磐安县黄檀林场杉木迹地更新试验简报

对杉木采伐迹地用日本细叶花柏进行补到促进萌芽更新，其林分生长比杉木纯萌芽更新林分要提前１－２年都闭，且生长快，是杉木成熟林进行采伐迹地更新的一种方法。     

杉木迹地更新造林方式

皖南山区的国有林场大多建于五十年代末或六十年代初，早期营造的杉木用材林已进行皆伐利用。因此杉木采伐迹地的更新造林将是营林上的一大课题。旌德县庙首林场于1983年进行杉木皆伐作业以来，便进行了不同更新造林方式的对比试验。试验采取随机区组设计，或在不同更新方式的林分中，选择立地条件相近地段。随机抽样设标准地调查。现将试验结果作一比较分析。     

南湾林场杉木萌芽更新林调查

<正> 杉木属强萌芽性树种,采伐后的伐桩能够生长出旺盛的萌芽条,对这些萌芽条加强管理,可使幼林适时郁闭。同时,经营萌芽林,较重新整地造林相比,可以节省投资,且技术并不复杂。信阳地区已有大面积的杉木林陆续进入成熟林,成熟林采伐后,其更新方式如何选择已十分重要。为此,我们在     

杉木萌芽条保留数量对马尾松幼林生长的影响

杉木萌芽条保留数量对马尾松幼林生长的影响杉木林地地力普遍下降。因此，杉木人工林采伐迹地更新马尾松可获得较好效果。据试验，在Ⅲ类立地的杉木采伐迹地营造马尾松（密度３６００—３９００株／ｈｍ２）、并保留杉木萌芽条（１２００—１５００株／ｈｍ２）而形成的混...     

杉木采伐方式和采伐迹地人工促进萌芽更新措施调查研究

杉木在安徵有林地面积中仅占12.9%,蓄积占18.7%;用材树种中杉木面积占10%,蓄积占20%;杉木蓄积中小径材(6—14cm)占59.9%,可伐量已下降为24.2%,而且大部分集中在交通闭塞的边远社队。因此,对现有少量杉木资源应实行集约经营,推行小面积(以50亩为宜,缓坡可大至100亩左右)皆伐,伐一块更新一块。安徵杉木采伐迹地更新方式,解放前以人工插条、萌芽更新和人工促进萌芽更新为主。解放后增加了实生苗造林和萌芽更新的比重,而人工促进萌芽更新有所忽视。实生苗造林更新在很多地区往往落后于森工采伐,而萌芽更新难以成林成材,易发生树种更替。调查表明,杉木皆伐后,在交通不便、劳力缺少的地区,可选择人工促进萌芽更新为主;在劳力多、经营条件好的地区,可选择实生苗更新为主,以培育大径用材。而择伐后单纯依靠萌芽更新,在很多情况下会发生树种更替现象,降低林分价值。本文根据1954、1963—1980年在黔县、休宁、歙县和金寨等地杉木采伐和更新的调查资料整理而成,为今后确定采伐方式和萌芽更新、人工促进措施提供有益经验。     

杉木采伐迹地更新及经营技术

上世纪六十年代到九十年代中期,杉木是主要的用材造林树种,随着林龄增长,部分杉木进入了主伐期,这些林分林木老化,生产力下降,急需更新采伐。上世纪,杉木采伐迹地更新树种主要以马尾松为主,经过十几年的培育,其林分生长不好,效益不佳。如何营造人工杉木二代林的问题是我们林业急于解决的课题。2001年,笔者对30公顷杉木采伐迹地,进行不同更新模型试验,并对其土壤有机质含量变化进行了定期测定比较。     

杉木林迹地不同树种更新的生态效应

根据杉木人工林连栽容易引起产量下降和地力衰退等问题,对杉木林采伐迹地采用火力楠、湿地松和马尾松进行更新对比试验,研究结果表明,以火力楠为更新树种形成的人工林生长快、蓄积量大,林下生物多样性丰富,土壤水分物理性质得到较大的改善,土壤肥力提高快。火力楠是杉木林采伐迹地更新较为理想的树种。     

腾冲县杉木采伐迹地南酸枣造林试验

在杉木采伐迹地上进行了造林试验,结果表明:在杉木采伐迹地上种植南酸枣,造林成活率为97%,3年保存率为94%,3年树高达6.2m,胸径达7.2cm,生长良好,无病虫害,南酸枣可作为杉木采伐迹地更新的速生树种加以推广。     

苏北滨海盐土区杉木生态适应性及栽培技术的研究

调查研究结果表明，盐城市滨海盐土区与杉木中心产区的气候因子比较接近，基本适宜杉木的生长，杉木造林选择地下一在１．５ｍ以下，排水良好的采伐更新迹地并采用 栽植法效果较好。新造幼林套种作物以棉花最好。     

毛竹杉木混交造林技术

杉木林采伐迹地在留养部分杉木萌条的同时,栽种毛竹形成杉竹混交林,比单一营造毛竹林节约造林成本,又可使采伐迹地提前恢复森林环境.皖南山区杉木商品林采伐迹地面积较大的地区,采用杉竹混交,迹地更新,在生产上是较为适用的营林方式.     

杉木连栽幼林生长量、营养元素和土壤肥力的比较

结果表明：杉木连栽引起林地肥力减退，土壤地力衰退程度与前茬林生长周期有关。头茬杉木林周期短（14a）的二耕土上连栽的杉木长势较好，头茬杉木林周期长（24a）的二耕土上连栽的杉木幼树长势极差。林地施肥后并没有促进杉木幼树恢复生长。原因在于杉木幼树根系受到土壤中有毒物质毒害，根系腐烂，不能从土壤中吸收养分。建议采取生物工程措施解决杉木连裁地力减退问题。     

不同立地条件下引种秃杉试验初报

在杉木采伐迹地不同的立地条件下开展秃杉与杉木、柳杉、福建柏造林对比试验,结果表明:19年生秃杉在Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ立地级的生长与Ⅳ立地级的生长差异达显著水平;秃杉在Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ立地级的生长好于杉木、柳杉、福建柏,其差异达显著水平;秃杉的单株材积增幅达26.0%～49.3%。表明秃杉可作为福建省杉木采伐迹地的优良更新树种,宜在Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ立地级造林,其生长量大,效益好。     

人工林和天然林的比较评价

对人工林和天然林的生态学和林学特性进行了比较和分析。指出天然林对病虫害的抵抗能力强,能持久地生产木材和发挥多重效益,并与很多物种的生存有密切关系。因人工林多样性低,稳定性差,轮伐期短,集约栽培的工业人工林尽管速生,但对地力消耗大,若没有优越的土地条件和额外的施肥,生产力将不能持久。提出我国应实行人工林和天然林并重的方针,要对大量发展工业人工林可能产生的隐患给予重视,要对已保存不多的原始林实行不改变林相的经营方式,避免将它们大面积地改变为人工林的作法。     

亚热带几种森林类型下土壤的理化性质

在福建省邵武市卫闽林场，在本底条件一致的同龄杉木林、马尾松林、天然阔叶林及杉阔混交林林下土壤进行了野外调查和室内分析，结果表明，土壤容量重为天然阔叶林〈杉阔混交林〈马尾松林〈杉木林；总孔隙度和最大含水量为天然阔叶林〉杉阔混交林〉杉木林〉马尾松林；〈０．００１细微颗粒百分含量为阔叶林〈杉阔混交林〈杉木林〈马尾林；土壤ＰＨ伙阔叶林〉杉阔混交林〉马尾松林〉杉木林，速效Ｐ，速率Ｋ，全Ｎ和有机质含量均为阔叶     

Tree regeneration and future stand development after bark beetle infestation and harvesting in Colorado lodgepole pine stands

In the southern Rocky Mountains, current mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) outbreaks and associated harvesting have set millions of hectares of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm. ex Wats.) forest onto new stand development trajectories. Information about immediate, post-disturbance tree regeneration will provide insight on dynamics of future stand composition and structure. We compared tree regeneration in eight paired harvested and untreated lodgepole pine stands in the Fraser Experimental Forest that experienced more than 70% overstory mortality due to beetles. New seedlings colonized both harvested and untreated stands in the first years after the beetle outbreak. In harvested areas the density of new seedlings, predominantly lodgepole pine and aspen, was four times higher than in untreated stands. Annual height growth of pine and fir advance regeneration (e.g., trees established prior to the onset of the outbreak) has doubled following overstory mortality in untreated stands. Growth simulations based on our regeneration data suggest that stand basal area and stem density will return to pre-beetle levels in untreated and harvested stands within 80-105 years. Furthermore, lodgepole pine will remain the dominant species in harvested stands over the next century, but subalpine fir will become the most abundant species in untreated areas. Owing to terrain, economic and administrative limitations, active management will treat a small fraction (<15%) of the forests killed by pine beetle. Our findings suggest that the long-term consequences of the outbreak will be most dramatic in untreated forests where the shift in tree species composition will influence timber and water production, wildfire behavior, wildlife habitat and other forest attributes.     

Long-term changes of structure and tree species composition in Dinaric uneven-aged forests: are red deer an important factor?

Uneven-aged silver fir-European beech forest stands were studied to (1) analyse the dynamics of diameter structure and tree species composition in the past two centuries and (2) determine the impact of red deer on the regeneration and recruitment of silver fir. The study used current data on forest stands, archival data from old forest management plans for the period 1789–2004, and red deer harvesting records for the period 1907–2006. During the observation period, the silver fir population aged and silver fir and European beech alternated in dominance. The study revealed a strong impact of red deer on the composition and recruitment of tree regeneration, especially on silver fir regeneration. The drastic changes in red deer density (from extermination up to 5.8 animals km⁻²) and past forest management practices were apparently the main factors driving the population dynamics of silver fir (regeneration, recruitment, and diameter structure) in the study area during the past two centuries.     

Tree spatial patterns of Abies alba and Fagus sylvatica in the Western Carpathians over 30 years

The decline of Abies alba (fir) in natural fir–beech forests in Europe has fascinated scientists for over a century. During this period, Fagus sylvatica (beech) became the dominant species in this forest type. We hypothesised that (1) the success of beech over fir is significantly connected with the fact that beech suffers less than fir from the presence of conspecific neighbours; that (2) shade tolerance is not a factor which favours beech over fir; and that (3) this is due to a significantly reduced proportion of litter treethrow mounds with suitable conditions for the successful regeneration of fir. We investigated these hypotheses by means of tree spatial pattern analysis. Eight rectangular plots (2–8 ha) were analysed in mountain fir–beech forests of the Outer Western Carpathians, Czech Republic. Various types of the pair correlation function and L function were used to describe the tree density variability of trees with DBH ≥10 cm. The analyses were carried out on datasets from the 1970s, 1990s and 2000s. Our results suggest that negative density dependence is not responsible for the current decline of fir. It seems that a higher shade tolerance of the advanced regeneration could be one of the factors which favour beech over fir. It is evident that fir trees have a markedly stronger positive association to mounds than beech trees.     

杉木人工林林下更新试验研究初报

为研究杉木人工林林下更新技术,选择了一片32年生杉木林设置固定观测试验地,对其采用4种不同疏伐强度（每公顷保留株数分别为75株、150株、225株和300株）处理,随后采用1年生杉木实生苗在林冠下进行造林更新,形成复层林,同时设置对照（皆伐后造林更新形成单层林）处理。试验结果表明：老杉木每公顷保留密度为75株、150株、225株和300株的林下杉木更新幼树的平均树高分别为对照的97．19％、94．94％、90．45％和84．83％,平均地径分别为对照的96．23％、109．12％、96．23％和80．82％。不同处理间的杉木更新幼树的地径生长有显著差异,在复层林中以杉木老树每公顷保留株数为105～135株处理的林下更新杉木生长为最好;但不同处理间的杉木更新幼树的树高生长没有显著差异。     

Broadleaf competition interferes with balsam fir regeneration following experimental removal of moose

Changes to ecosystems caused by introduced herbivores can be predictable, stepwise transitions or unpredictable and even irreversible state changes. This study's objectives were to explore effects on forest succession and soil development 5 years after moose (Alces alces L.) were fenced out of areas within and adjacent to a national park in Newfoundland, Canada. Study plots spanned a range of understorey broadleaf plant associations with regenerating balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.), an important winter forage plant for moose and a dominant canopy tree throughout Newfoundland. After 5 years, height–diameter ratios were significantly larger for larger basal diameters of understorey balsam fir in unfenced, but not in fenced subplots, suggesting that growth of the conifer is compromised within the exclosure. In contrast, for most broadleaf trees and shrubs, moose removal by fencing results in greater heights and basal diameters than in control subplots. The competitive advantage of broadleaf trees and shrubs over balsam fir in the short-term may be a result of past sustained heavy moose browsing benefiting plants that are better at investing resources into below-ground growth or benefiting plants that have broader leaf canopies. It is not clear how long the broadleaf transition state we document will continue. Restorative actions intended to mimic usual patterns of forest regeneration in this region of Newfoundland might best consider moose removal with site preparation and/or planting to historic densities.     

浅谈阔叶次生林的人工促进天然更新

人工促进天然更新是恢复和发展天然阔叶林的重要更新方式,具有投入少、恢复快、收益大和易于实施等特点.人工促进天然更新的阔叶次生林与人工营造杉木林样地比较结果表明,在同一立地条件下,同龄阔叶树的树种种类、郁闭度、生物多样性、高径比等各项生长指标均高于人工杉木林.文中阐述了人工促进天然更新中的抚育间伐、林分改造、封山育林和封禁保护、补植等具体措施,并提出保护现有阔叶林,实施人工促进阔叶林天然更新,扩大水源涵养林、水土保持林等防护林比重等建议.