利用微卫星和线粒体D-loop区联合分析大尾寒羊的遗传多样性

本研究对42只大尾寒羊的10个微卫星标记进行了遗传多样性分析,并对其中38只个体的线粒体DNAD-loop区的进行了测序和多态性分析。结果表明,10个微卫星位点共发现38个等位基因,平均观察杂合度为0.3631,平均PIC值为0.416,FST、FIS和FIT平均值分别为0.0842、0.1784和0.2466,且该群体的HO相似文献   

基于线粒体基因COI和cyt b序列的山雀科、攀雀科及长尾山雀属鸟类的分子系统发育分析

过去的几十年来对山雀科鸟类及其亲缘类群的系统发育关系的研究很多,然而,由于各研究采用不同的遗传标记,关于这些物种间系统发育关系的争议越来越大.在本研究中,我们采用最大似然法和贝叶斯法分析所获得的15个物种(10个山雀科物种,4个长尾山雀属物种和中华攀雀)的线粒体基因cyt 6和COI片断的联合序列.基于不同片断和分子进化模型间的一致性且强烈的支持,山雀科及其亲缘类群物种间的系统发育关系得到了很好的解决.和以往用不同的遗传标记研究结果一样,山雀科和攀雀科的单系性得到支持,而山雀科和长尾山雀属的单系性则被拒绝.我们的结果建议将山雀属亚属Machlolophus提升为属.虽然在我们的研究中,长尾山雀属的系统发生关系获得很高的支持,然而,考虑到该属物种内的分子和形态性状的差异,还需要更多的数据来解决该属的系统发育.基于该属物种的多样性和特有化格局,我们认为中国西南山地很可能就是该属的演化中心.以每百万年2%的进化速率来估算物种的分化时间,结果表明该属物种的分化时间为从晚第三纪到第四纪(从5.5至0.1百万年).经比较分析,我们发现同域分布的物种存在着一致的遗传分化格局.     

安徽白山羊保种群微卫星标记遗传多样性分析

为了解安徽白山羊保种群的遗传多样性,试验选取了具有较高多态性的7个微卫星标记,进行了安徽白山羊保种群的遗传多样性分析。结果表明:7个微卫星标记共检测到45个等位基因和54种基因型,以OarAE54等位基因和基因型数量最多,DRBP1等位基因和基因型数量最少,每个标记的平均等位基因数为6.43个;7个微卫星标记的多态信息含量和平均杂合度均高于0.85,显示为高度多态;OarAE54标记的群体遗传杂合度高达0.864。说明安徽白山羊保种群群体遗传多样性丰富。     

无特定病原体HBK-B和HBK—Q种鸭的遗传多样性分析

利用18个微卫星标记对国家实验禽类种子中心保存的HBK-B和HBK-Q两个封闭鸭群进行遗传分析.试验结果表明:两个群体中各有7个位点的多态信息含量(PIC)大于0.5,18个微卫星标记的平均PIC分别为0.474和0.480,呈中度多态;校正后的等位基因丰富度分别为3.56和3.54,表明这两个群体的遗传多样性基本相同.等位基因频率差异的卡方检验和两个群体间的遗传分化系数FST值显著水平的检验均证明这两个群体间的遗传分化已经达到了极显著水平(P<0.01),趋于形成两个不同的品系,但在今后的选育过程中应该对已经存在的近交加以控制.     

山东省地方山羊品种群微卫星基因座的遗传多样性

选用来源于牛和绵羊的27个微卫星DNA标记,对山东省4个地方山羊品种进行遗传多样性分析,通过计算等位基因频率、多态信息含量、不同标记的平均杂和度、总群体杂合度、亚群体杂合度、群体杂合度、基因分化系数、不同群体的F-统计量、基因流动数、不同群体间的基因流动个数和遗传距离并进行聚类分析,评估其种内变异和种间变异的关系,以群体平均杂合度、F-统计量和遗传分化系数为基础,结合四个山羊种群的实际生存状况,提出避免近交和种群间杂交符合山东山羊种群实际状况的保种模式。研究结果可为山东地方种质特性研究提供基础数据,为山东地方山羊种群的合理保护利用提供科学依据。     

山东省地方山羊品种群微卫星基因座的遗传多样性

选用来源于牛和绵羊的27个微卫星DNA标记,对山东省4个地方山羊品种进行遗传多样性分析,通过计算等位基因频率、多态信息含量、不同标记的平均杂和度、总群体杂合度、亚群体杂合度、群体杂合度、基因分化系数、不同群体的F-统计量、基因流动数、不同群体间的基因流动个数和遗传距离并进行聚类分析,评估其种内变异和种间变异的关系,以群体平均杂合度、F-统计量和遗传分化系数为基础,结合四个山羊种群的实际生存状况,提出避免近交和种群间杂交符合山东山羊种群实际状况的保种模式。研究结果可为山东地方种质特性研究提供基础数据,为山东地方山羊种群的合理保护利用提供科学依据。     

微卫星DNA标记与乌骨鸡屠宰性能的相关分析

微卫星(mierosatellite)DNA标记是由重复单位为2～6 bp的核苷酸序列所构成的串联重复序列,由于重复单位的重复数目不同,形成了微卫星标记的丰富多态性.微卫星标记普遍存在于真核生物基因组中,由于具有数量多、分布广、多态性丰富、呈共显性遗传方式及检测快速和方便等优点而成为当今包括人类在内的各物种基因作图的首选标记,并在基因诊断、物种的演变追踪、QTL分析、系谱的确定、群体遗传结构分析、标记辅助选择等方面显示出巨大的应用价值.     

不同保种方法对地方鸡种的保种效果分析

利用微卫星分子标记和血液蛋白位点标记分析了柴鸡种群不同保种方法的保种效果.计算了等位基因频率、有效等位基因数、杂合度、多态信息含量、F-统计量、迁移率和Nei氏遗传距离等指标,并采用UPGMA方对遗传距离进行聚类.柴鸡各群体具有较高的杂合度,遗传多样性较为丰富.微卫星位点上的平均基因分化系数Fst为7.02%,表明7.02%的遗传变异源自品种间的差异,而另外92.98%则因个体的差异而产生.结果表明:不同保种方法均较好地保存了柴鸡的遗传多样性,但家系等量留种法好于混群保种.     

基于微卫星标记的中国斑翅山鹑遗传多样性及遗传结构分析

斑翅山鹑(Perdix dauuricae)是具有很高经济价值的猎用禽.为了获得其群体遗传多样性及遗传变异信息,为我国斑翅山鹑进一步有效保护和合理利用提供科学依据,本研究共采用了8个微卫星标记位点对分布于我国北方的斑翅山鹑23个地理种群285个个体进行了群体遗传多样性及遗传结构分析.结果表明,我国斑翅山鹑为遗传多样性较丰富的群体,且每一群体均表现出较高的遗传多样性,其中柴达木盆地地区的种群拥有最高的遗传多样性.遗传分化分析显示组间及组内种群间均表现为遗传分化显著,遗传分化系数(FST)值表明大部分种群间表现出显著的遗传分化.系统树构建和贝叶斯聚类分析结果均显示斑翅山鹑23个地理种群被分化为明显的两个组群.另外,通过BOTTLENECK对各地理种群的分析显示斑翅山鹁种群曾经历过近期瓶颈效应.本研究结果表明,柴达木盆地地区种群、华北平原地区种群、静宁种群、张家川种群以及六盘山地区种群应予以相应关注,以保证有足够的种群大小来保持这些种群的遗传多样性.     

扁蓿豆遗传多样性的SSR分析

应用SSR分子标记对内蒙古野生扁蓿豆4个地理种群进行了遗传多样性研究.结果表明,扁蓿豆具有较高的遗传多样性,12对引物共扩增出66个位点;物种水平上Nei's基因多样性指数为0.2222,Shannon多样性指数为0.3639,种内总基因多样性为0.2223;种群内基因多样性为0.2153,96.88%的遗传变异存在于种群内,3.12%的遗传变异存在于种群间;种群间的遗传分化系数为0.0312,基因流为15.5256;4个种群间有一定遗传分化,但遗传漂变不会引起遗传分化.UPGMA遗传距离聚类结果表明,生态地理条件相似的种群优先聚集.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein