连钱草萃取物对4种植物病原真菌抑菌活性的测定

通过超声波提取法和液液分配萃取法制备连钱草萃取物,采用生长速率法测定连钱草萃取物对4种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性。结果表明：连钱草的石油醚萃取物和氯仿萃取物对苹果腐烂病菌、棉花立枯病菌、黄瓜枯萎病菌、番茄灰霉病菌等4种植物病原真菌均有较强的抑制活性,其中氯仿萃取物对棉花立枯病菌的抑制作用最强,EC50为0.619 3mg/mL。石油醚萃取物对4种植物病原真菌的EC50分别为：0.837 3、3.517 8、1.496 0、2.3517mg/mL,氯仿萃取物对4种植物病原真菌的EC50分别为：0.619 3、4.458 6、1.689 8、1.556 3mg/mL。     

3种丝柏油醇络合物对11种植物病原真菌的室内抑菌活性

采用生长速率法测定了丝柏油醇铜、钙、钠3种络合物对11种常见植物病原真菌菌丝生长的抑制作用。结果表明,3种丝柏油醇络合物对小麦全蚀病菌、小麦赤霉病菌、柑橘炭疽病菌、苹果轮纹病菌、黄瓜枯萎病菌、棉花枯萎病菌、西瓜炭疽病菌、苹果斑点落叶病菌、大葱紫斑病菌、玉米纹枯病菌和番茄灰霉病菌菌丝生长均有不同程度的抑制作用,其中对棉花枯萎病菌和番茄灰霉病菌的抑制效果相对较高,EC_(50)分别为21.69~27.13mg/L和25.18~29.43mg/L。而3种络合物对其他病菌的EC_(50),除钙络合物对柑橘炭疽病菌和西瓜炭疽病菌、钠络合物对柑橘炭疽病、西瓜炭疽病菌和小麦赤霉病菌的EC_(50)高于50mg/L外,均小于等于45.72mg/L。说明3种丝柏油醇络合物均具有防治上述植物病害的潜力,但以铜络合物的活性相对较高。     

羌活提取物对8种植物病原真菌抑制活性研究初报

采用菌丝生长速率法研究了羌活(Notopterygium incisum Ting ex H.Chang)甲醇粗提物及其不同极性溶剂萃取物对8种植物病原真菌的抑制活性。结果表明,当含药培养基中羌活甲醇粗提物的浓度为1.0 mg/m L时,其对苹果腐烂病病菌与葡萄白腐病病菌的抑制活性较好,抑制率均大于75%。进一步采用系统溶剂法对羌活甲醇粗提物进行萃取,发现乙酸乙酯萃取物抑菌活性较好,表明羌活抑菌活性成分主要为中低极性化合物。当含药培养基中乙酸乙酯萃取物浓度为1.0 mg/m L时,其对苹果腐烂病病菌与葡萄白腐病病菌的抑制率均大于90%,EC50分别为0.22 mg/m L与0.26 mg/m L。     

戊唑醇对苹果斑点落叶病菌及轮纹病菌的毒力和药效评价

采用菌丝生长速率法测定了戊唑醇对苹果斑点落叶病菌Alternaria mali和苹果轮纹病菌Physalospora piricola的毒力并进行了田间药效试验。室内测定结果表明:戊唑醇抑制苹果斑点落叶病菌菌丝生长的EC50和EC90值分别为0.034和0.587 μg/mL,抑制苹果轮纹病菌菌丝生长的EC50和EC90值分别为0.019 和0.394 μg/mL。43%戊唑醇悬浮剂61 ~86 mg/L(5 000 ~7 000倍液)对苹果斑点落叶病的防效为84.6% ~88.8%,108 ~143 mg/L(3 000 ~4 000倍液)对苹果轮纹病的防效为73.8% ~86.4%,且该药剂在本试验剂量范围内对苹果树安全。     

2种昆虫病原线虫共生菌的代谢产物对苹果病原菌真菌的抑菌作用

嗜线虫致病杆菌(Xenorhabdus nematophila HB310)和发光杆菌(Photorhabdus luminescens HB140)是分别从小卷蛾斯氏线虫和异小杆线虫中分离到的2株昆虫病原线虫共生菌。为了明确这2种共生菌的抑菌活性,分别测定了其对苹果上6种主要病原真菌的抑菌活性。结果表明,这2种共生菌对6种苹果病原真菌均有不同程度的抑制作用。嗜线虫致病杆菌HB310菌株发酵液对苹果轮纹病病原菌抑制效果最好,抑制率达76.9%,对其他病原菌的抑制作用依次为苹果树腐烂病病原菌(74.1%)>苹果斑点落叶病病原菌(60.9%)>苹果灰霉病病原菌(46.7%)>苹果青霉病病原菌(44.5%)>苹果炭疽病病原菌(23.0%);发光杆菌HB140菌株发酵液对苹果灰霉病病原菌的抑制作用最好,抑制率达到86.7%,对其他病原菌的抑制作用依次为苹果树腐烂病病原菌(76.6%)>苹果轮纹病病原菌(58.8%)>苹果斑点落叶病病原菌(46.0%)>苹果青霉病病原菌(44.2%)>苹果炭疽病病原菌(39.9%)。2种共生菌发酵液对苹果轮纹病菌均有较强的抑制作用,其EC50分别为42.28和42.92 mL/L。     

竹醋液对几种植物病原真菌的抑制活性

 新制竹醋液抑制6种作物8种病原真菌菌丝生长的活性大小序为:苹果霉心病菌 > 小麦赤霉病菌 > 黄瓜炭疽病菌 > 番茄灰霉病菌 > 葡萄炭疽病菌 > 番茄早疫病菌 > 草莓灰霉病菌 > 苹果腐烂病菌 > 苹果轮纹病菌 > 黄瓜灰霉病菌,有效抑制中浓度(EC₅₀)介于0.1185%-0.8035%(g/mL,干重/体积)之间。室温下保存1年的竹醋液抑制7种作物8种病菌菌丝生长的EC₅₀在0.0832%-0.3334%之间,对苹果霉心病菌的抑制活性下降,对6种作物的6种病菌的抑制活性均高于新制竹醋液。在2%水琼脂培养基上测定发现竹醋液明显抑制草莓灰霉菌分生孢子萌发,对该菌7个菌株的EC₅₀在0.0365%-0.1311%之间,平均为0.0673±0.0332%。叶盘漂浮法测定发现0.0125%、0.025%和0.05%的竹醋液对葡萄霜霉病的防效分别为23.5%、38.8%和78.4%,对葡萄霜霉病菌5个菌株EC₅₀在0.0191%-0.0464%之间,平均为0.0317 ±0.0109%。     

肉桂精油对4种重要果蔬病原真菌的生物活性研究

为进一步明确肉桂精油的农用抑菌活性,采用菌丝生长速率法、孢子萌发法和活体组织法系统测试了其对番茄灰霉病菌、苹果青霉病菌、番茄茎枯病菌和黄瓜镰刀菌4种重要果蔬病原真菌的抑菌活性。结果表明,肉桂精油对番茄灰霉病菌的抑制效果较好。离体活性测试中,肉桂精油对4种供试菌菌丝生长的抑制中浓度（EC50）分别为272.17、324.78、316.24、326.95 mg/L;对4种供试菌孢子萌发的EC50分别为196.01、273.52、390.44、311.23 mg/L。果实针刺法试验结果表明,在10 g/L处理剂量下,肉桂精油对番茄灰霉病的治疗作用和保护作用分别为64.16%和34.90%（3 d）,保护作用与对照药剂1 g/L腐霉利无显著差异。     

牛至精油及其主要成分香芹酚和百里酚对16种植物病原真菌的抑制活性

为评价牛至精油及其2种主要成分香芹酚和百里酚在植物真菌病害防治方面的应用前景,采用菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发法测定3种物质对16种植物病原真菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发的抑制活性,并采用黄瓜子叶法测定其对黄瓜灰霉病的防治效果。结果表明,牛至精油在500 mg/L浓度处理下可完全抑制番茄早疫病菌Alternaria solani、黄瓜灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea和小麦根腐病菌Bipolaris sorokiniana等12种植物病原真菌的菌丝生长,对棉花黄萎病菌Verticillium dahliae的菌丝生长抑制率也达到97.66%。牛至精油对这13种病原真菌的EC₅₀在83.09~236.58 mg/L之间,香芹酚和百里酚对这13种病原真菌的毒力均高于牛至精油,其中香芹酚对黄瓜灰霉病菌、油菜菌核病菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum、小麦全蚀病菌Gaeumannomyces graminis、棉花黄萎病菌和小麦茎基腐病菌Fusarium pseudograminearum菌丝生长的毒力较强,EC₅₀分别为9.09、22.45、24.28、28.40和28.80 mg/L;百里酚对黄瓜灰霉病菌和小麦全蚀病菌菌丝生长的毒力较强,EC50分别为21.32 mg/L和27.08 mg/L。香芹酚和百里酚对棉花黄萎病菌、玉米大斑病菌Setosphaeria turcica、苦瓜枯萎病菌Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.momordicae、黄瓜灰霉病菌和黄瓜炭疽病菌Colletotrichum orbiculare的孢子萌发亦有较强毒力,其EC₅₀为3.78~289.07 mg/L。1 000 mg/L牛至精油对黄瓜灰霉病的预防效果与400 mg/L嘧霉胺悬浮剂的预防效果无显著差异;500 mg/L百里酚对黄瓜灰霉病的预防效果和治疗效果均与400 mg/L嘧霉胺悬浮剂的效果相当,而香芹酚的治疗效果显著优于400 mg/L嘧霉胺悬浮剂。表明牛至精油及其主要成分香芹酚和百里酚的抑菌谱广且活性强,具有作为植物源杀菌剂的开发应用潜力。     

香附子根茎提取物对植物病原真菌的抑菌活性

本研究采用菌丝生长速率法,测定了香附子根茎甲醇粗提物及其萃取物对9种植物病原真菌的抑制活性.结果表明,在10 mg/mL的浓度下,甲醇粗提物对姜白绢病菌的抑制效果最好,抑制率达到100％,其EC50值为0.93 mg/mL;在5 mg/mL的浓度下,石油醚萃取物对姜白绢病菌的抑制效果最好,抑制率为99.72％,其EC5...     

三株昆虫病原线虫共生菌胞外产物的抑菌活性

采用生长速率法、孢子萌发法、活体组织法和盆栽试验对3株昆虫病原线虫共生菌胞外产物甲醇提取物的抑菌活性进行了系统研究.结果表明,3个菌株甲醇提取物对番茄灰霉病菌、辣椒疫霉病菌、油菜菌核病菌的菌丝生长,对番茄灰霉病菌、玉米大斑病菌、稻瘟病菌、白菜黑斑病菌、杨树溃疡病菌、小麦根腐病菌的孢子萌发均有很强抑制作用.其中嗜线虫致病杆菌YL001菌株对辣椒疫霉病菌菌丝生长的抑制作用最强,EC50为35.11mg/L;伯氏致病杆菌YL002菌株对番茄灰霉病菌菌丝生长的抑制作用最强,EC50为 42.16mg/L;嗜线虫致病杆菌TB菌株对油菜菌核病菌菌丝生长的抑制作用最强,EC50为18.95mg/L.3个菌株甲醇提取物对玉米大斑病菌孢子萌发都有很强的抑制作用,EC50分别为28.03、36.77和26.40mg/L.3个菌株甲醇提取物在1000mg/L浓度下,对离体番茄果实灰霉病的治疗和保护效果均在70%以上;对盆栽番茄灰霉病和辣椒疫霉病的治疗和保护效果均在65%以上.     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.