低分子量热激蛋白的进化研究

不同物种的低分子量热激蛋白 (sHSP)具有高度保守性 ,sHSP基因的保守性可以为生物进化提供一定的科学依据。对 6 2个低分子量热激蛋白基因 (shsps)与α晶体蛋白进行系统进化分析 ,在系统演化上形成两大分支 ,表明存在共同祖先。而α 晶体蛋白分支又由α 晶体蛋白A与α 晶体蛋白B两个分支构成 ,它们的演化顺序分别为鱼类 (AmalphaA ,OlalphaA) ,两栖类 (XlatphaA ,RcalphaA) ,然后是哺乳类动物与鸟类并行演化 ,与经典的形态系统分类基本一致。但进化树显示两栖类的hsp30 ,血吸虫的卵抗原smp4 0 ,人类hshsp2 5与Bmhsp2 1 4在演化地位中具有独特的作用 ,推测它们在人类与家蚕等物种的演化分析中具有重要地位。同时进化的多样性表明昆虫、鱼、鸟及哺乳动物的shsps以直源进化关系为主。     

家蚕热休克蛋白70家族基因的染色体定位及表达特征

热休克蛋白70家族(Hsp70)是非常保守的蛋白家族,每个物种的Hsp70家族都有多个成员,每个成员都可能具有特殊的功能。为了能够对家蚕Hsp70家族各成员进行科学命名和了解其特有的功能,分析家蚕Hsp70家族成员的编码基因及其在染色体上的定位,并通过实时荧光定量PCR方法检测这些基因在5龄第3天幼虫中肠、脂肪体和丝腺组织中的转录表达情况。家蚕诱导型Hsp70家族成员Bmhsp70A和Bmhsp70B的编码基因集中分布在第27号染色体上,有多个拷贝;组成型Bmhsp70家族成员的编码基因则分布在不同的染色体上,一般仅有1个拷贝。家蚕Hsp70家族基因中有10个能转录并翻译蛋白质产物的成员,还有1个能正常转录但不能正确翻译的假基因。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明:在常温(25℃)条件下,组成型Bmhsp70家族基因Bmhsc70-4和Bmhsc70-3的表达水平较高,而其它基因成员的表达水平则相对较低,诱导型Bmhsp70家族基因成员在常温下也有一定程度的基础表达;40℃热激2 h后,Bmhsp70家族所有基因的表达水平都有所升高,其中诱导型Bmhsp70家族基因Bmhsp70B和Bmhsp68的转录表达上升水平远高于组成型Bmhsp70家族基因Bmhsc70-3和Bmhsc70-4。不同表达类型的家蚕Hsp70家族基因成员在5龄幼虫中肠、丝腺和脂肪体中的表达情况不同,热激2 h后的表达变化规律也不完全相同,提示家蚕Hsp70家族成员具有各自特殊的功能。     

家蚕追寄蝇线粒体DNA细胞色素b基因及其侧翼tRNA基因的克隆与序列结构和进化分析

家蚕追寄蝇(Exorista sorbillans)为双翅目、寄蝇科、追寄蝇属昆虫,寄生家蚕后引起多化性蚕蛆病。研究家蚕追寄蝇的系统进化关系,有助于探讨其寄生机制。采用PCR技术扩增了家蚕追寄蝇的线粒体DNA(mtDNA)片段,序列分析结果表明:克隆的mtDNA片段大小约1.5 kb,包括完整细胞色素b基因(cyto b)及其侧翼tRNA-Leu基因序列,序列结构与其它21个昆虫物种的同源片段序列结构基本一致,说明线粒体DNA基因排列和基因结构的保守性;家蚕追寄蝇mtDNA的Cyto b蛋白和tRNA-Leu基因的二级结构符合功能大分子的空间结构特征,维持一定的保守进化;双翅目昆虫不同蝇类mtDNA中的cyto b基因、tRNA-Leu基因序列的同源性高,可保证构建蝇类系统发生树的准确性。基于包括家蚕追寄蝇在内的12个双翅目昆虫、5个鳞翅目昆虫、4个鞘翅目昆虫、1个直翅目昆虫的mtDNA cyto b基因编码氨基酸序列的进化分析表明:双翅目中蝇类的进化次序依次为狂蝇科、果蝇科、寄蝇科、蝇科、丽蝇科,寄蝇科与蝇科和果蝇科之间的进化距离较近;鳞翅目处于种系发生树分叉的起点,起源最早,双翅目处于种系发生树分叉的最末端,起源最晚。     

家蚕法尼酸甲基转移酶(FAMeT)基因的鉴定及表达模式分析

保幼激素(JH)是昆虫生长、发育、变态和生殖等一系列生理生化过程中必不可少的一类激素。法尼酸甲基转移酶(farnesoic acid O-methyltransferase,FAMeT)被认为是昆虫及其它节肢动物催化合成保幼激素前体甲基法尼酸(methyl farne-soate,MF)的关键酶。通过生物信息学分析,从家蚕全基因组数据中共鉴定了7个编码家蚕FAMeT的基因(BmFAMeT1～BmFAMeT7)。系统进化分析暗示BmFAMeT2可能是家蚕FAMeT家族成员的最原始拷贝。对其中位于6号染色体上的BmFAMeT5、BmFAMeT6和BmFAMeT7的时空表达谱分析显示,3个基因从家蚕胚胎发育后期至成虫期持续性表达;在5龄第3天幼虫中肠组织特异性高水平表达。利用RACE技术克隆获得了这3个基因的全长cDNA序列,并发现BmFAMeT5及BmFAMeT6分别存在2种不同的选择性拼接形式。上述结果为进一步研究家蚕FAMeT的生物学功能提供了线索。     

家蚕GH18家族几丁质酶的系统进化和BmChi的时期表达分析

昆虫GH18家族几丁质酶主要参与昆虫蜕皮、细胞增殖和免疫等生理过程。为了系统开展家蚕GH18家族基因的研究,通过多物种几丁质酶的系统进化分析鉴定了8个家蚕GH18家族成员,并根据含有糖苷水解酶18(Glyco_18)催化结构域和几丁质结合结构域的不同将其分为6类,其中,各物种的CHT5具有典型几丁质酶结构。家蚕GH18家族成员中,BmChiR-1具有5个Glyco_18催化结构域和6个几丁质结合结构域,其它7个成员均只有1个Glyco_18催化结构域,BmCHT12还有1个ChitnaseA_N端结构域。8个家蚕GH18家族成员的基因分布在7条染色体上。通过半定量RT-PCR调查家蚕CHT5基因Bm-Chi在家蚕各发育时期的转录表达模式,该基因在蜕皮、化蛹、羽化等发育时期均有高水平表达,推测BmChi在蚕体旧表皮几丁质的降解过程中发挥重要作用。     

家蚕热激蛋白HSP90的鉴定、进化与表达模式

热激蛋白90是一类广泛分布与各类生物体中、高度保守的分子伴侣。HSP90s具有帮助受损蛋白的转运、折叠,防止聚集并恢复其正常构象等功能。昆虫HSP90s与生长发育、滞育和杀虫剂抗性等均相关。本研究在全基因组水平对家蚕HSP90s进行了鉴定,共分析获得3个基因(BGIBMGA004612、BGIBMGA012753和BGIBMGA001241)。根据系统发生分析,对家蚕HSP90s分别命名为Bm HSP90A1、Bm HSP90B1和Bm Trap1,它们分属于3个亚家族。家蚕与黑腹果蝇HSP90s直系同源基因的蛋白序列一致性均在60%以上。与其他物种HSP90s一样,家蚕HSP90s含有N-端ATPase结构域,4个特征性序列。基于组织和发育时期芯片及表达序列标签,发现家蚕HSP90s基因均有表达。基于芯片数据,Bm HSP90A1在雌雄间具有非常相似的表达模式,而Bm Trap1在5龄幼虫精巢中的信号值高达16 082.5,暗示着该基因可能与精巢发育相关。HSP90s作为一类功能广泛的分子伴侣,本研究将为其功能研究奠定基础。     

外源物质诱导家蚕小分子热激蛋白基因HSP19.9的组织表达活性分析

小分子热激蛋白(sHSP)参与生物体细胞内多种生理生化反应,并保护细胞在外界不良环境胁迫下免于受损或降低受损程度。为了探讨家蚕小分子热激蛋白在家蚕组织对外源物质代谢中的作用,分别给家蚕添食蜕皮激素(MH)和芸香苷(rutin)后,采用双跟踪标定定量PCR(dual spike-in qPCR)方法,分析家蚕sHSP19.9基因(BmHSP19.9)的组织应急表达特征。结果表明,家蚕5龄幼虫食下2×10-3μg/μL蜕皮激素溶液或5×10-2 ng/μL芸香苷溶液浸泡的桑叶2 h后,BmHSP19.9基因在中肠、脂肪体和马氏管组织中的转录水平均有上升,尤其是在脂肪体中的转录水平非常高,在中肠组织的转录水平出现2个峰值,推测与中肠组织存在不同的应激系统有关。     

家蚕热激蛋白HSP90的鉴定、进化与表达模式

热激蛋白90是一类广泛分布与各类生物体中、高度保守的分子伴侣。HSP90s具有帮助受损蛋白的转运、折叠,防止聚集并恢复其正常构象等功能。昆虫HSP90s与生长发育、滞育和杀虫剂抗性等均相关。本研究在全基因组水平对家蚕HSP90s进行了鉴定,共分析获得3个基因(BGIBMGA004612、BGIBMGA012753和BGIBMGA001241)。根据系统发生分析,对家蚕HSP90s分别命名为Bm HSP90A1、Bm HSP90B1和Bm Trap1,它们分属于3个亚家族。家蚕与黑腹果蝇HSP90s直系同源基因的蛋白序列一致性均在60%以上。与其他物种HSP90s一样,家蚕HSP90s含有N-端ATPase结构域,4个特征性序列。基于组织和发育时期芯片及表达序列标签,发现家蚕HSP90s基因均有表达。基于芯片数据,Bm HSP90A1在雌雄间具有非常相似的表达模式,而Bm Trap1在5龄幼虫精巢中的信号值高达16 082.5,暗示着该基因可能与精巢发育相关。HSP90s作为一类功能广泛的分子伴侣,本研究将为其功能研究奠定基础。     

家蚕着色模式相关的分子遗传学研究

体色与斑纹是昆虫重要的形态特征,对于昆虫捕食、避敌、寻偶、免疫和调节体温等具有重要的意义,其丰富着色模式形成的分子机制一直是昆虫学研究的热点。家蚕作为中国重要的农业经济昆虫,具有5 000多年的驯养历史,不仅成就了灿烂的丝绸文化,而且带来了巨大的经济效益。家蚕亦是鳞翅目的模式昆虫,拥有的超过200余个与着色相关的突变体是昆虫着色研究的重要实验材料。近年来,结合家蚕的经典遗传连锁图谱、家蚕基因组数据,运用高通量测序手段、定位克隆策略等分离鉴定家蚕着色相关突变体的关键基因,是探索着色模式形成的分子基础的主体。目前已在分子水平解析了家蚕30余种着色相关突变的产生机制,显著推动了家蚕着色机制的研究,对于丰富昆虫着色相关理论和基础知识具有重要贡献。本文总结了家蚕着色模式研究的最新成果,并结合其它昆虫着色相关研究的成果进行分析比较,这对于今后系统开展昆虫着色机制及其演化的研究,以及对着色相关基因的利用,均具有重要参考价值。     

家蚕bHLH基因的染色体定位与系统发生分析

bHLH转录因子在真核生物生长发育调控中具有重要作用。以原有家蚕bHLH基序为查询序列,从最新版本的家蚕基因组数据库(SilkDB)中鉴定出52个家蚕bHLH家族成员,并将其中47个成员的编码区域定位到家蚕染色体上。分析家蚕与黑腹果蝇、蜜蜂、赤拟谷盗bHLH基序氨基酸序列的系统发生,结果呈现如下特点:(1)4种昆虫ASCa家族中的Ase蛋白功能相近,家蚕中有2种果蝇Ac蛋白的同源蛋白,而没有果蝇Sc和Lsc的同源蛋白;(2)4种昆虫HES家族中的Hairy蛋白功能相近,家蚕BmHES3可能是果蝇Dpn或Side的同源蛋白,家蚕BmHES1和BmHES2分别是赤拟谷盗HES1和蜜蜂HES2的同源蛋白;(3)家蚕比其它3种昆虫分别多出1个Clock家族与AHR家族成员,意味着家蚕在长期的人工驯化过程中可能在昼夜节律的调控与对外源毒素刺激的响应方面演化出了新的机理。汇总了与家蚕52个bHLH成员对应的果蝇、蜜蜂和赤拟谷盗同源蛋白序列及44种家蚕bHLH蛋白序列登录号。以上结果可为进一步开展家蚕bHLH基因结构与功能研究提供较为系统、完整的背景资料。     

Genetic variation of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses in Vietnam shows both species-specific and spatiotemporal associations

Domestic poultry act as a reservoir for persistent H5N1 endemicity in Vietnam, and the circulation of poultry flocks across farms and to market is thought to drive the spatial movement and evolution of avian influenza viruses. Using a dataset of complete or nearly full genomic sequences from highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses collected in domestic poultry in Vietnam from 2003 to 2007, we explore potential differences in genetic characteristics according to species of isolation and the spatiotemporal characteristics of the viruses. Clustering algorithms and ANOVA indicate that H5N1 viruses in Vietnam show differences in the amount of genetic change that chicken viruses experience as compared to duck viruses, with duck viruses showing higher rates of molecular evolution on all eight of influenza's gene segments. There also exist distinct patterns of genetic differentiation according to the year in which they were isolated. These findings suggest that genetic evolution of avian influenza viruses is continuous through time but could also be mediated by the species in which the viruses occur, information that has implications for prevention efforts.     

Molecular genetic comparison of Onchocerca sp. infecting dogs in Europe with other spirurid nematodes including Onchocerca lienalis

In the past 15 years, subconjunctival onchocercosis has been reported from 63 dogs in south-western United States (Arizona, California, Utah) and Southern and Central Europe (Germany, Greece, Hungary, Portugal, Switzerland). To reveal the taxonomic status of the parasite responsible for these infections, fragments of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (ND5) genes of three European strains of canine Onchocerca sp. and the 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene of their Wolbachia endosymbionts were sequenced and compared to the homologous sequences of other spirurid nematodes. The evolutionary divergence between COI and ND5 gene sequences of Greek, Hungarian and Portuguese strains of canine Onchocerca sp. were similar in magnitude to that seen within Thelazia callipaeda or Onchocerca lienalis. The evolutionary divergence between the sequences of canine Onchocerca sp. and other Onchocerca spp. including O. lienalis were similar or higher in magnitude to that seen between other Onchocerca spp. The results of the current and earlier phylogenetic analyses indicate that canine Onchocerca sp. separated from other Onchocerca spp. early in the evolution. Based on the similar clinical pictures, the identical morphology of nematodes and the sequence analyses of COI and ND5 genes of the worms and 16S rRNA gene of their wolbachiae, the Onchocerca worms isolated from European dogs appear to belong to the same species. The results support the earlier biological and morphological arguments that a distinct species, most likely O. lupi originally described from the subconjunctival tissues of a Caucasian wolf is responsible for canine ocular onchocercosis in Europe.     

热激蛋白在动物应激中的应用

热应激蛋白(HSPs)存在于所有动物细胞中，是动物受到应激原刺激后诱导产生的一组应激蛋白，与机体的应激关系密切，在进化上高度保守。本文在对HSP发现、分类及功能简要介绍的基础上，对HSP70在动物应激中的作用及其调控机制进行了详细的综述，指出HSP将对阐明动物应激机理有重要的意义。     

Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Onchocerca lupi and its Wolbachia endosymbiont

The morphology of Onchocerca lupi, responsible for canine ocular onchocercosis, is unique within the genus. Earlier analyses of the 5S ribosomal RNA gene spacer region sequence of the parasite and the 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence of its Wolbachia endosymbiotic bacteria (Rickettsiales) supported the morphological and biological arguments that O. lupi is a distinct species. However, the exact phylogenetic position of O. lupi and its endosymbiont could not be unambiguously determined. Herein we report analyses based on the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene of the filarial species and the Wolbachia surface protein (wsp) and the bacterial cell-cycle ftsZ genes of their wolbachiae. Our results indicate that O. lupi separated from other Onchocerca spp. early in evolution. This is in line with the previous morphological analysis demonstrating that O. lupi is an atypical Onchocerca species showing both primitive and evolved characters. The phylogenetic trees generated for the COI sequences of filariae and the wsp and ftsZ sequences of their wolbachiae were congruent with each other, which supports the hypothesis that nematodes and their Wolbachia endobacteria share a long co-evolutionary history.     

柞蚕核型多角体病毒ie-2和pe-38基因的克隆与序列分析

采用随机克隆方法,通过对插入pGEM-3Z载体的柞蚕核型多角体病毒基因组的部分片段进行测序和序列分析,获得了柞蚕核型多角体病毒基因组的2个极早期基因ie-2和pe-38的序列及pe-38的5′启动子区,其推定的开放阅读框分别编码295和302个氨基酸,并且内部含有一个保守的锌指结构和亮氨酸拉链。核苷酸和氨基酸同源性比较结果显示:柞蚕核型多角体病毒的ie-2和pe-38基因与黄杉毒蛾多角体病毒的同源性较高,与家蚕核型多角体病毒的同源性都很低;在分子进化方面,这2个基因的保守性不强,出现大片段缺失,是研究分子进化及物种关系比较典型的基因。     

Heat shock proteins in canine transmissible venereal tumor

SDS-PAGE, Western blot analysis and immunohistochemical staining were used to detect heat shock proteins (HSPs) 60, 70 and 90 in canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT). Tissues tested for HSPs included: (1) tissues from different growth phases of CTVT tumors artificially induced in dogs; (2) tissues from other canine tumors; (3) normal dog tissues. Our results indicate that HSP 60 was consistently higher in CTVT cells in regressing phase than those in progressing phase. However, no detectable antibody response specific to the tested HSPs was found in the sera from CTVT-laden dogs in different growth phases. Although levels of the HSPs were all detectable in CTVT cells, only 60 and 70 were higher in CTVT cells than in normal tissues. In addition, none of the HSPs were detected in cells from five other canine tumors. These data suggest that canine HSP 60 and 70 are potential markers for CTVT and HSP 60 is appear to be involved in CTVT regression.PCR was used to confirm the existence of CTVT cells using primers designed to cover the sequence between the 5' end of c-myc near the first exon and the 3' end outside the LINE gene. Only CTVT samples were positive for this sequence; samples from other tumors and normal tissues were negative. The sequenced PCR products indicated that CTVT from Taiwan and other countries exhibited over 98% sequence homology. This reconfirms that, worldwide, all CTVT cells are very similar.     

Phylogenetic relationships of rodent pinworms (genus Syphacia) in Japan inferred from mitochondrial CO1 gene sequences

Species of the genus Syphacia are considered to have generally co-evolved with their rodent hosts. This study determined partial sequences of the CO1 gene from several species in the genus Syphacia and discuss the relationships between pinworms and their hosts. Syphacia montana, which parasitizes Microtinae, was closely related to S. frederici and S. obvelata, which parasitize Murinae. Although both S. obvelata and S. ohtaorum parasitize rodents in the genus Mus, these two species were not found to be closely related to each other. Syphacia frederici, S. emileromani and S. agraria are all pinworms of the Apodemus species, but genetic affiliation between these three species was not indicated. These facts suggest that the co-evolutionary relationship between species of the genus Syphacia and their host rodents may not so strict and host switching has probably occurred during the course of evolution.