Th17在原虫感染免疫中的作用

Th17细胞是一类新发现的CD4+T细胞亚群,参与机体的免疫应答,介导炎性反应,已经成为近期的研究热点.Th17细胞介导的免疫涉及抵抗胞外菌感染、介导慢性炎症、参与自身免疫病和肿瘤发生[1],但近来的研究表明,Th17细胞在原虫感染过程中也扮演重要角色.原虫病是危害人类及动物健康的一类重要的寄生虫病,有关原虫感染过程中机体免疫系统应答的研究是研究原虫感染和寻求预防治疗对策的新领域,本文主要综述Th17细胞在原虫感染中作用的研究进展.     

猴头菇多糖协同ConA对小鼠脾细胞分泌Th1、Th2细胞因子及基因表达的影响

研究了猴头菇多糖协同ConA对小鼠体外脾淋巴细胞分泌Th1、Th2细胞因子的量及mRNA表达量的影响,旨在探讨其协同免疫调节机制。用ELISA法检测HEP协同ConA刺激脾淋巴细胞细胞上清液中Th1、Th2细胞因子的量;RT-PCR法检测Th1、Th2细胞因子和转录因子mRNA的表达。结果显示,HEP在25~400mg/L质量浓度范围内能显著协同ConA刺激T细胞亚群Th1细胞因子(IL-2、IFN-γ、TNF-α)和Th2细胞因子(IL-4、IL-6)的分泌及mRNA的表达(P0.05),并显著促进转录因子(T-bet、Gata-3)mRNA的表达(P0.05)。结果表明,HEP能协同ConA促进小鼠脾淋巴细胞Th1、Th2细胞因子的分泌及基因的表达,通过调节Th1/Th2平衡,发挥双重免疫调节作用。     

绵羊痒螨巨噬细胞迁移抑制因子重组蛋白对兔外周血单个核细胞Th1/Th2型和Th17/Treg型特征因子表达的影响

为了初步探讨绵羊痒螨巨噬细胞迁移抑制因子(PoMIF)对健康新西兰兔外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)中Th1/Th2和Th17/Treg细胞平衡的变化。采用RT-PCR从绵羊痒螨总RNA中扩增得到MIF全长基因,经原核表达、纯化重组PoMIF(rPoMIF)蛋白,并分析其氧化还原酶和互变异构酶活性。筛选与健康新西兰兔PBMC孵育的最佳rPoMIF浓度,且用最佳浓度rPoMIF(0.2μg·mL~(-1))与PBMC共同孵育0、1、6、12、24、36 h后收集细胞,用荧光定量PCR检测其Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg细胞相对应的特征性转录因子T-bet/GATA-3/RORc/Foxp3和特征性细胞因子IFN-γ/IL-4/IL-17A/IL-10 mRNA表达变化。结果表明:PoMIF全长363 bp,rPoMIF大小为32 ku(含pET32a标签蛋白19 ku),且具有互变异构酶活性;rPoMIF刺激后PBMC中Th1细胞的T-bet和IFN-γ先下降后上升,Th2细胞的GATA-3和IL-4均呈下降趋势,且T-bet/GATA-3和IFN-γ/IL-4比值在12、24和36 h均升高;Th17细胞的RORc和IL-17A在各时间点下降,而Treg细胞的Foxp3和IL-10在各时间点升高,且RORc/Foxp3和IL-17A/IL-10比值在各时间点均变低。rPoMIF可造成家兔外周血单个核细胞的Th1/Th2和Th17/Treg平衡分别向Th1和Treg偏移。     

PRRSV感染对细胞自噬与Th1/Th2细胞极化影响的研究进展

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征(PRRS)是一种急性、高度接触性传染病,严重危害着养猪业的健康发展。目前的药物和疫苗不能有效防治该病,因此研究猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)的致病机制具有重要意义。自噬是最新发现的一种细胞维持生存的途径,它是通过降解大分子物质及回收受损细胞来维持细胞内环境稳态变化的一种生理现象,在病原微生物感染过程中发挥关键的调控作用。研究表明,PRRSV感染能够诱导细胞自噬,而自噬参与调控Th1/Th2细胞平衡,Th1/Th2细胞因子极化在宿主防御病原感染中起着至关重要的作用。因此,文章对PRRSV感染、Th1/Th2细胞极化与细胞自噬的相关性,以及Th1/Th2细胞极化与PRRSV的免疫相关性进行综述,以期更加深入地了解PRRSV致病机制。     

Th17细胞及其与疾病的研究进展

辅助性T细胞17(T help cell 17,Th17)是2005年新发现的能够分泌白细胞介素17的CD4+ T细胞,其与Th1、Th2、Tregs细胞共同构成CD4+ T细胞的4个亚群,该细胞与炎症、各种感染性疾病、肿瘤和自身免疫性疾病的发生密切相关。作者对Th17细胞及其在某些疾病或病理过程中作用的研究进展进行了简要综述。     

Th17细胞及其分化调控机制研究进展

辅助性T细胞17(T help cell 17,Th17)是2005年发现的能够分泌白细胞介素17的CD4+T细胞,其与Th1、Th2、Tregs共同构成CD4+T细胞的4个亚群。该细胞的分化受多种细胞因子和信号分子精细而复杂地调控。转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)I、L-6I、L-23和RORγt在Th17细胞的分化形成过程中起着积极的促进作用,而Socs3和Ets-1则抑制它的分化。论文对Th17细胞及其分化调控机制的研究进展做一简要综述。     

坏死细胞对脓毒症小鼠体内Th1/Th2细胞失衡的影响

将34只C57BL/6小鼠随机分成4组:正常对照组(PBS组,n=5)、假手术对照组(Sham组,n=5)、脓毒症组(CLP组,n=12)以及坏死细胞处理组(Nec组,n=12)。PBS组为正常小鼠,腹腔注射200μL的PBS 1次,Sham组小鼠手术分离盲肠末端后,不进行结扎穿孔;CLP组小鼠用盲肠结扎穿孔法(Cecal ligation and puncture,CLP)建立脓毒症模型;Nec组小鼠预先腹腔注射2×107个坏死细胞,第0天再行盲肠结扎穿孔。所有小鼠于制备CLP模型后2周处死,流式细胞仪检测外周血、脾脏和胸腺中CD4+IFN-γ+Th1细胞以及CD4+IL-4+Th2细胞比例。结果显示,CLP组小鼠外周血Th1/Th2比例显著高于Sham组及PBS组(P0.05),同时脾脏中Th1/Th2比例则低于Sham组(P0.01)。Nec组小鼠外周血Th1/CD4+T细胞比例及Th1/Th2比例显著低于CLP组(P0.05),但脾脏中Th1/Th2比例则显著高于CLP组(P0.01)。结果表明,预先输注坏死细胞可以逆转脓毒症小鼠体内Th1/Th2比例失衡。     

绵羊痒螨巨噬细胞迁移抑制因子重组蛋白对兔外周血单个核细胞Th1/Th2型和Th17/Treg型特征因子表达的影响

为了初步探讨绵羊痒螨巨噬细胞迁移抑制因子（PoMIF）对健康新西兰兔外周血单个核细胞（PBMC）中Th1/Th2和Th17/Treg细胞平衡的变化。采用RT-PCR从绵羊痒螨总RNA中扩增得到MIF全长基因，经原核表达、纯化重组PoMIF（rPoMIF）蛋白，并分析其氧化还原酶和互变异构酶活性。筛选与健康新西兰兔PBMC孵育的最佳rPoMIF浓度，且用最佳浓度rPoMIF（0.2 μg·mL^-1）与PBMC共同孵育0、1、6、12、24、36 h后收集细胞，用荧光定量PCR检测其Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg细胞相对应的特征性转录因子T-bet/GATA-3/RORc/Foxp3和特征性细胞因子IFN-γ/IL-4/IL-17A/IL-10 mRNA表达变化。结果表明：PoMIF全长363 bp，rPoMIF大小为32 ku（含pET32a标签蛋白19 ku），且具有互变异构酶活性；rPoMIF刺激后PBMC中Th1细胞的T-bet和IFN-γ先下降后上升，Th2细胞的GATA-3和IL-4均呈下降趋势，且T-bet/GATA-3和IFN-γ/IL-4比值在12、24和36 h均升高；Th17细胞的RORc和IL-17A在各时间点下降，而Treg细胞的Foxp3和IL-10在各时间点升高，且RORc/Foxp3和IL-17A/IL-10比值在各时间点均变低。rPoMIF可造成家兔外周血单个核细胞的Th1/Th2和Th17/Treg平衡分别向Th1和Treg偏移。     

NKT细胞研究进展

NKT细胞属于新发现的一类淋巴细胞 ,此类淋巴细胞不同于 NK细胞和 T细胞。新近在 NKT细胞发育、细胞表型、抗原识别及其在免疫调节中的作用等方面取得了很大进展。研究发现 ,NKT细胞表型为 Vα1 4 。 CD1 1 c CD1 1 b DC或 CD1 1 c CD1 1 b- DC可能参与了NKT细胞的发育。 NKT细胞识别自身抗原 ,具有 CD1限制性。NKT细胞通过调节 Th1和 Th2细胞发育参与免疫调节。NKT细胞的研究结果无论对免疫学基础理论还是多种免疫性疾病的临床治疗都有着重要的意义。     

感染豆状囊尾蚴家兔血清中IL-10与IFN-γ水平检测研究

观察人工感染家兔豆状囊尾蚴后体内2种细胞因子水平的动态变化,在分子水平上研究豆状囊尾蚴病的免疫学机制。实验组家兔经口感染豆状囊尾蚴,对照组为健康家兔,持续观察50 d,感染后3 h、3 d、10 d、20 d、30 d、40 d、45 d、50 d采集对照组和实验组兔血清,用ELISA法检测兔血清中的IFN-γ、IL-10的动态变化。结果表明,实验组2种细胞因子水平始终高于对照组,其中Th1细胞因子IFN-γ水平在感染后35 d达到峰值,感染40 d后缓慢降低;Th2细胞因子IL-10维持在较低水平,40 d明显上升并达到峰值,45 d后缓慢降低。提示Th1细胞介导的细胞免疫与Th2细胞介导的体液免疫共同介入了宿主抗豆状囊尾蚴免疫;感染早期主要以Th1类细胞介导的细胞免疫为主,感染中期和晚期转化为以Th2细胞介导的体液免疫为主。     

Molecular cloning of the swine interleukin-23 subunit p19 and of its receptor components interleukin-23Rα and -12Rβ1

Interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23 play central roles in the regulation of distinct helper T-cell subsets, i.e. Th1 and Th17, respectively. Although IL-12 and IL-23 have been well studied in human and rodent systems, little is known about their significance in other animals, including livestock mammals such as cattle and pigs. In this study, we performed molecular cloning and genetic characterization of a small component of swine IL-23, i.e., IL-23p19; in addition, we identified and performed chromosomal assignment of the genes encoding its receptor (R) subunits IL-23Rα and IL-12Rβ1. These results provide genetic information about both swine IL-23/IL-23R and IL-12/IL-12R systems, which allows for better understanding of IL-12/IL-23 systems involved in pig immunity.     

应用ＥＬＩＳＰＯＴ试验测定重组卡介苗诱导的Ｔ细胞应答

应用免疫磁性分离技术去除免疫小鼠脾脏细胞中ＣＤ４^ 或ＣＤ8^ Ｔ细胞后，在酶免疫斑点试验中证实表达大肠杆菌ＭalE蛋白的重组卡介苗（rBCG.MalE)诱导的Ｔ细胞应答是ＣＤ４^ t细胞依赖的对MalE、PPD持异Ｔ细胞应答的动态分析结果表明，，rBCG.MalE、ＢＣＧ诱导的特异ＣＤ４^ T细胞应答存在Ｔh1/Th2平衡转换现象，即起始阶段为Ｔh1应答，一段时间后出现Ｔh2应答，并逐步形成Ｔh1/Th２混合应答。这些结果，分为枝杆菌Ｔ细胞应答规律提供了新的认识，同时，亦表明ＢＣＧ是优良的外源抗原表达与运送载体。     

FC-35 Real-time evaluation of cytokine and protease expression in flea-allergic and nonallergic dogs

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is very common in dogs, but its pathogenesis is not yet fully understood. It has been suggested that a Th2-dominant status may be associated with the occurrence of canine AD. IL-12 is thought to be important for the differentiation of Th1 cells. The IL-12 receptor β2 (IL-12Rβ2) gene is considered to play a critical role in signal transduction and is attracting attention as one of the causative genes of AD in humans. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between IL-12Rβ2 gene expression and canine AD. The canine IL-12Rβ2 gene was cloned by RT-PCR and its nucleotide sequences were determined. Canine IL-12Rβ2 showed 76.8% homology at the amino acid level with human IL-12Rβ2, and its structural motifs were well conserved. cDNA with a 91 bp deletion including the transmembrane region was also cloned, which consequently produced a frame shift and an early stop codon. The deletion region corresponded to exon 14 of the human IL-12Rβ2 gene on chromosome 1. The expression of deleted canine IL-12Rβ2 mRNA in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells was examined in seven healthy dogs and 11 AD dogs. Both deleted and intact mRNAs were expressed at constant ratios in healthy and AD dogs. The results indicate that the deletion of the transmembrane region is not associated with the occurrence of AD, and that the expression of the deleted mRNA may be constitutive and produced by alternative splicing.
Funding: Self-funded.     

重组大肠杆菌不耐热肠毒素的表达及对小鼠胚胎稳定性的影响

为研究大肠杆菌不耐热肠毒素（LT）对小鼠胚胎稳定性的影响,运用大肠杆菌表达系统制备了具有生物活性的重组大肠杆菌LT,用重组LT通过腹腔注射处理妊娠小鼠,分析了LT对小鼠胚胎稳定性的影响。首先采用PCR方法从产毒大肠杆菌菌株44815基因组中扩增LT的A、B亚基基因,将其插入到pET-20b（＋）原核表达载体pelB信号肽的下游,分别构建成LTA和LTB分泌型表达载体;将载体分别转化大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）pLysS,在IPTG的诱导下进行表达,利用Ni-NTA琼脂糖凝胶从细菌周质释放液中提取和纯化重组LTA和LTB蛋白;利用细胞毒性试验检测重组蛋白的生物活性。然后用制备的重组LT注射妊娠6d的小鼠,连续注射3d后,统计小鼠的胚胎存活率。同时用ELISA方法检测小鼠血清中与胚胎稳定性密切相关的Th1型细胞因子（IFN-γ、IL-2）和Th2型细胞因子（IL-4、IL-10）及IL-β的表达水平。结果表明,采用分泌性表达策略实现了重组LT在大肠杆菌中的高效分泌表达,LTA和LTB的表达量分别达68、62mg/L。表达的重组LT具有明显的细胞毒性作用;用LT处理妊娠小鼠,胚胎的存活率为32%,明显低于对照组;小鼠血清中Th1型细胞因子IFN-γ和IL-2的含量明显高于对照组（P〈0.01）,分别为对照组的2、3倍。同时细胞因子IL-1β为对照组的2倍（P〈0.01）,而稳定胚胎发育的Th2型细胞因子IL-4、IL-10没有明显变化（P〉0.05）。据此推测,LT可能与大肠杆菌性肠炎引起妊娠家畜流产有关,LT对胚胎稳定性的影响除与LT的直接毒性有关外,可能还与LT介导的免疫调节异常有关。     

S100A12在胸膜肺炎放线杆菌诱导猪肺泡巨噬细胞炎性细胞因子表达及吞噬中的作用

试验旨在探究S100A12在胸膜肺炎放线杆菌（Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae，APP）诱导猪肺泡巨噬细胞（porcine alveolar macrophages，PAM）炎性细胞因子表达及吞噬中的作用。PAM细胞接种APP菌株后，用实时荧光定量PCR检测感染后不同时间点炎性细胞因子和S100A12的mRNA表达水平；构建S100A12重组蛋白表达载体并进行重组蛋白的表达纯化，用MTT法检测其对PAM的细胞毒性，实时荧光定量PCR检测不同浓度（0、5、50和500 ng/mL） S100A12重组蛋白对PAM炎性细胞因子mRNA表达水平的影响；构建S100A12干扰质粒，用Western blotting、实时荧光定量PCR及流式细胞术检测其干扰效率及其对APP感染PAM后炎性细胞因子mRNA表达水平和细胞凋亡的影响；用平板计数法检测S100A12表达对APP的黏附侵袭及其在PAM细胞内存活的影响。结果表明，APP感染促进PAM中IL-6、IL-8、IL-18、IL-1β和TNF-α等炎性细胞因子表达的同时也促进S100A12的表达，且该表达随APP感染剂量增大及时间的延长均显著或极显著增加（P<0.05；P<0.01）。5、50和500 ng/mL重组蛋白S100A12对PAM均没有毒性。5和50 ng/mL的重组蛋白S100A12均可显著促进PAM中IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-21和IL-5等炎性细胞因子的表达（P<0.05），而高浓度的S100A12重组蛋白则对上述炎性细胞因子表达无影响（P>0.05）。干扰质粒可成功阻断S100A12蛋白的表达，与转染shNC的对照组相比，在APP诱导下转染shS100A12干扰质粒的PAM中细胞因子IL-6、IL-8、IL-1β和IL-5的转录水平显著或极显著降低，且细胞凋亡率也显著或极显著增加（P<0.05；P<0.01）。进一步研究发现，干扰PAM中S100A12蛋白的表达可显著增强APP对PAM的黏附侵袭能力及其在PAM内的存活能力（P<0.05），相反，体外添加S100A12重组蛋白则显著抑制APP对PAM细胞的黏附侵袭及其在PAM内的存活（P<0.05）。以上研究表明，S100A12具有增强APP感染后PAM炎性细胞因子的表达、抑制APP诱导的PAM凋亡和降低APP对PAM的黏附侵袭及其在PAM内存活的作用，为进一步揭示APP感染过程中S100A12对PAM调控作用及机制奠定了基础。     

Production of biologically active equine interleukin 12 through expression of p35, p40 and single chain IL-12 in mammalian and baculovirus expression systems.

Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a key cytokine in the development of cell-mediated immune responses. Bioactive IL-12 is a heterodimeric cytokine composed of disulphide linked p35 and p40 subunits. The aim of this study was to verify biologically activity of the products expressed from equine interleukin-12 (IL-12) p35 and p40 cDNAs and to establish whether equine IL-12 could be expressed as a p35/p40 fusion polypeptide, as has been reported for IL-12a of several mammalian species. We report production of equine IL-12 through expression of p35 and p40 subunits in mammalian and insect cells and of a p35:p40 fusion polypeptide in mammalian cells. Conditioned medium recovered from cultures transiently transfected with constructs encoding equine p35 and p40 subunits or single chain IL-12 enhanced IFN-gamma production in cells derived from equine lymph nodes. Preincubation of IFN-gamma inducing preparations with anti-p40 monoclonal antibody resulted in a significant decrease in IFN-gamma induction capacity. Medium recovered from p35 and p40-expressing baculovirus infected cultures enhanced target cell IFN-gamma production and proliferation. Experimental studies in mice and other animals have revealed a therapeutic benefit of IL-12 in cancer, inflammatory and infectious disease and an adjuvant effect in prophylactic regimes. Production of a bioactive species-specific IL-12 is a first step towards an investigation of its potential application in equine species.     

Comparative assessment of Th1 and Th2 cytokines of swamp type buffalo and other bubaline breeds by molecular cloning, sequencing and phylogenetics

Comparative assessment of Th1 and Th2 cytokines of three bubaline breeds namely swamp buffalo, its crossbreed with riverine buffalo (CB), and the improved breed of Bulgarian Murrah buffalo (BMB), was done by molecular cloning, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The Th1 cytokines analyzed included IL-2, IL-12p35, IL-12p40, and IFN-gamma while Th2 cytokines included IL-4 and IL-10. Both groups showed strict conservation in the putative secondary structures and amino acid residues within the tribe Bovini, which indicated functional cross-reactivity. Nucleotide sequence homology ranged from 98.6 to 100.0% and was lowest for IL-12p35. With regard to amino acid sequence, the lowest homology was observed in IL-4 with 97.8%. This substitution was mainly due to differences in mRNA splicing. The phylogenetic relationship of the buffalo breeds was analyzed and showed them as a cluster comprised mainly of species belonging to the order Artiodactyla, including cattle and pigs. A deeper knowledge of these cytokine structures will favor understanding of water buffalo immunology and how much it differs from its closest subspecies and other animals.     

Toxoplasma gondii induction of interleukin-12 is associated with acute virulence in mice and depends on the host genotype

The intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii can influence host resistance by modulating immune functions in various cell types. The stimulation of interleukin (IL)-12 production in macrophages, dendritic cells and neutrophils by T. gondii has been implicated to be important for skewing anti-parasite immunity early after infection as well as in mediating the pathologic effects induced by the parasite. The present study demonstrates secretion of IL-12 p40 and the bioactive p70 heterodimer by inflammatory macrophages following exposure to live Toxoplasma or tachyzoite lysate. Parasite induction of IL-12 occurred in a dose-dependent manner. Predigestion of T. gondii lysate with proteinase K abrogated its IL-12 inducing activity, thus indicating that a parasite protein(s) triggers this response. Macrophages from various mouse inbred strains showed a differential responsiveness: cells from T. gondii-susceptible mice released more IL-12 upon toxoplasmic challenge than those from resistant mice, although the infection rate and intracellular parasite growth were similar. In triggering macrophage production of IL-12, tachyzoites proved superior to bradyzoites prepared from the same T. gondii isolate. Furthermore, parasites of a mouse-virulent isolate became less efficient inducers of IL-12 following attenuation. The parallel loss in macrophage stimulation in vitro and acute virulence in vivo suggests a linkage of both parasite capacities. Together with the correlation on host side between the genotype-dependent mouse susceptibility to infection and cellular responsiveness to the parasite trigger, these findings indicate that an overproduction of parasite-induced IL-12 might represent a basic mechanism of T. gondii pathogenicity.     

Cloning of porcine interleukin (IL)-12 receptor beta2 (IL-12Rbeta2) gene and its application to a rapid biological assay for human/porcine IL-12

Porcine IL-12Rbeta2 gene was cloned from mRNA preparation of mitogen-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and its complete nucleotide sequence was determined. To confirm the biological function, the entire open reading frame (ORF) was re-cloned into a mammalian expression vector, pcDNA3.1/Zeo(+), at the downstream of CMV promoter, and introduced to a Th1-like human lymphoma cell line, Jurkat E6-1. Antibiotic-resistant cells retaining the expression construct were selected then, isolated by the limiting dilution method. An established clone (10B10) constitutively expressed chimeric IL-12Rs composed of intrinsic (human) beta1 and extrinsic (porcine) beta2 subunits, and produced interferon (IFN)-gamma in response to IL-12 of both species with optimal PHA/PMA stimulation. The production of IFN-gamma was observed as early as 42 h after culture and appeared to be dose-dependent within the range between 20 and 2000 pg/ml. Thus, this clone not only reacts with IL-12 of both species but also provides a useful tool for quick and sensitive detection of IL-12 bioactivity.     

Expression, purification and characterisation of recombinant Escherichia coli derived chicken interleukin-12

Zoonotic viruses, such as H5N1 Avian Influenza, pose major threats to both animals and humans, and with this in mind there is a need for the development of new anti-viral strategies. The cytokine interleukin-12 (IL-12) is known to play a pivotal regulatory role in the anti-viral response due to its role in the induction of the key anti-viral cytokine IFN-gamma. Therefore, strategies which provide a means for the production of therapeutic quantities of IL-12 may be of major benefit. Here we describe the development of biologically active Escherichia coli (E. coli) derived chicken IL-12 (ChIL-12). The single chain ChIL-12 gene was cloned into the pET32b expression vector, transformed into the BL-21 E. coli strain and expression induced with IPTG. Over expressed protein was solubilised with zwittergent detergent and isolated utilising Nickel ion affinity chromatography. Biological activity was determined as ChIL-12 stimulated proliferation of pre-treated T-cells in vitro. This study is the first example of a biologically active E. coli derived IL-12 from a non-mammalian vertebrate subsequently providing a means for testing the anti-viral therapeutic potential of ChIL-12 in an in vivo model.