棉花种子特异表达的LEA启动子克隆及功能验证

以棉花品种新陆早33号为材料,克隆获得其胚胎发育晚期丰富蛋白LEA基因的种子特异性启动子。启动子序列全长为1228bp;作用元件分析表明该区域除了具有启动子核心调控序列外,还含有多个与组织特异性、激素、逆境等表达相关的顺式作用元件,如E-box、ABRE元件、A-box等。与已报道的棉花品种Coker 201的LEA基因D34的5'端上游调控序列1212bp相比,两者具有97%的一致性。拟南芥遗传转化的功能分析结果表明,所克隆的序列能驱动GUS基因在种子中特异表达,且GUS主要在转基因植物的种子发育后期表达;其表达强度要弱于组成型的CaMV35S启动子。研究结果不仅有助于进一步深入认识棉花LEA基因功能及其表达调控规律,也为植物遗传转化提供组织特异性的启动子。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Agrobacterium</Emphasis>-mediated transformation of faba bean <Emphasis Type="Italic">(Vicia faba</Emphasis> L.) using embryo axes

A system for the production of transgenic faba bean by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation was developed. This system is based upon direct shoot organogenesis after transformation of meristematic cells derived from embryo axes. Explants were co-cultivated with A. tumefaciens strain EHA105/pGlsfa, which harbored a binary vector containing a gene encoding a sulphur rich sunflower albumin (SFA8) linked to the bar gene. Strain EHA 101/pAN109 carrying the binary plasmid containing the coding sequence of a mutant aspartate kinase gene (lysC) from E. coli in combination with neomycinphosphotransferase II gene (nptII) was used as well. The coding sequences of SFA8 and LysC genes were fused to seed specific promoters, either Vicia faba legumin B4 promoter (LeB4) or phaseolin promoter, respectively. Seven phosphinothricin (PPT) resistant clones from Mythos and Albatross cultivars were recovered. Integration, inheritance and expression of the transgenes were confirmed by Southern blot, PCR, enzyme activity assay and Western blot.     

Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation and production of semilooper resistant transgenic castor (Ricinus communis L.)

Summary Semilooper resistant transgenic castor plants were produced through Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation method. Two castor cultivars, Jyothi and VP1 were transformed using the super-binary vector pTOK233 carrying gus A and hpt genes. Putative transformants were regenerated following selection on the hygromycin containing medium. GUS positive primary transformants, when subjected to Southern analysis, revealed stable integration of gus A into their genomes. In the T₁ generation, a monogenic segregation ratio of 3 GUS positive: 1 GUS negative plants was observed. Furthermore, transformation experiments were carried out with the Agrobacterium pSB111 super-binary vector carrying a synthetic delta endotoxin gene cryIAb and the herbicide resistance gene bar both driven by cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. Putative transformants were regenerated through selection on the phosphinothricin containing medium and Basta tolerant transformants were subjected to molecular analysis. PCR analysis revealed the presence of both bar and cryIAb genes in the Basta tolerant primary transformants. Southern analysis of PCR positive plants with cryIAb probe showed a 3 Kb band upon HindIII digestion and a > 6 Kb band with BamHI digestion, thus suggesting stable integration of cryIAb intact expression cassette and independent nature of the transformants. The primary transformants subjected to ELISA disclosed varied levels of Cry protein. These transgenics expressing cryIAb – when bioassayed against freshly hatched semilooper larvae – induced substantial (> 88%) insect mortality. Southern analysis of 2T₁ plants revealed the presence of cryIAb gene, indicating stable inheritance of the transgene into the next generation. In T₁, all the Southern-positive plants for cryIAb invariably exhibited tolerance to Basta, denoting co-segregation of both bar and cryIAb genes. Transgenics, expressing cryIAb exhibited ample resistance against the castor semilooper.     

中棉(Gossypium arboreum)光锈导基因Gacab启动子在转基因烟草中的功能缺失分析

分离了金华中棉(Gossypiun arboreum var. jinhua)光诱导基因cab 5'上游的调控序列1 009 bp,并对其功能进行了分析,证明获得的这一DNA片段具有驱动光诱导表达的功能。为了进一步分离具有最大转录活性的最小光诱导启动子,根据光诱导表达调控元件所在的位置,构建了Gacab P和197 bp、504 bp、779 bp的5'端缺失体,并将这些缺失体分别与gus (uid A)基因融合,构建植物表达载体。用农杆菌介导法转化烟草,获得转基因烟草。GUS组织化学分析表明,转基因烟草的T1代种子在光下培养时,只有Gacab P驱动gus基因在转基因烟草的叶片表达,其他3个启动子驱动gus基因在转基因烟草的整个植株中均有表达;当转基因烟草的T1代种子在暗中萌发及培养时,Gacab P驱动gus基因在转基因烟草中无表达,其他3个启动子驱动gus基因在转基因烟草的整个植株中均有表达。GUS定量分析表明,–504 ~ –1 bp的启动子缺失体启动活性最高,比CaMV35S启动子高0.6倍。上述结果表明只有全长的Gacab启动子具有光诱导和绿色组织特异表达特性,且–504 ~ –1 bp的启动子缺失体启动活性最高。     

GUS基因和NPTⅡ基因表达的相关性及其在转基因棉花检测研究中的应用

利用农杆菌介导转化法,将含有35S启动子驱动NPTII基因和GUS基因以及棉纤维特异表达启动子E6驱动目的基因FB的植物表达载体转入到常规棉花R15中.重点分析了GUS基因和NPTII基因在愈伤诱导阶段、T0代及T1代转基因棉花中的表达情况.综合两个基因的表达来进行转基因棉花的阳性鉴定,可以为转基因棉花后代的纯合选育提供双重保障.7个转基因株系选育到T3代共获得株行51个,卡那霉素检测多数株行阳性率在90%以上,其中21个株行阳性率达100%.     

Biolistic introduction of a synthetic Bt gene into elite maize

Summary A synthetic Bt gene encoding a truncated version of the CryIA(b) protein derived from Bacillus thuringiensis was successfully introduced into elite maize using microprojectile bombardment of immature embryos. The method used to initiate and identify transformation events is described. We describe the detailed parameters used for the Biolistics device as well as the plasmids used for the transformations. The plasmids contained the synthetic Bt gene driven by either the 35S CaMV promoter or a combination of two tissue-specific promoters, leaf and pollen, derived from maize. Specific conditions for the culture of Type I callus from immature embryos, the phosphinothricin (PPT) selection protocol, and the regeneration of plants are discussed. T0 and T1 plants were initially identified using the pH-dependent chlorophenol red test and/or the histochemical -glucuronidase (GUS) assay. PCR and Southern data confirm the presence of the 35S CaMV promoter and the synthetic Bt gene.     

大豆硬脂酸-ACP脱饱和酶基因启动子的克隆及其表达活性分析

以吉豆2号基因组为模板,通过TAIL PCR方法,扩增得到大豆硬脂酸-ACP脱饱和酶基因启动子片段SACPD-Cp。PLACE在线启动子预测分析表明, 该序列中含有多种典型的种子特异性表达序列元件。将SACPD-Cp片段取代pCAMBIA1301质粒中的CaMV35S启动子,构建表达载体pCAM-SACPD-Cp,通过农杆菌介导法在大豆组织中进行瞬时表达,GUS组织化学染色和荧光定量研究其表达特性。结果表明, SACPD-Cp驱动GUS基因在种子中的表达活性是CaMV35S启动子的93.01%;SACPD-Cp启动子与现已知启动子无同源性,仅在大豆种子中检测到GUS活性,而在根、茎和叶组织中均未检测到GUS活性,证实 SACPD-Cp是一个新的种子特异性启动子。     

棉花种子特异表达α球蛋白A基因启动子的功能分析

研究植物种子特异启动子具有重要的理论和实际意义。本文研究了棉花α球蛋白A基因启动子,该启动子序列全长为1640 bp,作用元件分析表明该区域除了具有核心调控序列外,还含有多个与组织特异性相关的顺式作用元件。设计其5'端构建4个不同长度的缺失、融合GUS基因的表达载体,并通过蘸花法分别转化拟南芥。转基因拟南芥GUS表达分析结果表明,该启动子能驱动GUS基因在胚、露白的种子、子叶期的幼苗中表达,而二叶期的幼苗、根、茎、莲座叶、茎生叶和花苞组织则没有表达,说明棉花α球蛋白A基因启动子是一个种子特异性启动子。208 bp长度的启动子足以维持其种子特异表达功能,而且在启动子的-684和-208区域之间可能存在负调控元件或负调控区域。分析棉花α球蛋白A基因启动子是一个种子特异性启动子,其基本启动子区域不长于208 bp。     

花椰菜花叶病毒（CaMV）35S启动子在转基因棉花中的表达

利用GUS作为报告基因，通过GUS组织化学定位法检测棉花转化愈伤组织、体细胞胚，R0代棉花根、茎、叶、花器官以及正在发育的胚GUS基因表达情况，详细阐述了CaMV 35S启动子在棉花细胞中的表达轮廓。结果表明，在愈伤组织细胞有丝分裂和增殖过程中GUS基因能稳定表达并遗传给后代细胞；在根、茎、叶细胞中检测到GUS表达活性。在     

含异位表达花生AhNCED1基因的拟南芥提高耐渗透胁迫能力

AhNCED1是干旱胁迫下调控花生ABA生物合成的关键基因。以pCAMBIA1301为基本双元表达载体,分别构建CaMV35S启动子和拟南芥AtNCED3基因启动子(AtNCED3p)驱动花生AhNCED1基因的2个植物双元表达载体p35S::ORF和pAtNCED3p::ORF,通过根癌农杆菌介导法将上述两个表达载体分别转化野生型和129B08/nced3突变体拟南芥,经潮霉素筛选和PCR鉴定分别获得35S::ORF-WT和A3p::ORF-B08转基因植株,RT-PCR证实花生AhNCED1基因已在转基因植株中稳定表达,并对野生型、129B08/nced3突变体和转基因拟南芥进行外源ABA敏感性和耐渗透胁迫能力分析。结果表明,129B08/nced3突变体对外源ABA的敏感性下降,而花生AhNCED1基因在拟南芥中的异位表达提高了对外源ABA的敏感性。在山梨醇胁迫下,129B08/nced3突变体种子的相对萌发率明显低于野生型的,而A3p::ORF-B08转基因拟南芥种子的相对萌发率与野生型的相当,显著高于129B08/nced3突变体的,且300mmolL–1山梨醇胁迫下,35S::ORF-WT转基因拟南芥种子的相对萌发率明显高于野生型的。在300mmolL–1山梨醇胁迫下,129B08/nced3突变体幼苗叶片高度黄化,根的形成和幼苗生长受到严重抑制,而A3p::ORF-B08转基因突变体与野生型相似,叶片仅轻度黄化,幼苗生长势良好;35S::ORF-WT转基因植株幼苗生长未受明显影响。这些结果说明,拟南芥129B08/nced3突变体对山梨醇诱导的非离子渗透胁迫有超敏性,异位表达花生AhNCED1基因能恢复该突变体对山梨醇的超敏性,提高拟南芥的耐渗透胁迫能力。     

Transgenic barley by particle bombardment. Inheritance of the transferred gene and characteristics of transgenic barley plants

Summary Transgenic barley plants (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Kymppi) were obtained by particle bombardment of various tissues. Immature embryos and microspore-derived cultures were bombarded with gold particles coated with plasmid DNA carrying the gene coding for neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPTII), together with plasmid DNA containing the gene for -glucuronidase (GUS).Bombarded immature embryos were grown to plants without selection and NPTII activity was screened in small plantlets. One plant proved to be transgenic (T₀). This chimeric plant passed the transferred nptII gene to its T₁ progeny. The presence of the nptII gene was demonstrated by the PCR technique and enzyme activity was analyzed by an NPTII gel assay. Four T₀ spikes and 15 T₁ offspring were transgenic. The integration and inheritance was confirmed by Southern blot hybridization. Transgenic T₂ and T₃ plants were produced by isolating embryos from green grains of transgenic T₁ and T₂ plants, respectively and growing them to plants. After selfing, the ratio of transgenic to non-transgenic T₂ offspring was shown to follow the rule of Mendelian inheritance. The general performance of transgenic plants was normal and no reduction in fertility was observed.Microspore-derived cultures were bombarded one and four weeks after microspore isolation. After bombardment, cultures were grown either with or without antibiotic selection (geneticin ^R or kanamycin). When cultures were grown without selection and regenerated plants were transferred to kanamycin selection in rooting phase, one out of a total of about 1500 plants survived. This plant both carried and expressed the transferred nptII gene. The integration was confirmed by Southern blot hybridization. This plant was not fertile.     

AtFT基因植物表达载体的构建研究

FT是从拟南芥克隆得到的诱导植物开花调控基因。利用FT基因表达特点,克隆拟南芥FT基因片段,重组构建了以CaMV35S为启动子、GUS为报告基因的植物表达载体pCAMBIA2301-FT与pCAMBIA2300-FT:GUS,并采用农杆菌介导法转化橡胶树体细胞胚,通过GUS组织化学染色观察橡胶树体细胞胚瞬时表达情况,结果验证了重组构建的2个载体的有效性,为进一步研究FT基因在橡胶树中的功能及应用奠定基础。     

用核基质结合区(SAR)序列提高小麦最小表达框转基因表达的稳定性

采用最小表达框技术转化植物可以规避由骨架序列引起的安全风险。核基质结合区序列SAR (scaffold attachment region)可作为边界元件与核基质结合阻挡转基因片段邻近染色质区的作用与影响, 提高外源基因稳定性。本研究在最小表达框序列两端添加SAR序列, 提高小麦最小表达框转基因表达的稳定性, 提高转化基因的表达效率。首先, 以GUS为目的基因构建带有SAR序列的最小表达框, 以科农199为受体进行基因枪转化, 同时以不加SAR序列的最小表达框片段为对照。带有SAR序列的最小表达框片段共轰击857个幼胚, T₀代获得40株再生植株, PCR检测到16株阳性植株, 转化效率为1.87%; 对这16个阳性单株进行GUS染色, 15株显色; 从来自4个T₀阳性植株的18个T₁代植株中随机选取18株进行PCR和GUS染色检测, 有15株表现为阳性。不带SAR序列的对照片段轰击1012个幼胚, 获得31株再生植株, 其中5株PCR阳性, 转化效率0.49%, 这5个阳性植株中仅2株为GUS染色阳性; 来自于5个T₀代PCR阳性株系的10个T₁代单株中没有发现PCR和GUS染色阳性株。表明SAR序列可以提高基因枪转基因效率和目的基因表达稳定性。为了创制抗旱转基因小麦, 以来自大豆的抗旱相关转录因子基因GmDREB3为目的基因, Bar基因为筛选标记基因, 转化受体小麦济麦22, 共轰击6045个幼胚, 获得再生植株130株, PCR检测阳性植株30株, 转化效率为0.50%; 随机选取6株PCR阳性植株进行RT-PCR分析, 其中5株可检测到外源基因的转录。进一步对这5株RT-PCR阳性植株插入片段完整性进行分析, 其中4株插入片段基本完整。通过real-time PCR分析, 发现T₀代6个RT-PCR阳性植株的外源GmDREB3的拷贝数为1~3个。以上结果证明, 在最小表达框两端加上SAR序列后可以提高小麦最小表达框转基因表达的稳定性。     

来源于耐旱荒漠植物蛋白CkND对棉花黄萎病的抑制作用及其抗旱性研究

 利用蛋白组学策略分离了荒漠植物-牛心朴子（Cynanchum komarovii）抗病、抗旱功能相关蛋白CkND。以棉花黄萎病菌为供试菌株,研究了蛋白CkND对棉花黄萎病的抑制作用。结果表明：蛋白CkND对棉花黄萎病菌菌丝生长及孢子萌发具有较好的抑制作用。离体试验中,100 mg·L^-1的蛋白CkND对棉花黄萎病菌菌丝生长抑制效果在24 h、48 h、72 h分别为79.53%、83.01%、87.50％,35 mg·L^-1的蛋白CkND对孢子萌发抑制率为100%;活体试验中,蛋白CkND对棉花黄萎病具有显著的防治效果。另外,本研究将CkND基因构建到pCAMBIA1304表达载体CaMV35S启动子下游,将pCAMBIA1304-CkND通过农杆菌介导转化法转入野生型拟南芥植株中。将33个株系的转pCAMBIA1304 -CkND的 T₂代拟南芥和21株转pCAMBIA1304的T₂代拟南芥,同时进行抗旱性试验。结果显示,转pCAMBIA1304 的T₂代拟南芥14个株系枯死,而转pCAMBIA1304-CkND的 T₂代拟南芥有24个株系的转基因植株存活,且叶片保持绿色,植株生长良好,根系、须根发达,须根数目明显增多。转pCAMBIA1304-CkND拟南芥株高增加了30%,显著提高了植物抗旱性。     

Interspecific hybridization between Vicia faba (L.) and Vicia narbonensis (L.): Early pod growth and embryo-sac development

Summary Fertilized embryo-sac development and pod growth was studied in one Vicia faba cultivar, one Vicia narbonensis population and their reciprocal crosses. The initial development of endosperm and embryo was at least four days faster in V. narbonensis than in V. faba. Pods and ovules developed also faster in V. narbonensis than in V. faba. The growth rate of the hybrid pods followed the growth rate of the mother species, but was slower than that of the pods from selfed flowers. In the cross V. narbonensis × V. faba the ovules stopped growing 9 days after pollination, while in the reciprocal cross they stopped growing 15 days after pollination. Hybrid embryo-sacs from V. faba × V. narbonensis were aborted before they reached the stage of 256 endosperm nuclei or 200 embryo cells. Selfed V. faba embryo-sacs reached this stage in less than 9 days after pollination. In the reciprocal cross the embryo-sacs were aborted before they reached the stage of 128 endosperm nuclei or 80 embryo cells. Selfed V. narbonensis embryo-sacs reached this stage at the 4th day after pollination. Given that at these stages the embryo has less than 200 cells it was concluded that an in-ovule embryo culture technique should be developed to obtain hybrid plants.     

A molecular approach to combat spatio-temporal variation in insecticidal gene (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cry1Ac</Emphasis>) expression in cotton

Spatio-temporal expression of an insecticidal gene (Cry1Ac) in pre existing transgenic lines of transgenic cotton was studied. Seasonal decline in expression of Cry1Ac differed significantly among different cotton lines tested in the field conditions. The leaves of the Bt cotton plants were found to have the highest levels of toxin expression followed by squares, bolls, anthers and petals. Expression of the gene decreased consistently with the age of plants. Toxin expression in fruiting parts was not enough to confer full resistance against bollworms. The reduction in efficacy of transgenic cotton plants late in the season was attributed to reduction in promoter activity. For this purpose, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) small subunit (rbcS) promoter was isolated from Gossypium arboreum that was further cloned upstream of an insecticidal gene (Cry1Ac) in expression vector pCAMBIA 1301. A local cotton cultivar NIAB-846 was transformed with Cry1Ac driven by rbcS promoter. The same cotton cultivar was also transformed with Cry1Ac gene driven by 35SCaMV promoter to compare the expression pattern of insecticidal gene under two different promoters. The results showed that rbcS is an efficient promoter to drive the expression of Cry1Ac gene consistent throughout the life of cotton plant as compared to 35S promoter. The use of tissue specific promoter is also useful for addressing the biosafety issues as the promoter activity is limited to green parts of plants, hence no gene expression in roots, cotton seed and other cotton products and by products.     

大豆球蛋白G1启动子的克隆及表达活性分析

利用PCR的方法从大豆品种"吉豆2号"基因组DNA中克隆得到大豆球蛋白启动子G1p,长度约为686 bp,PLACE在线启动子预测工具分析表明:序列中含有多种典型的种子特异性表达元件。将克隆得到的G1p取代pCAMBIA1301中的CaMV35S启动子,构建于G1p与GUS基因融合表达的载体pCAM-G1p,通过农杆菌介导的方法在大豆根、茎、叶和种子中进行瞬时表达分析结果显示,仅能在种子中检测到GUS活性,而在根、茎和叶其他组织中基本检测不到GUS活性。说明G1基因上游686 bp片段具有种子特异性启动子的功能,G1p是一个比较高效的种子特异性启动子。     

Transformation of tobacco with an Arabidopsis thaliana gene involved in trehalose biosynthesis increases tolerance to several abiotic stresses

Summary Trehalose (a non-reducing disaccharide) plays an important role in abiotic stress protection. It has been shown that using trehalose synthesis genes of bacterial origin, drought and salt tolerance could be achieved in several plants. A cassette harboring the AtTPS1 gene under the control of the CaMV35S promoter and the Bialaphos resistance gene was inserted in the binary plasmid vector pGreen0229 and used for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). T0 plants obtained were analyzed by PCR for the presence of AtTPS1 gene. Thirty lines were positive and seeds were germinated on media with 6 mg/l PPT to obtain T1 plants that were grown in the greenhouse to obtain T2 seeds that were germinated on selective media. Lines which seeds showed a 100 % survival rate were considered homozygous transgenic T1 lines. Three lines were selected and gene expression confirmed by northern and western blots. Transgenic seeds were germinated on media with different concentrations of mannitol (0, 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 M) and sodium chloride (0, 0.07, 0.14, 0.2, 0.27 and 0.34 M) to score their tolerance to osmotic stress. Assays were conducted to test the tolerance of transgenic plants to drought (measurement of water percentage as a consequence of water withdrawal), desiccation (measurement of water loss as a consequence leaf detaching) and temperature stresses (germination at 15 ^∘C and 35^∘C). Transgenic tobacco plant lines registered higher germination rates under osmotic and temperature stress situations than did wild-type plants. Responses to drought and desiccation stresses were similar for all plant lines. It can hence be suggested that the heterologous expression of TPS1 gene from Arabidopsis can be used successfully to increase abiotic stress tolerance in model plants and probably in other crops.     

Insect-mediated seed-set evaluation of 21 soybean lines segregating for male sterility at 10 different loci

The cowpea trypsin inhibitor gene (CpTI) and neomycin phosphotransferase gene (nptII) were introduced into the embryonic callus cells of immature embryos of wheat elite line Shannong 995604 using Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer. Independent plantlets were regenerated from kanamycin-resistant calli. PCR and real time PCR analysis, PCR-Southern and Southern blot hybridization indicated that there were three independently-dervied transgenic plants viz. transformed-I, II and III (T-I, T-II and T-III). The segregation of CpTI in the transgenic wheat progenies of T-Iand T-III were consistent with Mendelian inheritance. Resistance to the storage insect pest of wheat viz. the grain moth (Sitotroga cerealella Olivier) was improved significantly in seeds of the three transgenic wheat T₂ lines obtained from T₁ PCR-positive plants. The frequency of moth-eaten seed from T-I, T-IIand T-III was reduced 66.76%, 62.48% and 43.59% respectively. The investigation of agronomic traits of the three transgenic wheat T₁ PCR-positive plants revealed that the three transgenic lines had excellent agronomic traits. They provide good germplasm resource for wheat genetic improvement.     

Phenotypic differences in transgenic plants of chrysanthemum

Phenotypic deviations in transgenic plants of chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev.) cv. ‘White Snowdon’ carrying either whole pTiB6S3 T-DNA or the GUS gene construct were evaluated. Morphological differences in comparison with the controls were observed not only in regenerated transgenic plants carrying Agrobacterium tumefaciens B6S3 T-DNA, but also in transgenic plants carrying the GUS gene. The phenotypic changes were stable through several cycles of clonal propagation.