CaSO4改良苏打碱土的离子吸附交换过程分析与数值模拟

分析CaSO4改良苏打碱土的机理可以为其替代品(脱硫石膏、粉煤灰和磷石膏等)的田间应用提供理论依据。本文通过土柱试验构建了综合考虑离子吸附交换以及土壤水力传导度动态变化的多离子溶质运移方程,并利用UNSATCHEM软件进行了数值模拟。结果表明:CaSO4改良碱化土壤是一个伴随着离子吸附交换反应的复杂过程,同时受到土壤理化特性动态变化的影响,利用UNSATCHEM多离子溶质运移模型能够准确地模拟土壤溶液中Ca2 和Na 的迁移转化、土壤胶体Na 和土壤溶液中Ca2 的吸附交换过程,且其精度较高。同时,CaSO4改良苏打碱土并不是一个短期过程,要想使其彻底改良,一是需要不断淋洗,二是通过分次施加CaSO4,使碱化土壤在长期的一段时间内都保持一定的Ca2 源,以增加CaSO4的持续改良效果。     

石膏改良碱化土壤中所发生的化学反应的初步研究

利用石膏改良苏打盐碱化土壤,早在19世纪后期,Hilgad[1,2 ] 就开始指导农民改造黑碱了。当时他将含有NaCl、Na2 SO4 的土壤称为白碱,而将含有Na2 CO3、NaHCO3的土壤称为黑碱,即苏打盐土或碱化盐土,并为石膏改良黑碱建立了两个化学方程式,即Na2 CO3 CaSO4 =CaCO3 Na2 SO4 (1)2Na     

模拟酸雨对砖红壤盐基离子迁移和释放的影响

对发育于玄武岩的砖红壤进行了室内模拟酸雨淋溶试验,结果表明：（1）酸雨淋溶土壤会引起土壤盐基离子的大量淋失。以土壤中的K＋最易于淋失,Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋的淋失量最大。酸雨pH愈低,Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋、K^＋的迁移量愈大。酸雨淋溶土壤的时间越长,盐基离子的迁移量越大。（2）土壤经≥5d的酸雨淋溶后,土壤交换性盐基离子的含量均随淋溶时间的增加而减少。酸雨的pH不同,则土壤交换性盐基离子所受的影响不同。（3）与原土壤相比较,短期（≤5d）的酸雨淋溶,可使土壤交换性Ca^2＋、K^＋以及强酸性（pH≤3.0）酸雨淋溶的交换性Mg^2＋增加;土壤被酸雨较长时间（≥10d）淋溶后,则会降低土壤交换性Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋、K^＋的含量;不同时间的酸雨淋溶,均会降低土壤交换性Na^＋的含量。（4）土壤经酸雨淋溶后,某些矿物会发生风化,释放出盐基离子,也会使部分交换性盐基离子转成非交换态。     

咸水结冰灌溉对盐化潮土盐基离子剖面迁移规律的影响

利用土柱模拟试验,设置淡水、咸水灌溉、咸水结冰和咸水结冰覆盖4个灌溉方式,研究咸水结冰灌溉条件下盐分运移及盐基离子Cl^-、SO4^2-、HCO^3-、Na^＋、Mg^2＋、K^＋和Ca^2＋的土层剖面迁移规律。结果表明：咸水直接浇灌使各土层土壤盐度提高,且盐分具有明显表层聚集特性,而咸水结冰后灌溉则显著降低表层0-40 cm土层的盐分盐度,配合秸秆覆盖措施则使表层的脱盐率进一步提高,特别是0-10 cm土层,土壤盐度仅为0.15 dS/m,与淡水处理尚未达显著性差异（P〉0.05）。咸水结冰灌溉显著改变盐基离子Cl^-、SO4^2-、HCO^3-、Na^＋、Mg^2＋、K^＋和Ca^2＋的土壤剖面分布特征,但不同离子的响应方式和影响程度存在差异。咸水结冰灌溉显著（P〈0.05）降低表层危害性较高的Na^＋、SO4^2-和Cl^-浓度,而对危害性较小的Mg2＋、K＋和Ca2＋则影响较小。咸水结冰灌溉可促进表层土壤的脱盐作用,淋洗主要危害性离子Na^＋、Cl^-等,保持土壤根系分布密集层较低盐分水平和盐基离子平衡,缓解或消除盐分和盐基离子对作物生长的危害,配合秸秆覆盖则效果更加明显。     

模拟酸雨对果园土壤交换性阳离子迁移及其对土壤酸化的影响

采用短期室内淋溶的方法研究了模拟酸雨对供试果园土壤交换性Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋、K^＋、Na^＋、交换性盐基总量（BS）、阳离子交换量（CEC）、电导率（EC）等变化的影响。试验结果表明,土壤交换性Ca^2＋（pH2.5）、Mg^2＋、K^＋、Na^＋、BS（pH2.5）、CEC（pH≥3.5）含量较酸雨淋溶前增加,且随着剖面深度表现出较好的层次性;淋出液中Ca2＋、Mg^2＋、K^＋、Na^＋含量随着模拟酸雨酸度的增强而依次增加,其中pH2.5酸雨处理与其它淋溶处理间淋出液Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋、K^＋、Na^＋含量差异显著;以土壤交换性Ca^2＋、BS、CEC、盐基饱和度（BSP）与EC为指标衡量土壤的酸化,pH 2.5酸雨处理导致了淋溶土柱表层和中间土层的土壤酸化,其中交换性Ca^2＋、BS、BSP指标表征pH 3.5的酸雨处理引起了表层土壤酸化,而pH≥4.5的酸雨淋溶缓冲了土壤的酸化,土壤的酸度减弱。     

新疆盐渍化区土壤盐分离子的空间变异特征

土壤中盐分含量与空间分布是了解多孔介质中水盐运移规律并进而因地制宜提出盐渍土改良措施的关键。利用地统计学,结合地理信息系统（GIS）,在面积约为2 000 km2的新疆典型盐渍化区渭干河流域布设了土壤取样点43个,测定了土壤表层（0～30 cm）盐分及其组成（Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋、K^＋、Na^＋、SO4^2-、Cl^-、HCO3^-）的空间变异性规律。结果表明：Ca^2＋、HCO3^-为正态分布,其余盐分离子符合对数正态分布;半方差分析得出总盐分符合球状模型,Mg^2＋、K^＋、Na^＋、Cl^-、SO4^2-符合指数模型,Ca^2＋符合高斯模型,而HCO3-则是纯块金效应;盐分离子的变程在14.3 km～64.1 km之间;盐分离子均表现为中等强度的空间自相关,但程度有所差异。用Kriging插值法对未测点的盐分离子进行最优估计,绘制含量分布图,从而可以更直观的反映研究区土壤盐分离子的空间变异特征。     

不同改良剂对苏打碱土磷有效性影响的研究

通过室内培养及玉米盆栽土培模拟试验,采用完全随机区组设计,研究了在山西省大同市山阴县西盐池的苏打碱土上,施用DS-1997、脱硫石膏、风化煤对土壤速效磷含量的影响。研究结果表明:(1)3种改良剂均可降低苏打碱土的pH值;(2)脱硫石膏改良苏打碱土的作用最明显地反映于土壤水溶性盐分的急剧上升,同时伴随着土壤中速效磷含量的急剧下降,因此,脱硫石膏抑制土壤中磷的有效化作用;(3)DS-1997与其他两种改良剂相比,可以更好地增强土壤解磷细菌和碱性磷酸酶活性,增强土壤中磷的释放作用。     

吉林省大安市苏打碱土碱化参数之间的关系

选择典型苏打碱化土壤,对土壤碱化度(ESP)、钠吸附比(SAR)、残余碳酸钠(RSC)、总碱度和pH等进行了测定计算,分析了各碱化参数之间的关系,得出了各参数之间的相关方程。结果表明,除pH外,苏打碱土各碱化参数之间均具有极显著的相关性,各参数之间关系密切。土壤pH与ESP和SAR之间的关系变异性较大,利用pH推算该区苏打碱土碱化状况将会产生很大的不确定性。     

脱硫石膏糠醛渣对新垦龟裂碱土的改良洗盐效果

为了探讨脱硫石膏及糠醛渣对新垦龟裂碱土改良洗盐效果,在统一施用脱硫石膏（28 t/hm2）的基础上,该文于2012年在宁夏平罗县西大滩农场,研究了不同淋洗水平（3 600、4 500和4 800 m3/hm2）和不同糠醛渣施用量（0、15、22.5和30 t/hm2）对新垦龟裂碱土碱化度、总碱度、pH值、全盐及盐分离子分布特征、油葵出苗生长及产量的影响。结果表明：在淋洗水量4 500 m3/hm2和施用糠醛渣（22.5 t/hm2）的条件下,土壤0～20 cm深的pH值由初始的9.65降到了7.6（P＜0.05）,碱化度、总碱度和全盐分别下降了60.2%、39.2%和69.1%,油葵产量3 195.8 kg/hm2,碱土改良效果明显,表明适当的脱硫石膏、糠醛渣、淋洗量可降低土壤盐分增加油葵产量。结果可为新垦龟裂碱地的改良利用、水盐调控提供依据。     

天然矿物改良剂在微咸水灌溉土壤中应用效果的研究

利用10种不同天然矿物作为土壤改良剂，对矿化度4～5g／L的微咸水灌溉农田土壤进行改良效果试验。结果表明：改良剂1能够降低土壤容重12.23％，提高土壤孔隙度12.28％。参试的改良剂均能够降低0～5cm土壤全盐量，最大降幅为72.5％，并能降低0～40cm土壤中CO3^2-和HCO3^-离子，最大降幅达100％，改良剂4能够增加土壤中的Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋离子、降低土壤中的K^＋＋Na^＋离子。天然矿物土壤改良剂能够有效地改善土壤物理和化学环境。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.