日粮精粗比对泌乳奶牛养分消化的影响

选择4头安装有永久性瘤胃、十二指肠前端和回肠末端T形瘘管的荷斯坦泌乳奶牛,按4×4拉丁方设计,分别以铬染纤维和Co-EDTA为食糜固相和液相指示剂,研究精粗比约为30∶70的“高低质粗料型”日粮、30∶70的混合型高青贮日粮、50∶50的精粗料比例相当的日粮及65∶35的高精料日粮等4种日粮对瘤胃食糜稀释率及干物质(dry matter,DM)、有机物(organic matter,OM)、中性洗涤纤维(neutraldetergent fiber,NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(acid detergent fiber,ADF)等养分进食量、十二指肠流量及消化道不同部位表观消化率的影响。结果表明:日粮精粗比显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)影响奶牛DM、OM、NDF和ADF进食量、十二指肠流量及DM、OM和ADF瘤胃表观降解率,而对奶牛瘤胃食糜液相和固相稀释率、NDF瘤胃表观降解率及DM、OM、NDF和ADF后肠道和全消化道表观消化率没有影响(P>0.05)。     

不同生育期饲料油菜瘤胃降解特性的研究

本试验旨在通过测定不同生育期(现蕾期、盛花期和结荚期)饲料油菜在奶牛瘤胃内的降解规律,为饲料油菜的合理开发和利用提供理论依据。以不同生育时期饲料油菜为试验样品,选用永久性瘤胃瘘管荷斯坦奶牛为试验动物,采用尼龙袋法,测定4 h、8 h、12 h、16 h、24 h、36 h、48 h和72 h的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)和中性洗涤纤维(NDF)在瘤胃内的降解率。试验结果表明,随着生育时期的推进,DM瘤胃降解率呈降低趋势,由高到低依次为现蕾期、盛花期和结荚期;饲料油菜生育时期对降解参数快速降解部分(a)、慢速降解部分(b)和有效降解率(ED)的含量有较大影响,结荚期的CP快速降解部分a值显著高于盛花期和现蕾期(p0.05),CP的慢速降解部分b值表现为现蕾期显著高于盛花期和结荚期(p0.05)。现蕾期的DM快速降解部分a和慢速降解部分b显著高于结荚期的相应降解部分(p0.05)。盛花期的NDF快速降解部分a和慢速降解部分b显著高于结荚期的相应降解部分(p0.05)。盛花期的CP有效降解率(EDCP)、DM有效降解率(EDDM)和NDF有效降解率(EDNDF)显著高于结荚期(p0.05)。不同生育时期饲料油菜在瘤胃降解率不同,盛花期的CP有效降解率高于现蕾期和结荚期,DM和NDF的有效降解率都表现为结荚期最低。     

不同培养料对秋冬季平菇生长的影响

随着平菇生产规模逐年增大,传统培养料棉籽壳和玉米芯用量日趋紧张,急需开发新的本地原料来满足平菇栽培生产需求。试验用米糠为N源,加入不同比例的棉籽壳、玉米秆、稻草,共设9个处理,探讨米糠、棉籽壳、稻草、玉米秆等栽培料对秋冬季平菇生长的影响。结果表明,不同平菇菌株在9种培养基中的菌丝生长速度、长势及子实体产量都表现出明显差异;平菇菌株都能在稻草和玉米秆中生长,其菌丝生长速度比以棉籽壳为主料处理的菌丝生长速度快,一二茬菇的生物学产量高;平菇3806可选用处理Ⅱ(棉籽壳60%,米糠18%,玉米秆20%,石灰1%,碳酸钙1%)和处理Ⅳ(棉籽壳40%,米糠18%,玉米秆40%,石灰1%,碳酸钙1%)的配方栽培,平菇703可选用处理Ⅰ(棉籽壳80%,米糠18%,石灰1%,碳酸钙1%)的配方栽培,平菇150可选用处理Ⅱ(棉籽壳60%,米糠18%,玉米秆20%,石灰1%,碳酸钙1%)和处理Ⅲ(棉籽壳60%,米糠18%,稻草20%,石灰1%,碳酸钙1%)的配方栽培。     

蛋氨酸硒对西门塔尔牛瘤胃发酵及尿嘌呤衍生物的影响

选用4头平均体重420 kg、年龄2.5岁装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的西门塔尔牛阉牛,采用4x4拉丁方设计,以混合精料和风干玉米秸秆为基础日粮,以蛋氨酸硒为硒源,在基础日粮中分别添加硒0 mg·kg-1、0.3mg·kg-1、0.6 mg·kg-1和0.9 mg·kg-1,研究蛋氨酸硒对西门塔尔牛瘤胃pH、氨态氮、VFA、营养物质降解率及尿嘌呤衍生物浓度的影响.结果表明:不同浓度硒处理间西门塔尔牛瘤胃pH、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)和乙酸,丙酸无显著差异(P>0.05),氨态氮浓度显著低于对照(P<0.05);0.6mg·kg-1硒处理组西门塔尔牛玉米秸秆干物质(DM)、有机物质(OM)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和豆粕DM、OM、粗蛋白质(CP)有效降解率均显著高于对照(P<0.05);0.6mg·kg-1和0.9mg·kg-1硒处理组西门塔尔牛尿囊素和尿嘌呤衍生物浓度显著高于0.3 mg·kg-1组和对照组(P<0.05);西门塔尔牛日粮以蛋氨酸硒为硒源时,硒的适宜添加浓度为0.6 mg·kg-1.     

菌渣还田对梨园土壤性状及梨果品质的影响

在7年生梨树行间进行10、12.5和15kg/m23种投料量的覆土栽培平菇试验,将出菇后的菌渣还田,以探明菌渣还田对梨园土壤性状及梨果实品质的影响。结果表明:(1)与对照相比,菌渣还田使0～40cm土层土壤容重降低7.3%～14.9%(P<0.05),土壤空隙度增加4.2%～11.5%(P<0.05),土壤总有机碳含量提高32.7%～56.0%(P<0.01),活性有机碳含量提高39.2%～92.5%(P<0.01),并提高了活性有机碳占总有机碳含量比例;(2)与对照相比,0～40cm土层细菌数量提高12.1%～47.0%,放线菌数量提高19.5%～82.8%;真菌数量68.7%～163.6%(P<0.01),微生物生物量碳氮分别提高13.4%～32.2%(P<0.01)和9.3%～37.1%;(3)土壤脲酶活性提高23.2%～47.6%(P<0.05),蔗糖酶活性提高25.7%～58.6%(P<0.01),磷酸酶活性提高14.8%～33.6%(P<0.01)、过氧化氢酶活性提高4.8%～20.2%,且随菌渣还田量的增加而增加;(4)菌渣还田使梨单果重提高9.2%～15.0%(P<0.05),硬度增加3.9%～5.3%(P<0.05),可溶性固形物含量提高11.7%～19.5%(P<0.05),可溶性糖含量提高4.2%～6.3%(P<0.05),可滴定酸含量降低3.1%～7.7%。在梨树行间按15kg/m2投料量覆土栽培平菇,还田后的菌渣可显著提高梨园0～40cm土层土壤肥力,并改善梨果实品质。     

食用菌菌糠配施化肥改良滨海盐碱耕地的效果研究

为了研究食用菌菌糠配施化肥对滨海盐碱耕地的改良效果,探索出一项绿色、高效、节约型的改良培肥技术,试验设置了空白对照CK(不施肥)、T1(单施化肥)、T2(90%化肥+10%菌糠)、T3(70%化肥+30%菌糠)、T4(50%化肥+50%菌糠)和T5(30%化肥+70%菌糠)共6个处理组。研究结果表明：食用菌菌糠配施化肥对滨海盐碱耕地的改良效果显著优于CK及T1处理组。(1)土壤物理性状：T3和T4处理组的土壤容重都显著下降(P<0.05),分别下降9.79%和17.48%;与CK相比,孔隙度变化也均表现出显著性差异(P<0.05)。(2)土壤化学性状：随着菌糠施用量的增加,土壤的p H值及碱化度整体上呈下降趋势,土壤阳离子交换量呈增加趋势,其中T5组效果最佳。(3)土壤酶活性：随着菌糠施用量的增加,土壤脲酶活性表现为先增后降,T4处理组的效果最好,脲酶活性高达1.65 mg·g^-1·d^-1;同时T4处理组土壤转化酶活性最高,较CK提高18.19%。(4)土壤有机质和全氮、有效磷、速效钾养分：T2、T3、T4及T5处理组土壤有机质含...     

不同改良剂对融雪剂盐害土壤的修复效果

[目的]探究不同改良剂对融雪剂盐害土壤的修复效果及其对矮牵牛生长的影响,为改良剂的大田推广提供理论依据。[方法]采用香菇菌糠、平菇菌糠和脱硫石膏3种改良剂,通过土柱室内模拟试验,对改良后土壤的pH值,土壤电导率(EC),K+,Na+,Cl-、容重和孔隙度进行测定。[结果]改良处理后,pH值均有不同程度的降低;香菇菌糠施用量为24g/kg时,降低土壤EC值效果最显著;平菇菌糠改良可以有效提高土壤中K+离子含量;对于降低土壤中Na+离子含量而言,表现为:平菇菌糠香菇菌糠脱硫石膏;香菇菌糠处理(24g/kg)对于降低土壤中Cl-离子含量、土壤容重和提高孔隙度等方面效果最显著,土壤容重比CK减少了57.3%,孔隙度增加了24.6%,使矮牵牛单株鲜重较CK增加了244.64%。[结论]当香菇菌糠施用量达到24g/kg时,改良融雪剂盐害土壤的效果最显著。     

山西省食用菌中铅、镉含量与膳食暴露评估

为了解山西省境内生产基地栽培食用菌中重金属污染状况,对被测食用菌中重金属进行安全性评价,并分析居民潜在膳食暴露风险,本文采集山西省境内5种种植普遍的食用菌样品158份,采用原子吸收光谱法测定食用菌样品中危害较大的两种重金属元素铅和镉的含量,并与国家标准中污染物限量值进行比较;采用单因子污染指数法和综合污染指数法评价食用菌中铅和镉的污染状况;采用人体暴露健康风险评价模型,通过计算目标危害系数(THQ)的方法预测经食用菌摄入重金属铅和镉产生的健康风险。结果显示,所抽检的158份食用菌样品中,总体重金属含量水平都很低,仅有1个香菇样品超标,超标率为0.63%。5种食用菌的综合污染指数分别为香菇0.74,平菇0.31,杏鲍菇0.12,金针菇0.051,双孢菇0.27。食用菌中铅污染、镉污染及铅、镉综合污染的THQ均值都1,表明山西省食用菌中铅、镉重金属对居民不会构成明显的健康危害。结果表明,山西省食用菌生产基地中香菇、平菇、杏鲍菇、金针菇、双孢菇等5种主要栽培的食用菌中重金属铅和镉的总体污染程度较低,食用菌中铅、镉对居民健康暴露危害较小,可放心食用。同时,应加大对栽培基质、栽培环境等的监管,从源头保证食用菌的质量安全。     

复配杀菌剂防治平菇尖孢镰刀菌病害的效果测定

为筛选应用于平菇栽培的高效低残留杀菌剂,本试验研究了复配杀菌剂(使百功+多菌灵、使百功+克霉灵、多菌灵+克霉灵)对尖孢镰刀菌与平菇菌丝生长的影响及其在平菇栽培中的应用效果。结果表明,3种复配杀菌剂抑制尖孢镰刀菌菌丝生长的EC₅₀值分别为3.67、4.51和7.01 mg·L^-1,均显著小于对应的单药杀菌剂;3种复配杀菌剂抑制平菇菌丝生长的EC₅₀值分别为156.41、121.97和237.38 mg·L^-1,是其抑制尖孢镰刀菌菌丝生长EC₅₀值的27~43倍。在平菇栽培发酵料中使用0.1%~0.3%的复配杀菌剂使百功+克霉灵,菌丝生长速度加快,生物学效率升高;与未添加杀菌剂处理相比,污染率降低6.1~8.8个百分点;与使百功处理相比,平菇子实体中的农药残留量降低71.8%~76.6%。综上,复配杀菌剂能有效降低平菇子实体中的农药残留,其中使百功+克霉灵复配杀菌剂效果最好,是一种高效低残留的平菇枯萎病防治药剂。     

蛋白质和过瘤胃脂肪对晋南牛瘤胃发酵和尿嘌呤衍生物的影响

为探究蛋白质和富含不饱和脂肪酸的过瘤胃脂肪对瘤胃发酵和尿嘌呤衍生物的影响,选用4头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的晋南阉牛,按照蛋白质需要量的85%、100%和115%设计3个水平,并在此基础上添加0、2.5%、5.0%和7.5%的亚麻油制作的钙皂作为过瘤胃脂肪,采用3×4两因素设计,共形成12组饲粮组合,测定瘤胃pH、氨态氮浓度(NH_3-N)浓度、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)含量以及尿嘌呤衍生物(PD)的排出量。结果表明,蛋白质和过瘤胃脂肪水平对瘤胃pH均无显著影响。蛋白质水平对NH_3-N浓度影响显著,9组NH_3-N显著高于1、2、3、4和8组,10组显著高于3和8组;对丙酸和乙酸、丁酸、乙酸/丙酸及总酸分别具有极显著和显著影响,5组的乙酸浓度较1、2、3和4组显著提高,9、10和11组瘤胃液中的丙酸浓度较1和2组显著提高,12组较2组显著提高,10组的丁酸浓度显著高于7和8组,1和2组的乙酸/丙酸比值显著高于9、10和11组;对精补料养分有效降解率影响极显著,对秸秆有机物(OM)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)分别具有极显著和显著影响,10组精补料粗蛋白质(CP)瘤胃有效降解率显著高于2、3、4、5、6、7和8组,1、9、11和12组显著高于4、5、6、7和8组;对玉米秸秆中ADF瘤胃有效降解率6、7和8组显著高于除5和12组之外的其余各组,5和12组显著高于除9和11组之外的其余各组;对尿囊素和尿嘌呤衍生物有显著影响,12组的尿囊素和尿嘌呤衍生物显著高于1和4组,11组尿酸显著高于其余组。综上,饲粮蛋白质水平对瘤胃发酵和尿嘌呤衍生物具有显著影响,饲粮蛋白质水平为饲养标准需要量前提下,过瘤胃脂肪适宜添加量为饲粮的5%。本研究结果为肉牛养殖中日粮过瘤胃脂肪添加量及蛋白质水平提供了一定的依据。     

Effects of spent mushroom substrates and inorganic fertilizer on the characteristics of a calcareous clayey‐loam soil and lettuce production

We evaluated the effects of the addition of two types of spent mushroom substrate (SMS), SMS from an Agaricus bisporus crop (SMS1) and a mixture of SMSs from an A. bisporus crop and a Pleurotus crop (50% v/v each) (SMS2), on the characteristics of a calcareous clayey‐loam soil and the yield and nutritional status of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), relative to crops receiving mineral fertilizer (M) and a control (C) without amendment. The application of SMS, especially SMS1, improved soil fertility compared with C and M soils. Moreover, the use of these organic substrates as soil amendments did not harm the plants and gave yields similar to that obtained with mineral fertilizer. The nutritional contents of the lettuce plants were greater than or similar to those of the plants from treatment C or M, except for the plant tissue concentrations of K, Fe and Zn, which were significantly reduced by SMS application. However, this latter fact did not reduce the lettuce yield in the amended soils. Therefore, the use of SMSs as organic amendments contributes to residue utilization, in an environmentally friendly way, and to improved soil fertility and crop yield.     

Effects of Organic Materials on Growth,Yield, and Fruit Quality of Honeydew Melon

The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) and chicken manure compost (ChMC) on growth, yield, and fruit quality of honeydew melon and to determine the most suitable rate of SMS for honeydew melon production. Honeydew melon seedlings grown in four different rates of SMS were planted in the net house with two different organic material rates (M1, M2). The experiment was arranged in a split-plot design. The results showed that increasing of organic materials in the net house increased growth, yield, and quality of honeydew melon, due to enhancing of pH, organic matter (OM,) and the nutrient concentrations in the soil. However, growing media with 40 % SMS + 60 % ChMC in the nursery period and the rate of 10 tons SMS + 10 tons ChMC ha^?1 in the net house period gave the best yield and fruit quality of honeydew melon.     

滨海新围滩涂不同改良方式对土壤盐渍化调控效应及其主控因素

土壤盐渍化是制约滨海新围滩涂围垦区土壤质量的最主要因子,严重抑制了作物的生长和产量。试验设置了对照处理(CK)、有机肥(OM)、聚丙烯酰胺+有机肥(PAM+OM)、秸秆覆盖+有机肥(SM+OM)、秸秆深埋+有机肥(BS+OM)和生物菌肥+有机肥(BM+OM)6个处理方式,研究不同改良方式对滨海盐碱地土壤盐渍化的调控效应,明确改良过程中土壤盐渍化程度变异的主控因素。结果表明,表层土壤含盐量、钠吸附比和碱化度随着燕麦生育期的推移逐渐上升,而pH随着燕麦生育期的推移逐渐下降。与CK处理相比,PAM+OM、SM+OM、BS+OM和BM+OM措施能够显著降低0—20cm深度的土壤含盐量、pH、钠吸附比和碱化度。其中,SM+OM措施对土壤含盐量的抑制效果最好,达到68.0%~73.6%;而BM+OM措施对pH、钠吸附比和碱化度的调控效果最佳,分别降低4.5%~8.2%,61.5%~80.8%和55.5%~79.4%。主控因素分析表明环境因子中的土壤容重、土壤含水量和蒸发量对表层土壤盐渍化程度的影响均达到极显著水平(P<0.01),而风速和降水量的影响则达到显著水平(P<0.05)。     

室内恒温条件下稻田土壤中菌渣的分解过程及CO2释放特征

菌渣是栽培食用菌后的下脚料,可作为有机肥再利用。本文通过实验室条件下培养不同比例的菌渣和稻田土壤混合物[不施用菌渣(TS),土壤与菌渣质量比为10∶1(SM1)、5∶1(SM2)和2∶1(SM3),全部菌渣(TM)],研究不同处理有机碳和全氮的变化,探讨菌渣在稻田土壤中的分解过程,并分析CO_2释放特征,为菌渣合理利用提供参考。结果表明,在相同培养时间,添加不同比例菌渣处理有机碳和氮含量均比TS处理高,其中TM处理的有机碳和全氮分别比TS处理提高了10.7倍和11.0倍。有机碳、氮含量的提高量主要依赖于菌渣的添加量。总体来说,各处理随培养时间的延长,由于碳氮的分解,有机碳、氮均有下降趋势;在35 d后TM处理有机碳氮下降较快。添加菌渣越多,有机碳残留率也越大。在培养63 d后,菌渣有机碳(YC)和氮(YN)的分解残留率与菌渣添加量(X)的关系式分别为:YC=71.26X-0.607 5,r2=1.000 0**和YN=74.039X-0.413 3,r2=0.999 9**。各处理土壤CO_2释放速率均表现出先增后降然后趋于稳定趋势。菌渣用量越高,CO_2释放速率越高,各处理在不同培养时间CO_2释放速率均表现为TMSM3SM2SM1TS。在第7 d时各处理CO_2释放速率最高,在第14 d时渐渐处于平稳下降状态,培养35 d后,各处理土壤有机碳矿化强度很小,大部分有机碳被固定在土壤中,其中TM处理有机碳矿化强度最小。总之,还田菌渣越多,土壤中被固定的碳越多。     

Responses of herbage and cattle tail switch hair δ15N value to long-term stocking rates on a rough fescue grassland

The purpose of this study was to investigate the response of δ¹⁵N in herbage and cattle tail switch hair to long-term grazing pressure on a rough fescue grassland (Festuca campestris Rydb.) near Stavely, Alberta, Canada. Cattle have grazed the paddocks from 15 May to 15 November annually since 1949. Stocking rates were 0, 2.4 and 4.8 animal unit months ha^?1 for non-grazing (Control), moderate grazing (MG) and heavy grazing (HG), respectively. Green standing crop (GSC) was sampled monthly throughout the grazing season in 2007. The GSC was fractioned into neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and their total nitrogen (TN) concentration and δ¹⁵N values in NDF, ADF and GSC were determined. Tail switch hair samples from cows (>2 years old) and calves (<1 year) were collected at the end of the grazing season in 2007 and 2008 and analysed for δ¹⁵N values. The TN concentrations in NDF and δ¹⁵N values in herbage NDF and ADF fractions were higher (P?15N values in tail hair also decreased (P?15N values in tail hair increased with herbage δ¹⁵N values. The δ¹⁵N values in tail hair were enriched by +5.2‰ compared to herbage δ¹⁵N values in 2007. Changes in δ¹⁵N value in GSC and cattle hair reflect the influence of grazing practices on N cycles through the animal/plant/soil system on this rough fescue grassland.     

Release of ferulic acid from oat hulls by Aspergillus ferulic acid esterase and trichoderma xylanase

Oat hulls, an agricultural byproduct, contain a relatively high amount of ferulic acid (FA; 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid), which is believed to be inhibitory to oat hull biodegradability by rumen microorganisms. In this paper, Aspergillus ferulic acid esterase (FAE) was investigated for its ability to release FA from oat hulls. The objectives were to determine the effects of particle size of oat hulls (ground to pass through 1 mm and 250 microm screens and a 100 microm sieve) on release of FA by FAE both in the presence and in the absence of Trichoderma xylanase. The results show that the release of FA by FAE was dependent upon the particle size of oat hulls (< or = 250 microm). In the absence of Trichoderma xylanase, little FA was released by FAE. In the presence of Trichoderma xylanase, there was a significant release of FA by FAE, indicating a synergistic interaction between FAE and Trichoderma xylanase on release of FA from oat hulls. These results indicate that FAE is able to break the ester linkage between FA and the attached sugar, releasing FA from oat hulls. This may leave the remainder of the polysaccharides open for further hydrolytic attack by rumen microorganisms. It is likely that removing FA from oat hulls could improve rumen biodegradability, thus improving the nutritional value of oat hulls.