中国鹅主要品种间配合力测定

用太湖鹅、四川白鹅、豁眼鹅、皖西白鹅等４个我国主要白鹅品种，组成包括纯繁在内的１５个组合，测定了６０、７０日龄仔鹅活重的杂种优势，纯繁效应，一般配合力，特殊配合力、正反交效应和母体效应。６０日龄活重的一般合力、母体效应、正反交效应达到显著水平（Ｐ＜０．０５），７０龄活重仅母体效应达到显著水平（Ｐ＜０．０５），６０日龄活重的一般配合力，皖西白鹅为１９７．８克，四川白鹅为１０８．６克，豁眼鹅为３１１．     

五龙鹅肝和腹脂生长的配合力分析

利用五龙鹅与四川白鹅、皖西白鹅、太湖鹅四个主要白鹅品种,设计包括纯繁在内的15个交配组合,测定了70日龄鹅肝脏重和腹脂重的一般配合力,特殊配合力,正反交效应,纯繁效应和母体效应.70日龄肝重最小二乘均数为五龙鹅63.0 g,四川白鹅82.9 g,皖西白鹅76.5 g,太湖鹅65.1 g.五龙鹅×皖白西鹅的杂交类型在肝重性状上具有2.3 g的特殊配合力,相应的杂种优势率为2.7%.腹脂重性状在六个杂交类型中都没有表现出正向的杂种优势.     

太湖鹅繁殖性能与肉质特性研究

为挖掘和利用太湖鹅遗传资源,利用太湖保种场核心群对太湖鹅的繁殖性能进行测定,在相同饲养管理条件下比较太湖鹅与四川白鹅、皖西白鹅、豁眼鹅、扬州鹅的肉质特性差异。结果表明:太湖鹅3%开产日龄188d,66周入舍母鹅产蛋76.3个,52周龄蛋重142.7g,种蛋受精率91.2%,受精蛋孵化率90.1%;太湖鹅胸肌肉水分含量与四川白鹅差异显著(P<0.05),与其它品种差异不显著,太湖鹅胸肌剪切力、肉色、系水力、pH值、粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量与其它品种间差异均不显著;太湖鹅肌纤维密度显著大于四川白鹅、豁眼鹅和扬州鹅(P<0.05),但显著小于皖西白鹅(P<0.05);太湖鹅肌纤维直径显著小于其它品种(P<0.05)。研究表明,太湖鹅经过进一步选育可以作为优质肉鹅配套系的理想母本。     

3个品种鹅体尺测量和屠宰性能比较研究

为评估四川白鹅与百子鹅在辽宁地区生产性能的适应性,以360只70日龄豁眼鹅、四川白鹅和百子鹅为试验素材,比较3个品种生产性能差异。结果表明:3个鹅种母鹅体重差异显著(P0.05),百子鹅四川白鹅豁眼鹅;百子鹅在体斜长、胫围、潜水长高于豁眼鹅和四川白鹅,其中,百子鹅的胫围和潜水长极显著高于豁眼鹅(P0.01);公鹅潜水长比较为百子鹅四川白鹅豁眼鹅(P0.01),百子鹅公鹅的胫长极显著高于四川白鹅(P0.01),胫围极显著高于豁眼鹅和四川白鹅(P0.01);3个鹅种各项屠宰指标间均存在着不同差异,百子鹅母鹅全净膛率、半净膛率、胸肌率显著高于豁眼鹅(P0.05),四川白鹅腿肌率8.79%,极显著高于豁眼鹅(P0.01);百子鹅公鹅的全净膛率和胸肌率显著高于其他2个品种的公鹅(P0.05);豁眼鹅公鹅的腹脂率显著低于其他2个品种(P0.05);百子鹅早期生长较快,活重最大为3 230.21 g,屠体重为2 810.97 g,依次为和四川白鹅和豁眼鹅,豁眼鹅屠宰性能好于四川白鹅。不同品种鹅体尺、屠宰性能各指标间有不同程度的相关性。     

我国鹅品种简介

<正> 1.皖西白鹅。主要分布在皖西的霍邱、寿县、六安、肥西、长丰以及河南的固始等县。皖西白鹅全身羽毛洁白、细致紧凑,具有早期生长快、耐粗饲、耗料少、肉质好、羽绒品质优良等特点,30日龄仔鹅体重可达1.5公斤。60日龄达3—3.5公斤,90日龄达4.5公斤。平均每只鹅产羽绒349克。 2.豁眼鹅。又称五龙鹅,分布于山东莱阳、辽宁昌图、吉林通化等地。豁眼鹅羽毛为白色,体型轻小紧凑,眼呈三角形,上眼有一疤状缺口,为该品种独有特征。豁眼鹅体重变化幅度很大,公鹅3.4—4.5公斤,母鹅2.7—4.5公斤。     

不同杂交组合母鹅繁殖性能研究

对在相同条件下饲养的浙东白鹅（♂）×太湖鹅（♀）、皖西白鹅（♂）×太湖鹅（♀）、四川白鹅（♂）×太湖鹅（♀）、豁眼鹅（♂）×太湖鹅（♀）的杂交后代母鹅与纯种太湖母鹅进行了繁殖性能的研究。结果表明：各组合杂种母鹅在产蛋性能上差异显著，其中川太杂种母鹅在产蛋量上不仅高于其它杂种母鹅，而且高于纯种太湖母鹅。在蛋重上也以川太组最高。从对各组合蛋形指数的测定及就巢性的检查结果看．川太杂母鹅所产蛋的横径和长径值高于其它杂交组及太湖纯繁组蛋的横、长径值。在产蛋期间，川太、皖太杂母鹅无明显就巢行为出现，而浙太、豁太组部分杂母鹅表现出明显就巢性。     

我国地方水禽品种简介Ⅲ——肉用型鸭、大型鹅、中型鹅、小型鹅

肉用型鸭：北京鸭 大型鹅：狮头鹅 中型鹅：皖西白鹅、雁鹅、溆浦鹅、浙东白鹅、四川白鹅、兴国灰鹅、广丰白翎鹅、丰城灰鹅、武冈铜鹅、马岗鹅、钢鹅 小型鹅、太湖鹅、豁眼鹅、乌鬃鹅、酃县白鹅、长乐鹅、伊犁鹅、籽鹅、永康灰鹅、闽北白鹅、莲花白鹅、百子鹅、阳江鹅、右江鹅、织金白鹅[编者按]     

太湖鹅与皖西白鹅胸肌IGF-I和MSTN的表达及其与屠宰性状相关性分析

本研究旨在探讨IGF-I、MSTN对鹅骨骼肌生长的影响。以太湖鹅和皖西白鹅为研究素材,采用多重荧光竞争性PCR和酶联免疫方法,测定鹅70日龄胸肌中IGF-I、MSTN的mRNA和蛋白表达情况,并与屠宰性能做相关性分析。结果证实,70日龄时太湖鹅体重、胸肌重极显著小于皖西白鹅,但是胸肌率没有差异,并且品种间在体重和胸肌重上存在性别差异;胸肌IGF-I和MSTN的mRNA、蛋白表达均无品种差异,并且在品种间也不存在性别差异;同一品种的公母鹅相比较,太湖鹅公鹅胸肌IGF-I mRNA表达显著高于母鹅;除了胸肌IGF-I的含量与MSTN的mRNA表达和蛋白含量呈显著正相关,胸肌IGF-I、MSTN的mRNA表达和蛋白含量相互之间均无显著相关性,鹅胸肌IGF-I mRNA表达量和胸肌率、胸肌重、体重呈显著负相关,皖西白鹅胸肌中MSTN的表达与体重呈强的负相关。结果提示,70日龄时鹅胸肌生长正负调节基因IGF-I与MSTN的表达无品种特异性,二者表达水平处于一个动态平衡之中,特别参与了70日龄皖西白鹅的生长调控。     

养鹅失误失败教训100例

第44例鹅多圈小密度超标疾病暴发概率增高例案XX公司是一家规模不小的养鹅企业,平常鹅的存栏数量都在6万只左右,从鹅的品种上讲,不仅有国内的豁眼鹅、浙东白鹅、四川白鹅、皖西白鹅,还有法国的朗德鹅、匈牙利的霍尔多巴吉鹅,还有些叫不上名的土杂鹅。因为企业有孵化场,所以从鹅的日龄     

豁眼鹅与莱茵鹅杂交的效果试验

本试验对引进的种母鹅312只,种公鹅60只,共372只纯种豁眼鹅进行纯种选育,并利用选育后代豁眼鹅作为母本,莱茵鹅作为父本进行杂交改良。分别测定外貌特征、出生重、30日龄重和90日龄重,探讨豁眼鹅与莱茵鹅杂后代作为肉用鹅的可行性。结果表明,杂交鹅出生时背部为灰黄镶嵌的毛色,纯种选育的豁眼鹅出生时为全身金黄色毛色;杂交鹅初生重高于纯种豁眼鹅初生重,杂交鹅30日龄重显著高于纯种豁眼鹅30日龄重,上市杂交鹅90日龄重明显高于纯种豁眼鹅90日龄重,是较理想的杂交组合。     

Genetic and environmental effects on growth to 1 year and viability of lambs from a crossbreeding study of D'man and Sardi breeds.

Genetic effects were estimated for growth to 1 yr and viability to 90 d of 882 lambs from a diallel cross of Sardi (S), D'man (D), and D'man x Sardi (DS) male and female parents. Sardi direct genetic effects were significantly higher than those of D'man for weights at birth and up to 2 mo, but the difference decreased thereafter and was in favor of D'Man at 6 mo. Sardi maternal ability was better than that of D'man for weights at all ages. Estimates of individual heterosis were small and negative for weight at birth, weight at 1 mo, and lamb viability and positive for other body weights; the estimate was significant for 12-mo weight. Estimates of maternal heterosis were small and did not approach significance for any trait. Epistatic recombination effects were generally small, but negative for all traits and significantly so for viability to 30 d. In general, the results, combined with those on reproduction and total lamb production of ewes of these groups, reported elsewhere, indicate that a population produced by inter se mating of animals 50% D, 50% S breeding is expected to have higher total lamb production than either purebred.     

Complete diallel cross between five strains of Atlantic salmonCroisement diallèle complet entre cinq souches de saumon de l'AtlantiqueVollständige diallele paarung zwischen fünf herkünften des Atlantik- lachses

The effect of cross-breeding on survival, growth and maturity when crossing five Norwegian strains of Atlantic salmon has been investigated. A diallel cross including purebred strains and their reciprocal crosses was used. Additive, maternal and heterosis effects were studied. Total heterosis was partitioned into average, general and specific heterosis. Growth of maturing and immature males and females was also considered.Significant total heterosis was found for survival of fry, survival of fish after marking (marked at one year of age), body weight of fingerlings and body weight of adults. However, average heterosis was low for all traits. For survival of eyed-eggs, alevins and fingerlings, dressing percentage and maturity, total heterosis was not significantly different from zero.It is concluded that cross-breeding Norwegian strains of Atlantic salmon seems to have little practical significance in a future breeding program.     

Estimation of additive, maternal and non-additive genetic effects of preweaning growth traits in a multibreed beef cattle project

Data from purebred and crossbred calves, consisting of Afrikaner (AF), Charolais (CH), Simmental (ST) and Hereford and Aberdeen Angus combined (HA), were analyzed to estimate breed additive effects, breed maternal effects, average individual heterosis and average maternal heterosis. The traits studied were birthweight (BW), weaning weight (WW) and preweaning average daily gain (ADG) (kg). A multiple regression procedure was used for the estimation of these genetic effects and for predictions for breed crosses that were not included in the data set. Crosses containing higher proportions of CH or ST were heavier at birth and weaning than the other crosses and purebreds. The direct effects of BW were negative and significant (P < 0.05), except that of the CH, which was the highest. The regression coefficients were ?24.87, ?18.16, ?22.80 and ?27.02 for AF, CH, ST and HA, respectively. The maternal effects were not significant. Both average individual and average maternal heterosis regression coefficients were also not significant for BW. Regression coefficients of both direct and maternal effects for WW were not significant and were characterized by large standard errors. Average individual heterosis and average maternal heterosis regression coefficients were, however, significant (P < 0.01) and the values were 5.34 and 2.19, respectively. A similar pattern was observed for ADG, except for the regression coefficients of the maternal effects, which were significant, with larger estimates for AF and ST reflecting their superior mothering ability. The values were 0.01, 0.13, 0.13, 0.03; ?0.82, ?0.85, ?0.85, ?0.81; 0.03 and 0.01 for direct effects and maternal effects of AF, CH, ST and HA; and average individual heterosis and average maternal heterosis, respectively. Means and standard errors of purebreds and their F₁ crosses not included in the dataset were predicted.     

Postpartum performance in a diallel cross among lines of mice selected for litter size and body weight

Postpartum dam performance was studied in a complete diallel design involving five lines of mice. The selection criterion in each line was: large litter size at birth (L+); large 6-wk body weight (W+); an index for large litter size and small 6-wk body weight (L+W-); the complementary index (L-W+) and random (K). Females from the five lines and 20 reciprocal F1 crosses were mated to sires of a randomly selected control line (CC). Correlated responses in average direct genetic and average maternal genetic effects for dam body weight and litter size at parturition persisted throughout lactation, indicating important pleiotropic effects. Major correlated responses occurred for litter weight, feed intake and litter feed efficiency, primarily due to average direct genetic effects. Using general combining ability and net line effects as criteria for choosing among lines, L+ had a distinct advantage if the objective was to increase litter size in a crossing program. If the objective was to maximize litter weaning weight, then W+ would be favored for net line effects, while L+ and W+ would be about equivalent for general combining ability. None of the lines had an advantage for litter feed efficiency. Direct heterosis for dam weight at 12 and 21 d of lactation averaged 2.7 and 1.9%, while for litter size the respective averages were 7.4 and 7.3%. The W+ X L+W- cross exhibited overdominance for litter size. Direct heterosis was moderate for feed intake and litter weight, but was negligible for litter feed efficiency because of the mathematical relationship among the three traits. Maternal heterosis for preweaning progeny growth was suppressed because of heterosis for litter size in the dam. Grand-maternal effects on growth of the young were small and would not be an important consideration in choosing among these lines in a crossbreeding program.     

Maternal heterosis and grandmaternal effects in beef cattle: postweaning growth and carcass traits

Crossbred steer and heifer progeny from 5-, 6- and 7-yr-old dams produced in a four-breed diallel crossing experiment involving the Brown Swiss, Red Poll, Hereford and Angus maternal grandsires and maternal granddams were evaluated for postweaning growth and carcass traits to estimate breed mean maternal heterosis, maternal heterosis for specific breed cross females, average maternal heterosis for all crosses, breed grandmaternal effects and net breed effects in crosses. All progeny evaluated were born in 1979 and 1980 and were sired by 7/8 or 15/16 Simmental bulls. Average maternal heterosis was significant for 200-d weight in heifers but not in steers and was not significant for final weight (444-d) in either heifers or steers. The effects of maternal heterosis on postweaning growth were not important. Differences among breeds in mean maternal heterosis values were small for growth-related traits. Breeds did not differ (P greater than .05) in grandmaternal effects for growth-related traits; Brown Swiss tended to be highest, Red Poll lowest, with Hereford and Angus intermediate. Differences in net breed effects in crosses favored Brown Swiss over the three other breeds and were generally significant for growth traits. Average maternal heterosis, though generally positive, was not significant for carcass traits on either an age-constant or weight-constant basis. Differences among breeds were small in grandmaternal effects, specific heterosis and net effects in crosses for carcass traits associated with both weight or composition; generally the Brown Swiss breed was favored on carcass traits associated with weight in the age-constant analysis and generally had a higher lean-to-fat ratio than the three other breeds in both the age-constant and weight-constant analyses.     

Evaluation of feed conversion in steers from a diallel of Simmental, Limousin, Polled Hereford, and Brahman beef cattle

A total of 269 steers produced in a four-breed diallel mating design of Simmental, Limousin, Polled Hereford, and Brahman breeds were evaluated for the unadjusted and maintenance-adjusted total feed intake to total weight gain ratio. Time on feed ranged from 184 to 251 d. Covariate adjustments were made separately for age- and 12th rib fat-constant end points. Purebred, general combining ability, and maternal effects and heterosis were estimated. Effects of year, breed of dam, slaughter group, and days on feed accounted for most of the variation in feed conversion. Significantly higher unadjusted cumulative feed/gain ratios were found for steers from Brahman sires and for those from Simmental, Limousin, and Brahman dams. Adjustment to either fat- or age-constant values did not rerank breed groups, but a small reduction in the differences between these groups was detected for fat-constant efficiency. For maintenance-adjusted feed intake, progeny of Simmental and Limousin dams were less efficient than those of Polled Hereford and Brahman dams. Negative values for general combining ability, maternal effects, and heterosis would indicate less feed required per unit of weight gain. General combining ability for Polled Hereford crosses was negative and significant for cumulative feed/gain ratios, but no difference among dam breeds was found for the maintenance-adjusted ratio. Maternal effects for Limousin dams were positive and significant for all maintenance-adjusted ratios. Heterosis estimates for specific breed crosses were generally negative and ranged from -.87 to .22.     

Heterosis and combining ability for body weight in a diallel cross of three chicken genotypes

The aim of the study was to evaluate heterotic and combining ability effects for growth in nine chicken genotypes. A 3?×?3 complete diallel mating system involving two indigenous breeds named Venda (V) and Naked Neck (N) and one commercial broiler breed named Ross 308 (R) were used. The nine genetic groups of crosses were reared up from hatch to 13 weeks of age in deep litter open house. Body weights of 180 chicks (20 chicks per genetic group), recorded at 0, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13 weeks of age, were used to estimate heterosis, general combining ability (GCA), and specific combining ability (SCA). Results showed that the Ross 308 had the heaviest body weight at all weeks of measurement except for hatch. With respect to crosses, the V × R and its reciprocal cross, R × V had the heaviest body weights at 13 weeks. Heterosis estimates for body weight were higher in the Venda male × Ross 308 female and Venda male and Naked Neck female crosses. GCA was significant (P?≤?0.01) for body weight from hatch to 13 weeks of age while SCA and reciprocal effects were both significant (P?≤?0.05) for body weight at all ages of measurement except for hatch. The Ross 308 gave the highest positive effect of GCA for body weight except for hatch. V × N gave the highest and positive effects of SCA for body weight.     

Performance of crosses among Hereford, Angus, and Simmental cattle with different levels of Simmental breeding: VI. Maternal heterosis of 3- to 8-year-old dams and the dominance model.

Data from Hereford, 25% Simmental-75% Hereford, 50% Simmental-50% Hereford, and 75% Simmental-25% Hereford dams were used to estimate maternal heterosis and level of agreement with the dominance model. Cows were located at the Northern Agricultural Research Center near Havre, MT and were managed consistent with practices for western range environments. Sample halves of dam breed groups were bred to Charolais and Tarentaise sires to produce calves at 3 to 8 yr of age. There were 766 exposures to breeding that resulted in 581 calves. Breed group means for most traits supported the dominance model. Maternal heterosis was estimated by regression techniques for 22 cow and calf traits. Maternal heterosis was not significant for day of conception, number of services, gestation length, or calving difficulty. Estimates of maternal heterosis for calf growth traits ranged from .7% for weaning height to 5.2% for weaning weight and 7.5% for weaning condition score. Calf weight per unit of cow weight at weaning showed significant maternal heterosis (7.1%). Higher levels of maternal heterosis were exhibited for milk production (8.2 to 11.1%) and the negative, but nonsignificant, estimate of maternal heterosis for early minus late milk production suggested more persistent lactation for crossbred cows. Maternal heterosis was 11.5% for proportion of dams that calved and 10.4% for proportion of dams that weaned calves. Calf weaning weight per cow exposed to breeding, a characteristic combining calf growth and dam reproduction, exhibited 17.9% maternal heterosis.     

BMR基因型高粱不育系主要农艺性状的配合力效应

采用NCⅡ不完全双列杂交试验设计,以19份BMR基因型高粱(Sorghum bicolor)不育系为母本,以3份BMR基因型苏丹草(Sorghum sudanense)为父本,从7个主要农艺性状上分析了57个F1杂交组合的配合力和遗传力。结果表明,株高、主茎叶片数、中部叶片长度、中部叶片宽度4个农艺性状具有正向中亲优势;株高、中部叶片长度2个性状具有正向超亲优势;主茎叶片数、叶片中部长度、叶片中部宽度3个性状具有正向竞争优势;而单株分蘖数、主茎直径、主茎穗长均表现为负向优势。各组合的主要农艺性状区组间差异均不显著(P0.05),组合间呈极显著差异(P0.01)。主茎直径、主茎穗长的遗传受基因的加性和非加性效应共同作用,株高、单株分蘖数、主茎叶片数、中部叶片长度、中部叶片宽度的遗传受基因的非加性影响较大;主茎穗长宜在早代选择,而株高、单株分蘖数、主茎叶片数、主茎直径、中部叶片长度5个指标宜在高代选择。综合得出,BMR基因型高粱不育系以AMP454、AMP19、T98A的一般配合力较高,筛选出配合力较高的杂交组合为AMP19×ZS-102和AMP454×ZS-102。