葡萄果实cDNA文库的构建及鉴定

构建葡萄果实cDNA文库是研究果实发育相关基因表达调控的基础工作.本实验从巨峰葡萄果实中提取了高质量的RNA,利用MMLV反转录酶把总RNA中的mRNA反转录成cDNA第一链,用特异引物进行LD-PCR扩增合成双链cDNA.将分级纯化的带有粘性末端双链cDNA与λTrip Ⅰ Ex2载体连接,重组载体体外包埋成为cDNA原始文库.初步鉴定原始文库的滴度为1.32×106 pfu/mL,文库扩增后滴度达1.45×1010 pfu/mL.从扩增文库中随机挑取250个克隆进行PCR鉴定,结果表明重组率为98.7%,插入片段大小在0.5～2.0 kb之间,因此,本研究成功构建了葡萄果实cDNA文库.     

甜瓜cDNA-AFLP分析体系的建立

选用新疆甜瓜伽师和皇后为试材,研究了影响cDNA-AFLP反应体系的几个关键因素,建立了适合于甜瓜的cDNAAFLP反应体系.结果表明:适用于甜瓜cDNA-AFLP分析的RNA可以用Trizol试剂提取的总RNA,双链cDNA合成应用置换法,双链酶切用Vsp Ⅰ、Taq Ⅰ和EcoR 、Mse Ⅰ,效果均能达到目标.相比较而言,Vsp Ⅰ、Taq Ⅰ酶切组合更为理想.酶切cDNA用量、连接产物、预扩增产物稀释倍数参照常规AFLP技术中的常用即可满足要求.检测采用8%的非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳、银染显色,操作较文献介绍的变性胶方法简单、方便.实验得到了较为理想的甜瓜mRNA指纹图谱,建立的反应体系可以应用于甜瓜差异基因表达分析等方面的研究.     

小金海棠抑制性消减cDNA文库的构建及文库质量分析

构建小金海棠抑制性消减文库,为进一步大量筛选、克隆苹果铁高效基因、果树转基因工程奠定基础。试验是在提取水培条件下小金海棠缺铁(EDTA-Fe2＋,4μmol/L)和正常供铁(EDTA-Fe2＋,40 μmol/L)的根的总RNA,经过LD-PCR扩增双链cDNA后,利用抑制性消减杂交(SSH)方法,通过两轮杂交和两次抑制性PCR,构建了小金海棠缺铁条件下包含1200个独立克隆的消减cDNA文库。用菌落PCR检测,结果显示插入片段大小范围在300~800bp之间,提取质粒进行PCR和质粒RsaⅠ酶切同样也得到一致性的结果。     

从干种子中快速获取高质量DNA的高盐提取方法

为寻求一种从植物干种子中简单快速提取高质量基因组DNA的有效方法进行本研究。将种子打磨成粉,取100 mg粉末加入高盐提取液抽提基因组DNA。采用超微量分光光度计检测、PCR及酶切的方法检验DNA的得率和质量。从100 mg 7种常见作物种子粉末中可以得到619.67~1811.21 ng基因组DNA,A260/A280比值在1.87~2.07之间,其纯度和质量适合进行PCR及酶切分析。通过普通PCR方法分别对7种作物的特异性内源基因片段进行扩增,结果均能扩增到明显的目的条带。用EcoRV和HindIII两种核酸内切酶能对所得的DNA充分酶切。结果表明本方法能快速地从干种子中提取到高质量的DNA。     

玉米根部酵母双杂交cDNA文库的构建及评价

从玉米各生长时期的根部中提取总RNA后,再利用磁珠法从中分离纯化出mRNA,然后以mRNA为模板,反转录合成cDNA第一链,再在DNA聚合酶作用下,通过长距离PCR,扩增双链cDNA(ds cDNA).利用SMART技术,通过同源重组的方法,在酵母菌株AH109中构建了玉米根部全长cDNA文库.经检测,文库的转化率为1.76×107转化子/3μgpGADT7-Rec,文库滴度为1.17×106pfu/mL,重组率为95%.     

油茶cDNA-AFLP技术反应体系建立的研究

以小果油茶和普通油茶的嫩叶及种仁为材料,对影响其cDNA-AFLP反应体系的关键因子进行优化分析,筛选出适合油茶的cDNA-AFLP反应体系。结果表明：分别用EASYspin Plus植物RNA快速提取试剂盒和Trizol法能成功获得高质量的油茶嫩叶和种仁总RNA;从总RNA中分离的mRNA经合成双链cDNA后,用限制性内切酶EcoRⅠ和MseⅠ在37℃下5 h内酶切完全,经5 U T4连接酶16℃连接的产物稀释10倍后可直接用于预扩增;在20μL选择性扩增体系中,以预扩增产物稀释30倍为模版、dNTP (10 mmol/L)1.5μL、引物(10μmol/L)1.0μL、Taq酶用量1.25 U时的扩增效果较好。利用优化体系成功筛选出61对可以获得带型丰富且重复性好的引物组合。差异片段回收及PCR检测的结果表明,优化后的cDNA-AFLP分析体系适用于油茶相关差异基因的表达研究。     

油脂形成期棉花种子全长cDNA文库的构建

 提取海岛棉7124开花后25～35 d胚的总RNA,利用SMART技术,经21轮LD-PCR扩增获得全长双链cDNA,经SfiⅠ酶切、层析柱分离后,收集500 bp以上的片段与pDNR-Lib载体连接并转化到感受态DH10B细胞,构建了棉花种子全长cDNA文库。所构建的原始文库库容为5×10⁶,文库滴度为1.5×10⁸ cfu·mL^-1。在文库中随机挑取180个克隆进行PCR检测,结果显示,文库中插入片段长度为0.5～2.5 kb,将挑取的180个单克隆进行EST测序,无空载序列,说明文库重组率为100%;序列分析结果表明,其中与油脂形成相关的EST有13条。以上数据说明构建的文库质量较高,为进一步从文库中分离棉花脂肪酸代谢关键基因,提高棉花含油量奠定了基础。     

辣椒cDNA-AFLP体系的优化与应用

以辣椒花蕾和嫩叶为试验材料,对影响辣椒cDNA-AFLP体系的关键因素进行了探讨,建立了适宜于辣椒基因差异表达的cDNA-AFLP体系。结果表明,Trizol法适用于辣椒花蕾和嫩叶总RNA提取;SMART法合成双链cDNA效率较高;利用Taq I/Ase I分步酶切cDNA各3h可酶切完全;连接产物最佳稀释倍数为15倍;预扩产物稀释15倍经选择性扩增,PAGE电泳可以获得带型丰富且重复性好的结果。辣椒cDNA-AFLP反应体系的建立为辣椒基因的差异表达分析奠定了基础。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.