三角鲂与团头鲂鱼体营养成分比较分析

对三角鲂与团头鲂鱼体常规养分、氨基酸、脂肪酸和微量元素的组成和含量进行了比较分析。结果表明:三角鲂肥满度极显著低于团头鲂(P<0.01),去内脏比显著高于团头鲂(P<0.05),比肝与肠脂比两指标极显著低于团头鲂(P<0.01);三角鲂肌肉水分和粗蛋白含量显著高于团头鲂(P<0.05),肌肉粗脂肪含量显著低于团头鲂(P<0.05);三角鲂肌肉中必需氨基酸含量、半必需氨基酸含量和氨基酸总量均高于团头鲂肌肉中含量,但两者之间三指标差异均不显著;三角鲂肌肉含高不饱和脂肪酸量较多,其不饱和脂肪酸占脂肪酸总量的比值明显高于团头鲂;三角鲂肌肉中微量营养元素含量与团头鲂肌肉无显著差异(P>0.05)。     

Production of interploid triploids by 4n × 2n blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala. Yih) and their first performance data

Positive and negative interploid triploids of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) were produced by reciprocal crossing autotetraploids with diploids. Fertilization and hatching rate of negative interploid triploid, 2n♀× 4n♂, at different reproductive ages was similar to that of control, but higher than that of positive interploid triploid, 4n♀× 2n♂. Additionally, the development rate of embryos of the positive interploid triploid, 4n♀× 2n♂, was slower than that of control and the negative interploid triploid, 2n♀× 4n♂. Gonad growth of the positive and negative interploid 3n was significantly (P<0.01) affected by parents, and spawning could not be induced both in females and males at the 2+ age. The negative interploid 3n (2n♀× 4n♂) had a significantly higher survival rate than the positive interploid 3n (4n♀× 2n♂), but close to the level of the control (P<0.05). The daily growth rate of the negative interploid 3n was similar to that of the good breed ‘Pujiang No. 1’ blunt snout bream (2n) during the early life stages.     

团头鲂Toll样受体Ⅱ基因的克隆与表达分析

为了研究团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)TLR2(ma TLR2)在抗嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)感染中的作用,本实验克隆了ma TLR2基因的c DNA全长。结果显示:ma TLR2基因c DNA的全长包括2923 bp,编码792个氨基酸。预测得到的ma TLR2的结构域包括一个信号肽、氨基端的亮氨酸重复基序(LRRs)、跨膜结构域(TM)和一个胞内的Toll/白介素(IL)-1受体区(TIR)。在嗜水气单胞菌感染后,团头鲂头肾中,TLR2的表达量在6 h时显著升高。TLR2下游相关的炎症细胞因子TNF-α的表达量也显著上调。结果表明ma TLR2在嗜水气单胞菌感染团头鲂后的免疫应答中起到了重要作用。     

Apparent digestibility of various feedstuffs for bluntnose black bream Megalobrama amblycephala Yih

The apparent digestibility of 66 different feedstuffs by the bluntnose black bream Megalobrama amblycephala Yih was determined in digestibility trials in a recirculation aquaculture system. The ingredients consisted of 26 distinct energy feedstuffs, 18 nonanimal protein feedstuffs and 22 animal protein feedstuffs. In each of three trials, a reference diet was mixed with various test ingredients in a 70 : 30 ratio; reference and test diets were fed to the fish, and faecal samples were collected using a hand‐held screen system. Energy availability for the 26 energy feedstuffs varied between ?23.0% (silkworm manure) and 89.5% (millet grain), protein digestibility for the 18 nonanimal protein ingredients varied from 58.0% (pea protein meal) to 98.1% (soybean meal), and protein digestibility for the 22 animal protein feedstuffs varied between ?5.7% (feather meal) and 99.1% (fermented dried blood meal). The average protein digestibility of 85.9% for the nonanimal protein feedstuffs was significantly higher than that for the animal feedstuffs (P < 0.05), partly validating the assumption that herbivorous bluntnose black bream would digest proteinic nutrients in nonanimal feedstuffs better than in animal ingredients under intensive aquaculture. Finally, the energy availability of nonanimal protein feedstuffs was significantly lower than that of animal feedstuffs (P < 0.05).     

团头鲂3个选育群体的选择压力分析

团头鲂选育群体基因组选择信号的检测有助于研究人工选育条件下基因组的进化机制,为团头鲂的进一步遗传改良提供依据。以团头鲂"浦江1号"选育奠基群体(F0)为对照组,以3个团头鲂选育群体为试验组,采用经典的Ewens-Watterson中性检验和基于3种算法(岛屿模型、分级岛屿模型、贝叶斯似然法)的FST-离群值点检验,在14个转录组微卫星位点上进行选择信号检测。结果显示,F0群体中所有位点均为中性位点,选育群体A在Mac927位点和Mac158位点受到了正向选择压力,选育群体B在Mac158位点受到了正向选择压力,选育群体C在Mac927位点和Mac158位点受到了正向选择压力。由此可见,自1985年起的连续世代人工选育已在团头鲂基因组中留下了可检测到的选择信号。3个选育群体均在Mac158位点检测到选择信号,表明3个选育群体受到的人工选择方向比较接近。     

Ploidy level,morphological characteristics and performance of interploid hybrids by Megalobrama amblycephala♀× allo‐tetraploids ♂

Interploid hybrids were produced by mating allo‐tetraploid males, an interspecific tetraploidy induced by blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) ♀× black bream (Megalobrama terminalis) ♂, with blunt snout bream females. The fertilization rate was high in the interploid hybrids. Although significant (P<0.05) mortalities were observed at hatching, swim‐up and 30‐day stages, respectively, the survival percentage of the interploid hybrids became stabilized after the 60‐day stage. In different interploid hybridization batches, 64–97% of juveniles were identified as 3n and 1–36% as 2n. Less than 2% of tetraploids were obtained in these interploid hybridization batches. The daily growth rate of the interploid 3n increased 7.5%, compared with that of diploid blunt snout breams during the 180‐day culture. Moreover, a method using seven morphological parameter ratios was set up with a relatively high classification accuracy of 93.8% to harmlessly discriminate interploid 3n from allo‐tetraploids, black bream and blunt snout bream.     

团头鲂良种雌核发育群体的建立及其遗传变异

为了巩固经15年选育而成的团头鲂良种－浦江一号的成果，并建立纯系以供进一步研究和开发，1999年和2000年，先后对团头鲂选育系三龄鱼（F5）和二龄鱼（F6）进行了雌核发育（抑制第二次成熟分裂）研究。利用UV照射遗传失活的鲤鱼精子诱导，采用冷,凶制团头鲂第二体排出；探索了适合团头鲂二龄及三龄鱼卵的休克温度、起始时间和持续时间，结果发现：二龄鱼和三龄鱼诱导起始时间均在受精后3min效果最好，而在体温度和持续时间上稍有差异，其中三龄鱼在0－2℃冷休克处理30min、二龄鱼在4－6℃冷休克处理20min效果较好。2年期间，建立了源于选育系3尾雌亲鱼的3个雌核发育群体，共获得正常的雌核发鱼后代1000余尾。RAPD分析发现，选育系群体具有引物S8扩增的1100bp条带，而雌核发育群体具有引物S18扩增的860bp条带；雌核发育群体内遗传相似度显著高于选育系群体，其遗传距离仅为选育系群体内遗传距离的54％。     

团头鲂双向选育效应研究

报道１９８６￣１９９９年团头鲂正向选育和逆向选育的两种截然不同的效果。正向选育采用混合选育法,每代从鱼苗到亲鱼的总选择率约为万分之四,选留健壮的较大个体,第五代成鱼阶段的平均日增重率比对照系（原种）提高２９．１％,即选育效应每代平均为＋５．８％。逆向选育为全兄妹近交,后代随机留养,近交系第三代成鱼阶段的平均日增重率比对照系（原种）降低１６．６％,即选育效应每代平均为－５．５％;近交系每第四代当年苗种阶段畸形率高达２．８％,越冬成活率比对照系低２８．４％,比选育系低４８．３％;选育系的越冬成活率比对照系提高３８．４％。本研究证明,科学的良性选育可大大提高养殖性能;近亲交配可导致养殖性能的迅速降低,必须严加防范。     

Dietary Vitamin C Requirement of Hybrid Striped Bass Morone chrysops♀× M. saxatilis ♂

A feeding trial was conducted to determine the dietary vitamin C requirement of juvenile hybrid striped bass Morone chrysops × M. saxatilis . Fish were fed a semi-purified basal diet with 40% crude protein and an energy to protein ratio of 8 kcal/g for a conditioning period of 2 wk. This diet which was not supplemented with vitamin C contained approximately 6-mg vitamin C/kg. Following conditioning, fish (approximately 0.55 g initial weight) were stocked as groups of 20 in 38-L aquaria and fed the basal diet and experimental diets supplemented with 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 75, or 150-mg vitamin C/kg as ascorbate polyphosphate for a period of 10 wk. Fish fed the basal diet and the diet supplemented with 10-mg vitamin C/kg exhibited signs of vitamin C deficiency including suppressed weight gain, reduced plasma and liver ascorbic acid levels, and abnormalities in isthmus cartilage formation. Plasma and liver ascorbic acid levels generally reflected dietary supplementation with the lowest levels occurring in fish fed the basal diet and higher levels in fish fed the supplemented diets. The minimum dietary requirement (±SE) based on non-linear least squares regression analysis of weight gain was 22 (±6) mg vitamin C/kg diet.     

Ploidy polymorphism and morphological variation among reciprocal hybrids by Megalobrama amblycephala × Tinca tinca

Highly ploidy polymorphism was detected in embryos of inter-subfamily hybridization by a cross of Megalobrama amblycephala ♀ × Tinca tinca ♂. It produced an average of 23% haploids, 46.4% aneuploids, 24.6% 2n hybrid, 2.8% 3n hybrid, 3.2% hypo-4n, which are all inviable, and also a small number of viable 2n gynogens. However, different results were found in the reciprocal hybridization by T. tinca ♀ × M. amblycephala ♂. An average of 89.1% embryos were 2n hybrids with 48 chromosomes and 6% and 2.8% of embryos were aneuploids and allo-triploids, respectively. Additionally, a proper ratio of spontaneously complete tetraploidy embryos (about 2%) was able to be induced in the reciprocal hybridization. 50% of reciprocal hybrid embryos developed normally and 30% of the normal fry survived. Ploidy polymorphism (2n, 3n, 4n or 4n mosaics) and morphological variation were identified in 120-day survival of juveniles in the reciprocal hybridization.     

光合细菌对团头鲂细菌性败血症的防治

研究了光合细菌(PSB)对团头鲂细菌性败血症的防治效果。试验1设预防组、治疗组1、治疗组2,对照组和空白组,用注射病原菌法感染试验鱼;试验2设PSB处理组和对照组,用浸泡病原菌法感染试验鱼。结果显示:在试验1中,对照组死亡率90%~100%,PSB处理的各试验组为70%~90%;试验2中PSB浸泡组的平均死亡率20%,对照组85%。     

Dietary threonine requirement of juvenile hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops♀×M. saxatilis♂)

Two growth studies were conducted to determine the dietary threonine requirement of reciprocal cross hybrid striped (sunshine) bass. Semipurified diets were prepared with crystalline amino acids and lyophilized fish muscle to supply 350 g crude protein kg⁻¹ diet. The basal diet contained 4.9 g threonine kg⁻¹ from fish muscle, and test diets were supplemented with graded levels of L-threonine. In the first experiment, fish initially averaging ≊ 9.8 g each were fed diets containing threonine levels of 4.9, 7.5, 10.0, 12.5, 15.0 and 17.5 g kg⁻¹ dry diet for 7 weeks. Weight gain, feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were significantly ( P < 0.01) influenced by dietary threonine level. Based on weight-gain responses, a threonine requirement (± SE) of 8.4 (± 0.8) g kg⁻¹ dry diet was determined, and dietary threonine levels of 10.0 g kg⁻¹ diet or greater resulted in the highest levels of free threonine in plasma.
Based on the results of the first experiment, a second feeding trial was conducted with diets containing threonine levels of 4.9, 6.5, 8.0, 9.5, 11.0 and 12.5 g kg⁻¹ dry diet. Fish initially averaging ≊ 3.0 g each were fed each diet for 8 weeks. Weight gain, feed efficiency and PER values of fish were markedly improved, with increases in dietary threonine up to 8.0 g kg⁻¹ dry diet. Regression analysis of weight gain, feed efficiency and PER data using the broken-line model resulted in threonine requirement estimates of 9.7, 8.5 and 8.6 g kg⁻¹ dry diet, respectively. Based on these data, the threonine requirement of juvenile sunshine bass was determined to be ≊ 9.0 g kg⁻¹ dry diet or 26 g kg⁻¹ of dietary protein.     

Genetic effects on carcass-quality traits in hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops♀×Morone saxatilis♂)

A 10 × 10 factorial mating design was used to examine the genetic effects on various carcass‐quality traits in hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops♀×Morone saxatilis♂). A total of 448 offspring were raised in a ‘common‐garden’ environment and carcass‐quality traits were assessed at 389 days post fertilization; parentage of each fish was inferred from genotypes at 5–10 nuclear‐encoded microsatellites. There was a significant effect of dam and sire on body weight and fillet weight and a significant effect of dam on viscera weight and condition factor. When carcass‐quality traits were standardized to body weight, there was a significant effect of dam, sire and dam × sire interaction on viscera percentage (proportion of viscera weight to body weight). Phenotypic correlations between body weight and non‐standardized carcass‐quality traits were high (r_p=0.80–0.92), whereas phenotypic correlations between body weight and standardized carcass‐quality traits were low (r_p=0.13–0.19). Genetic correlations between body weight and fillet weight (dams and sires), and body weight and viscera weight (dams only) were significant and positive, while the genetic correlations between body weight and viscera percentage (dams and sires) were significant and negative. Significant general combining ability values for favourable carcass‐quality traits in the same breeder (dam or sire) occurred only in one or two of 20 (dams and sires) used in this study, suggesting that simultaneous improvement in multiple traits in hybrid striped bass may require evaluation of large numbers of candidate breeders. The effect of sex on body weight and all non‐standardized carcass‐quality traits was significant and appeared to be due to faster growth in females. These results indicate that selection for faster growth of hybrid striped bass would lead to a correlated increase in fillet weight and viscera weight but not necessarily to an increase in the proportion of fillet and waste product generated. The significant dam, sire and dam × sire interaction effects on viscera percentage and the negative genetic correlations between body weight and viscera percentage indicate that selection for reduced proportion of viscera relative to body weight might be feasible.     

果寡糖对急性氨氮应激下团头鲂非特异性免疫指标的影响

为研究氨氮应激条件下果寡糖对团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)非特异免疫指标的影响,试验选择360尾初重为13.5 g的团头鲂随机分为3组,每组4个重复,每缸30尾鱼,对照组投喂基础日粮,试验组分别投喂果寡糖(FOS)添加量为0.4%和0.8%的日粮,饲养8周,养殖试验结束后,用10 mg/L的NH4Cl对24尾鱼进行氨氮应激试验。试验结果显示,氨氮应激前,0.4%FOS组的血液谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性显著低于对照组和0.8%FOS组,在氨氮应激后,0.4%FOS组的GOT活性有降低的趋势,但仅在24 h时显著低于0.8%组,0.8%组和对照组之间并无显著差异;血清酸性磷酸酶、补体3(C3)、补体4(C4)、酚氧化酶都出现先升高后降低的趋势,分别在应激后的3、24、12、12 h达到最大值。此外,应激前0.4%FOS组补体C3、C4、酚氧化酶的活性都显著高于对照组,应激后0.4%FOS组C3在3 h处显著高于对照组,但是在其它时间点各组差异并不显著,果寡糖添加水平和采样时间对这些免疫指标都无显著的交互作用。结果表明饲料中添加0.4%的果寡糖能够提高团头鲂的免疫力指标活性,提高了团头鲂抗氨氮应激的能力。     

饥饿再投喂对团头鲂生长、体组成及肠道消化酶的影响

采用饥饿后再投喂的投喂方式在室外网箱中用含粗蛋白32%、粗脂肪4%的商品饲料饲喂(4.5±0.2)g团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala Yih)48 d,试验鱼分5组:对照组(每日投喂)、S1F1组(隔日投喂)、S2F2组(隔2 d投喂2 d)、S4F4组(隔4 d投喂4 d)和S8F8组(隔8 ...     

淤泥湖、梁子湖、鄱阳湖团头鲂mtDNA序列变异及遗传结构分析

测定了淤泥湖、梁子湖及鄱阳湖团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)共53尾样本的线粒体DNA(mtDNA)控制区序列。结果显示:在获得的411 bp长度控制区序列中,检测到3个突变位点、5个单倍型。遗传多样性分析显示,3个种群的遗传多样性水平比较低,且淤泥湖种群最低。分子方差分析(AMOVA)表明,淤泥湖种群与其它两个种群有明显遗传分化,但梁子湖与鄱阳湖种群间未出现分化。     

Refined understanding of sulphur amino acid nutrition in hybrid striped bass, Morone chrysops♀×M. saxatilis♂

Previous studies have indicated that the level of total sulphur amino acids (TSAA) (methionine+cystine) is most limiting in practical diet formulations for hybrid striped bass (HSB), especially if animal feedstuffs are replaced with plant feedstuffs. Reduction in costly animal feedstuffs such as fish meal, while maintaining adequate dietary levels of TSAA, may enhance the cost effectiveness of production. Therefore, this study investigated three different aspects of sulphur amino acid nutrition of HSB including: (1) the efficacy of crystalline methionine hydroxy analogue (MHA) and liquid MHA (Alimet?) relative to l‐ methionine in meeting the requirement for TSAA; (2) the cystine‐sparing value for methionine; and (3) the influence of various sulphur amino acid supplements on ammonia excretion. During three separate feeding trials (2, 6 and 10 weeks in duration), juvenile HSB were fed various diets including a basal diet deficient in TSAA (0.33% or 0.51% of diet), and experimental diets supplemented on an equal‐sulphur basis with different levels of either l‐ methionine, Alimet? or crystalline MHA. Diets containing TSAA at 1% of diet and different ratios of cystine to methionine (60:40, 55:45, 50:50 and 45:55) were also fed to re‐evaluate the sparing effects of cystine on methionine. In trial 1, over the course of 10 weeks, Alimet? was 73% as effective in promoting weight gain as l ‐methionine at the same concentration while MHA was 83% as effective. After 6 weeks in trial 2, fish fed Alimet? at 1.25% of diet displayed similar growth performance as those fed TSAA at 1.0% of diet, while weight gain of fish fed Alimet? at 1% was only 58% of that displayed by fish fed TSAA at 1.0%. No significant differences in weight gain, feed utilization or survival were observed among fish fed diets containing various ratios of cystine to methionine, although the diet with 60:40 cystine to methionine had the lowest numerical responses. Inclusion of MHA or Alimet? did not affect TAN excretion of HSB. These findings will aid in refining diet formulations for HSB to ensure adequate sulphur amino acid nutrition.