林木胸径、树高和郁闭度的生长具有极显著的影响(p<0.01);坡向×坡位交互作用对胸径生长具有极显著的影响(p<0.01),但对树高和郁闭度的影响不显著((p>0.05))。闽楠林木胸径、树高生长阳坡极显著大于阴坡,中、下坡极显著大于上坡;阳坡的中、下坡有利于楠林胸径生长,阳坡、阴坡的下坡有利于林木树高的生长,阴坡的中、下坡则有利于其郁闭。(2)坡向、坡位以及坡向×坡位交互作用均对林下闽楠幼苗的数量和苗高生长均具有极显著影响(p<0.01)。阳坡幼苗的株数和苗高极显著大于阴坡;中坡株数最多、但苗高最矮,下坡株数最少、但苗高最高,上坡株数、苗高均居中;阳坡×中坡最有利于楠木林幼苗株数生长,阳坡×下坡最有利于楠木林幼苗苗高生长,而阴坡×下坡既最不利于幼苗株数生长,也最不利于苗高生长。     

Simulation of soil water dynamics in a Caragana intermedia woodland in Huangfuchuan watershed

As vegetation coverage increases, soil water content can decrease due to water uptake and evapotranspiration. At a very high level of plant density, poor growth and even mortality can occur due to the decrease of soil water content. Hence, a better understanding of the relationship between soil water content and the density of plants is important to design effective restoration projects. To study these relationships, we developed a soil water dynamic simulation model of a Caragana intermedia woodland under different slope gradient and slope aspect conditions in the Huangfuchuan watershed on the basis of the previous studies and field experiments. The model took into account the major processes that address the relationships of plants and the environment, including soil characteristics, precipitation, infiltration, vegetation transpiration, and soil evaporation. Daily changes in soil water content, transpiration, and evaporation of the Caragana intermedia woodland with different vegetation coverage, slope gradient, and slope aspect were simulated from 1971 to 2000. Based on the model simulations, we determined the functional relationships among soil water content, plant coverage and slope as well as the optimal plant density on flat slopes. We also determined the effects of slope gradient and slope aspect on soil water content. When slope gradient was less than 10°, the optimal plant density was sensitive to slope gradient. In the slope range from 10° to 30°, plant density was not sensitive to slope gradient. Therefore, it is important to consider planting densities on the hillsides with slope gradients less than 10° for reconstructing vegetation. __________ Translated from Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 2005, 29(6): 910–917 [译自: 植物生态学报]     

Rainfall-runoff responses and roles of soil moisture variations to the response in tropical rain forest, bukit tarek, peninsular Malaysia

Field observations were conducted at Bukit Tarek Experimental Watershed in Peninsular Malaysia to investigate the relationship between rainfall-runoff responses and variation in soil moisture in a tropical rain forest. Stormflow depended strongly on the antecedent wetness as represented by the initial runoff rate. Though heavy rains fell in almost every month, the soil moisture decreased when fair weather was sustained. The soil moisture depleted and became dry at 160 cm depth during occasional dry spells. During dry conditions, streamflow responded quickly to rain events but declined rapidly after the rain stopped, and the soil moisture of surface soil (≤20 cm) increased but remained dry at lower depths (≽80 cm). This suggests that the rain water was mostly retained in the soil and only small proportions appeared as stormflow. As soil moisture conditions became wetter, the recession limb of the storm hydrograph was more gradual. Stormflow volume increased with increasing soil moisture. During wet conditions, the soil profile was moist at all parts of the slope. The hydraulic gradient was around 1.0 and there was downward soil water flux, which followed the pressure gradient. This suggests that subsurface flow from the upper part of the slope might also be important for stream-flow production. Positive pressures were observed at 10 cm and 160 cm depths during large storms. The behavior of the subsurface flow might be an important determinant of stormflow.     

Affecting factors of preferential flow in the forest of the Three Gorges area, Yangtze River

In order to study the factors affecting preferential flow, a 2.9 m-long, 2.6 m-deep soil profile was dug in the Quxi watershed, Yangtze River. To analyze the influence of rainfall on preferential flow, the preferential flow process was observed when the rainfalls were recorded. Soil physical and infiltration characteristics were also measured to study their effect on preferential flow. The results showed that the rainfall amount that could cause preferential flow was over 26 mm. There are four types of rainfall in the Three Gorges area, namely gradually dropping rain, even rain, sudden rain and peak rain. Preferential flow process was found to be relevant to the rainfall process. It was determined that with different rainfall types, preferential flow appeared at different times, occurring first in peak rain, followed by sudden rain, gradually dropping rain, and then even rain. Preferential flow would appear when the rainfall intensity was over 0.075 mm/min. In the studied area, the coarse soil particles increased with the soil depth, and for the deeper soil layer, the coarse particles promote the formation of preferential flow. Preferential flow accelerates the steady infiltration rate in the 83–110 cm soil horizon, and the quickly moving water in this horizon also enhanced the further formation and development of preferential flow. __________ Translated from Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2006, 20(5): 28–33 [译自: 水土保持学报]     

中国长江三峡地区花岗岩坡面管流运动特性

人们早就认识到土体内的水分运动 ,在很多时候并不都遵从达西定律所描述的呈层流流态 ,只有当雷诺数Re≤ 10时 ,土壤水分运动才遵从达西定律 .该文通过观察位于中国长江三峡地区湖北省秭归县花岗岩坡面下部开挖的一长度为 2 9m、深度为 2 13 2 6 0m的土壤剖面 ,发现土管主要分布在B层 (花岗岩风化程度较高的层次 )和C层 (花岗岩风化程度较低的层次 )的过渡带附近 .在坡面下部坡脚部位垂直于坡长方向上 ,每米宽度大约分布有土管 5 7个 .通过连续观测实验坡面的土管在多场降雨过程中的管流现象 ,发现管流流速与沿程水力坡降呈现非线性关系 ,而呈一定的抛物线关系 .结合土壤、地质和土地利用状况等调查结果 ,经对多场降雨及管流观测数据进行整理分析 ,建立了研究地点的管流模型 .由管流模型计算的管流流速VP、流量QP 和土管半径r,与 4个管流的实测值具有较好的相似性 .尤其是依据模型模拟的土管长度X ,反映出不同土管由于所处剖面位置的差异 ,其长度差别较大 ,所模拟的 4条土管长度分别为研究集水区最长距离的 98 1%、2 7 6 %、11 0 %和 3 0 % .管流模型建立过程及模拟结果均反映出管流是土壤水分运动的一种特殊形式 ,它遵从Darcy Weisbach定律所描述的土壤水分运动 .其水分通量远大于一般意义上的土壤     

Soil carbon characterization along the profile of two forest soils under Quercus pyrenaica

In light of concerns over climate change and increasing levels of CO2 in the atmosphere,it is of importance to investigate soil organic matter in Mediterranean forests at a profile scale.In-depth studies of the organic fraction are also of interest to improve understanding of carbon balance and to facilitate modelling of carbon fixation in forest soils.This research evaluates the relationships between diverse parameters such as colour,content,and form of soil organic matter(SOM).Two Quercus pyrenica ecosystems with soils classified as inceptisols with a xeric or dry moisture regime,and developed under a Mediterranean climate in Spain,were used to characterize SOM through the complete sequence of layers of the soil profile.The differentiating factor between the two ecosystems was slope gradient.Characterization was done using characteristics of humic substances(HS)as indicators of SOM turnover in inceptisols.Infrared analysis was used to further characterize the humic acids.As soil colour measurements are a tool for soil type classification and soil organic carbon prediction,the relation between HS colour measured by reflection and by transmission was determined in order to establish a relationship between measurement techniques.Infrared analysis and colour provided evidence of a different level of stabilization of HS from both soils,and between the different horizons.Oxidation of humic acids was found to be greater in deeper horizons than in the surface layers.An inverse relationship between HS colour measured by reflection and by transmission was revealed.Both soils showed a clear trend in which horizons presenting lower absorbance numbers showed higher figures of hue and value.A more marked accumulation of humified compounds was found in pedons,(the smallest unit or volume of soil that contains all the soil types),in the less steep slope.This might be explained in terms of the physiographic position affecting infiltration behavior and exposure to runoff.     

母岩母质类型与坡位对湿地松林分生长的影响

对板页岩红壤和四纪红壤2种不同母质土壤和3种不同坡位上的湿地松林分进行调查与分析。结果表明:在四纪红壤与板页岩红壤中生长的湿地松林分其生长量差异显著,说明母质对湿地松林分的生长具有显著影响;位于上坡位的湿地松林分在四纪红壤中的生长表现要显著优于板页岩红壤中的,相反,位于下坡位的湿地松林分在板页岩红壤中的生长表现要显著优于四纪红壤中的。不同母质土壤的湿地松林分受坡位影响程度不同,但生长指标都一致呈现出下坡位>中坡位>上坡位的趋势;四纪红壤中,下坡位林分平均胸径分别高出上坡位、中坡位林分的10.6%和4.0%;板页岩红壤中,下坡位林分平均胸径高出上坡位林分的45.6%,高出中坡位林分的22.2%,差异达极显著(P<0.01)。总体上在不同母质土壤中生长的湿地松林分生长量差异显著,并且板页岩红壤湿地松林分坡位间生长量差异大,四纪红壤湿地松林分坡位间生长量差异较小。     

腾冲县秃杉人工林立地条件与林分生长关系分析

根据样地调查数据,采用方差分析法、显著性分析和多重比较分析法,分析不同坡向、坡位、坡度、土壤等立地因子下的秃杉人工林树高、胸径平均生长量状况。结果表明:不同坡向、坡位、土壤厚度对秃杉人工林林分生长均有显著影响;影响秃杉人工林林分生长的最主要立地因子为坡位、坡向和土壤厚度;秃杉最适生的立地条件为坡下部、阴坡、土壤深厚。     

六盘山典型植被类型土壤水文生态功能研究

通过对土壤的水文物理性质、持水能力及渗透性的测定,分析了宁夏六盘山南坡典型森林植被类型的持水性能和渗透能力。结果表明,六盘山典型植被的最大贮水能力486.5 604.8 mm,有效贮水能力61.0 292.1 mm,砾石体积含量的大小是影响土壤有效贮水能力的关键因素。典型植被土壤表层(0 10 cm)的初始入渗速率4.0024.99 mm.min-1,稳定渗透速率1.18 15.17 mm.min-1。利用Kostiakov方程、Horton方程和Philip方程模拟了土壤渗透过程,表明Horton方程是较好的模拟形式,土壤非毛管孔隙度对土壤水分渗透起到关键作用,而砾石含量是通过影响土壤非毛管孔隙度而影响土壤水分渗透作用。