史密斯桉,亮果桉种源选择

１９８６－１９９２年由澳大利亚提供史密斯桉种源１２个，亮果桉种源１７个，分别在保山、昆明、楚雄进行史密斯桉、亮果桉的种源选择试验。试验结果表明：史密斯桉，亮果桉存在种源差异；从生长量、生长稳定性、抗逆性、桉油含量等进行综合评定认为，史密斯桉１５５４４、１５０９２、１２１３１种源，亮果桉１２４０１、３２８１、１４４４９、１６６３６、１６７５０种源是表现较好的种源，４－６年生史密斯桉优优良种源，与直干     

史密斯桉优良家系的早期选择研究

1995年在富民县建立的史密斯桉家系试验包括了史密斯桉的7个种源、88家系，3．4年生时的分析结果表明家系间各主要生长性状存在着显著或极显著的差异。蓄积量最高的家系是18681种源的22号家系（26．9801m^3/hm^2），其蓄积量约是最差种源18676的6号家系（5．0025m^3/hm^2)的5倍多。同时也对家系性状的遗传参数进行了分析，结果表明家系各性状遗传力较高，家系蓄积量的遗传力为：0．8684，单株遗传力为：0．9863。初步评选出了适合在滇中地区生长的20个史密斯桉优良家系，蓄积量实际增益为32．69％－65．66％。     

史密斯桉实生种子园建设初报

史密斯桉实生种子园由该树种的家系试验林经疏伐改建而成。在史密斯桉种源、家系选择试验阶段评选出优良种源2个，优良家系20个，优良种源中选率28．6％，优良家系中选率22．7％。种源蓄积量遗传力0．869，家系蓄积量遗传力0．609，单株遗传力0．986，进行单株、种源选择优于家系选择。优良种源遗传增益0．246，优良家系遗传增益0．276，家系平均实际增益45．3％。优良家系与较差家系木材密度无显著差异。家系试验林经两次疏伐改建为种子园后，每公顷保留林木340株左右。种子园促进史密斯桉植株开花结实试验的结果表明，经施肥及施用开花促进剂处理的家系开花结实率为对照的3倍，施肥及施用开花促进剂使植株开花结实提前，增加开花结实量有较好的作用。7．5年生，种子园个体平均开花结实率为24．6％，预计开花结实率每年将以15．5％的速度增加。开花结实率高的是18676、18688较差种源，开花结实率低的是18682、17131优良种源，较差种源开花结实率是优良种源的2．1倍。优良家系开花结实率65％，为全体家系平均开花结实率(28．6％)的2．3倍。较差种源比优良种源开花结实早，而在家系内是优良家系开花结实较早。     

史密斯桉优良家系的早期选择研究

1995年在富民县建立的史密斯桉家系试验包括了史密斯桉的 7个种源、 88个家系 ,3 4年生时的分析结果表明家系间各主要生长性状存在着显著或极显著的差异。蓄积量最高的家系是 186 81种源的 2 2号家系(2 6 980 1m3 /hm2 ) ,其蓄积量约是最差种源 186 76的 6号家系 (5 0 0 2 5m3 /hm2 )的 5倍多。同时也对家系性状的遗传参数进行了分析 ,结果表明家系各性状遗传力较高 ,家系蓄积量的遗传力为 :0 86 84 ,单株遗传力为 :0 986 3。初步评选出了适合在滇中地区生长的 2 0个史密斯桉优良家系 ,蓄积量实际增益为 32 6 9%～ 6 5 6 6 %。     

细叶桉和尾叶桉种源试验研究

尾叶桉与细叶桉8个种源生长性状与保存率的差异和遗传分析结果表明；种源间除高径比外各性状的差异极显著，种源层次各性状遗传力为43.25％～88.14％，单株层次各性状遗传力为16．00％～65．01％；树高、胸径、材积等生长性状间呈紧密的正相关，保存率与生长性状的相关不显著。3、5年生时尾叶桉14532种源和细叶桉13541种源在各自的树种中生长最优，平均单株材积分别这0.09636m^2时0.04516m^3。经综合评价，细叶桉13541、13544和尾叶桉14532、14531为优良种源。估算了参试种源各个性状的育种值。     

华南地区桉属树种种源生长表现

在华南地区，桉属树种的多点试验结果表明，细叶桉和赤桉的优良种源在各种不同的立地条件下，其近期保存率和立木蓄积量都比当地原主栽树种窿缘桉高１倍以上；在较好的立地条件下，尾叶桉产量最高，该树种最优种源２年生立木蓄积量比最差种源大１３９．２％，细叶桉５年生立木蓄积量最好种源比最差种源大２１．１１倍，赤桉５年生立木蓄积量最好种源比最差种源大６６％。     

蓝桉、直干桉种源试验

蓝桉、直干桉种源试验采用随机区组设计，８次重复。经对生长量、保存率、抗性等的观测、分析，采用综合评定法进行评定，结果表明，蓝桉、直干桉存在种源差异。筛选出蓝桉Ｔ、Ｌ、Ｇ种源，直干桉１２１３２、１２１２５种源为表现较好的种源。最佳种源蓄积量与最差种源相比，蓝桉大１２５％，直干桉大５５％，上述优良种源可在我省蓝桉、直干桉种植区发展。     

史密斯桉引种及种源试验初报

１９９５年，从澳大利亚引进史密斯桉主要分布区的７个种源，以云南省大部分地区生长表现较好的蓝桉、直干桉作对照，在云南省的东部、东南部、南部、中部和西部共设５个试验点进行多点引种和种源适应性的试验。经对５个试验点苗期及２５年生试验林适应性和生长表现的观测、分析，史密斯桉在试验点所示的区域内比较适生，尤其在滇东的陆良、滇中的禄丰、滇西的保山表现较好；引种的７个种源，以１５０６４、１８２８４和１８６８８号初期生长较好。初步确定了该树种引种的适生范围，并对各种源在各试验点上的苗期和幼树期的生长规律和差异有所了解。据测定，史密斯桉的桉叶出油率为１４２％，比蓝桉高１倍，比直干桉高１１２倍；桉油中的桉叶素含量比两个对照高出１８％。     

史密斯桉不同种源的引种试验研究

从原产地引入史密斯桉7个种源,以蓝桉、直干桉为对照,在云南亚热带地区的5个试点上进行史密斯桉不同种源的引种试验。5年的试验结果表明:史密斯桉在各试验点上的生长表现较好。其树高、胸径和材积的生长总体超过蓝桉和直干桉;各试验点的史密斯桉全年都在生长,一般以7月生长量最大,2月生长量最小;平均出油率分别超过蓝桉、直干桉69 89%和51 78%,桉叶油的1,8-桉叶素含量分别超过直干桉和蓝桉8 87%、11 14%。每公顷桉叶油产量超过蓝桉30 66%,超过直干桉9 17%,每公顷桉叶素产量分别超过蓝桉和直干桉45 25%和18 93%。史密斯桉不同种源间的树高、胸径和材积变异幅度较小,而种源内的变异幅度较大,为种源间变异的5～6倍。种源间树高、胸径、出油率、产叶量差异都达到显著或极显著水平,树高的地点与种源间存在极显著的交互作用;树高、胸径、材积、产叶量、出油率的种源遗传力分别为0 18、0 50、0 22、0 33、0 36;产叶量与胸径、冠幅、枝重成正相关,出油率、1,8-桉叶素含量这两个性状与其他各性状相关不显著,为相对独立的性状。根据树高表型值,分别选出适宜各试验点种植的优良种源;根据不同育种目的分别进行了用材林种源选择、油用林种源选择和材油兼用林种源选择。其中油用林种源选择效果最好,其桉叶素产量增益可     

蓝桉、直干桉综合丰产技术试验示范

试验林采用正交设计，因素为树种、整地方式、密度、施肥，各因素取３个水平，３次重复。用生长量、生物量与投入产出进行评价。试验结果：３．５年生蓝桉、直干桉幼林最佳处理平均高９．５ｍ，平均胸径８．９ｃｍ，每ｈｍ２蓄积量７０．５１２６ｍ３，最佳处理比最差处理树高大２８．４％，胸径大３４．９％，蓄积量大１８３％。用已取得的技术成果营造的示范林，３．５年生平均高９．８ｍ，平均胸径６．５ｃｍ，累计产桉叶２．４３万ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，３年生左右，通过桉油及薪柴的收入可以回收全部造林及加工成本。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Key Habitats in the Norwegian Production Forest: A Case Study

This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes.