草莓丝核菌根腐病病原菌鉴定及7种杀菌剂的抑菌作用测定

为了解草莓丝核菌根腐病的病原种类及筛选防治丝核菌根腐病的有效杀菌剂,本研究基于形态学特征、细胞核荧光染色、菌丝融合群测定以及rDNA-ITS的序列分析,对北京和河北承德地区的草莓丝核菌根腐病的病原菌进行了鉴定,并利用菌丝生长速率法测定了7种杀菌剂对丝核菌的抑菌作用。结果发现,北京地区的丝核菌为双核丝核菌(binucleate Rhizoctonia,BNR),属于融合群AG-A;河北的丝核菌为立枯丝核菌Rhizoctonia solani,属于融合群AG-4。氟啶胺、吡唑醚菌酯、噻呋酰胺、戊唑醇、咯菌腈、氟硅唑对2种丝核菌均有很强的抑制作用,EC_(50)值为0.063 9～2.485 7μg/mL,抑霉唑的抑制作用较差,EC_(50)值为9.966 8～11.236 8μg/mL。同一种杀菌剂对不同丝核菌的抑制作用存在差异,噻呋酰胺、戊唑醇、氟硅唑、咯菌腈和抑霉唑对立枯丝核菌的抑制作用强于对双核丝核菌。试验结果为生产上合理选用杀菌剂防治草莓丝核菌根腐病提供了科学依据。     

Genetic variability among isolates of Fusarium oxysporum from sugar beet

Fusarium yellows, caused by the soil‐borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. betae (Fob), can lead to significant yield losses in sugar beet. This fungus is variable in pathogenicity, morphology, host range and symptom production, and is not a well characterized pathogen on sugar beet. From 1998 to 2003, 86 isolates of F. oxysporum and 20 other Fusarium species from sugar beet, along with four F. oxysporum isolates from dry bean and five from spinach, were obtained from diseased plants and characterized for pathogenicity to sugar beet. A group of sugar beet Fusarium isolates from different geographic areas (including nonpathogenic and pathogenic F. oxysporum, F. solani, F. proliferatum and F. avenaceum), F. oxysporum from dry bean and spinach, and Fusarium DNA from Europe were chosen for phylogenetic analysis. Sequence data from β‐ tubulin, EF1α and ITS DNA were used to examine whether Fusarium diversity is related to geographic origin and pathogenicity. Parsimony and Bayesian MCMC analyses of individual and combined datasets revealed no clades based on geographic origin and a single clade consisting exclusively of pathogens. The presence of FOB and nonpathogenic isolates in clades predominately made up of Fusarium species from sugar beet and other hosts indicates that F. oxysporum f. sp. betae is not monophyletic.     

引起河北省保定市白术根腐病的病原镰刀菌种类鉴定

白术(Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.)是菊科苍术属多年生草本植物,具重要的药用价值和经济效益,而其根腐病在各产区发生普遍.河北省保定地区为白术秧苗的生产基地,一年生白术种植地块根腐病的病株率在5％～20％,二年生地块的病株率达到30％ ～ 50％,造成严重减产.引起白术根腐病的病原菌较...     

Fusarium commune associated with wilt and root rot disease in rice

Wilt and root rot disease in plants has been caused mainly by Fusarium species. Previous studies reported that members of the Fusarium oxysporum species complex (FOSC) were usually associated with this disease, but there has been no report of it being caused in rice by specific Fusarium species. However, in this study, Fusarium commune was identified and characterized as a causal agent of wilt and root rot disease of rice. Four Fusarium isolates (BD005R, BD014R, BD019R, and BD020R) were obtained from different parts (root, stem, and seeds) of diseased rice plants. In morphological studies, these isolates produced key characteristics of F. commune, such as long and slender monophialides, polyphialides, and abundant chlamydospores. In molecular studies, the isolates were identified as F. commune based on sequences of the translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1) gene that had 99.7%–100% sequence identity with the reference strain F. commune NRRL 28058. The phylogenetic tree showed that all four isolates belonged to the F. commune clade. A mating type test determined that three isolates carried MAT1-2. Their teleomorph stage was still unknown. Pathogenicity assays showed that all the isolates produced wilt and root rot symptoms and the isolate BD019R was observed as the most virulent among the isolates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. commune causing wilt and root rot disease on rice.     

重庆南苍术根腐病病原鉴定

南苍术[Atractylodes lancea(Thunb.)DC.],又称茅苍术,其根茎有燥湿健脾、祛风散寒、明目避秽的功效,具有很高的药用价值[1,2].南苍术主要分布于我国江苏、浙江、江西、河南、湖北、四川等地,主产于江苏茅山[3,4].重庆石柱、丰都、涪陵等地的南苍术种植业,已成为当地脱贫的支柱产业.     

Identification,pathogenicity and community dynamics of fungi and oomycetes associated with pea root rot in northern France

The pea root rot complex is a major concern for green pea production worldwide. This study aimed at characterizing its composition and dynamics throughout a cropping season in northern France. To this end, fungi and oomycetes were isolated from green pea plant roots with symptoms sampled at the flowering stage in 22 fields in 2017, and at the pea emergence, elongation and flowering stages in two fields in 2018. Out of 646 isolates collected, 317 were identified using molecular markers. Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani and F. redolens were highly predominant. Pathogenicity tests separated the isolates into four aggressiveness groups. F. solani isolates were the most aggressive. Phylogenetic analysis of their TEF1 sequences showed that they mainly belonged to the F. pisi lineage, and that F. oxysporum isolates were genetically close to isolates from the UK that did not belong to the forma specialis pisi. In addition, several Clonostachys rhizophaga isolates are reported for the first time to cause pea root rot. The oomycetes were rarely found and were represented by a few Pythium spp. isolates. Lastly, this study shows that the fungal and oomycete communities associated with pea root rot change during the cropping season. The level of dissimilarity of the root-rot-associated communities decreased throughout the cropping season towards a more similar composition at the flowering stage, dominated by F. solani, F. oxysporum and F. redolens. The proportion of nonpathogenic to weakly pathogenic isolates decreased progressively during the growing season in favour of moderately to highly pathogenic isolates.     

云南滇黄精根茎腐病病原鉴定

Polygonati rhizoma is used as traditional Chinese medicine and nutritional food. Polygonatum kingianum is one of the three source species of polygonati rhizoma. Rhizome rot disease is a serious constraint to the production of P. kingianum in Yunnan Province. Two kinds of purified fungal isolates, named PkF01 and PkF02, were obtained from the rhizome rot samples. Based on morphology, analysis of tef1α and rpb2 gene sequences, two fungal strains PkF01 and PkF02 were designated as Fusarium oxysporum and F. solani, respectively. According to pathogenetic tests fufilling Koch's postulates, F. oxysporum and F. solani were identified as causal agents of rhizome rot of P. kingianum. The former showed a stronger pathogenicity on the rhizomes of P. kingianum than that of the latter one. This result is helpful to control rhizome rot on P. kingianum.     

Phylogenetic relationships and virulence assays of Fusarium secorum from sugar beet suggest a new look at species designations

Fusarium spp. are responsible for significant yield losses in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. betae most often reported as the primary causal agent. Recently, a new species, F. secorum, was reported to cause disease in sugar beet but little is known on the range of virulence within F. secorum or how this compares to the virulence and phylogenetic relationships previously reported for Fusarium pathogens of sugar beet. To initiate this study, partial translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1) sequences from seven isolates of F. secorum were obtained and the data were added to a previously published phylogenetic tree that includes F. oxysporum f. sp. betae. Unexpectedly, the F. secorum strains nested into a distinct group that included isolates previously reported as F. oxysporum f. sp. betae. These results prompted an expanded phylogenetic analysis of TEF1 sequences from genomes of publicly available Fusarium spp., resulting in the additional discovery that some isolates previously reported as F. oxysporum f. sp. betae are F. commune, a species that is not known to be a sugar beet pathogen. Inoculation of sugar beet with differing genetic backgrounds demonstrated that all Fusarium strains have a significant range in virulence depending on cultivar. Taken together, the data suggest that F. secorum is more widespread than previously thought. Consequently, future screening for disease resistance should rely on isolates representing the full diversity of the Fusarium population that impacts sugar beet.     

迷迭香根腐病病原菌的鉴定

 迷迭香（Rosmarinus officinalis L.）又名油安草,艾菊,属于唇形科迷迭香属植物,为多年生常绿亚灌木,是地中海一带的重要景观植物。因其香味浓郁,被应用于香水、香皂、空气清新剂和食品添加剂生产中;该植物在医药方面还具有催经活血、利胆降压和抗癌等药理作用^［1］。近年来,广西百色市大量种植迷迭香,但在种植区普遍发生一种根茎部病害,造成植株根茎部腐烂,最终全株干枯死亡。每年5~9月份高温多雨季节,一般田块发病率为5%~10%,严重时发病率达40%,给迷迭香的生产造成一定的经济损失。国外曾报道Armillaria,Phytophthora和Rhizoctonia均可引起迷迭香根部病害^［2］,但目前国内对迷迭香的研究主要集中在其化学成分和药理作用上,未见有关病害的报道。本文对迷迭香根腐病的病原菌进行鉴定,为研究该病害的发病流行规律及制定病害防治措施奠定了基础。     

抗、感大豆品种对尖镰孢根腐病菌侵染及毒素的反应

为了进一步明确大豆抗感品种对根腐尖镰孢的抗病机制,通过透射电镜和形态观察分析了尖镰孢(M38)侵染及产生的毒素对抗感大豆品种的影响。研究表明大豆幼苗胚根经粗毒素处理后,抗病品种‘东农56’幼苗胚根生长没有显著差别,但显著抑制了感病品种‘黑农53’胚根的伸长和侧根的生长;尖镰孢毒素高浓度和低浓度(V粗毒素∶V无菌水=1∶0和1∶15)对抗感品种的致萎能力无显著差异,高浓度处理平均萎蔫指数为100,低浓度处理为17.9~18.1左右;但中等浓度(V粗毒素∶V无菌水=1∶1,1∶5,1∶10)对于感病品种的致萎作用更大;同时,发现尖镰孢侵染感病大豆品种根内侵染量要明显多于抗病品种,且感病品种组织中菌丝的直径明显大于抗病品种,都出现很明显的质壁分离和细胞壁加厚的现象。     

毒素在稻纹枯病菌致病中的作用分析

用水稻胚根生长抑制法测定了10个稻纹枯病菌菌株在寄主体外产生毒素的能力,发现不同菌株的产毒能力各不相同,且产毒量差异极显著。用水稻离体叶接种法测定了这10个菌株的致病力,结果表明：不同菌株的致病力也各不相同,且差异极显著。相关分析发现,菌株的体外产毒能力与致病力高度正相关（R =0.915 2）。这些结果表明：稻纹枯病菌毒素的分泌可能在其致病过程中起重要作用。     

Epidemiological analysis of the effects of biofumigation for biological control of root rot in sugar beet

The effects of biofumigation using a Brassica juncea (mustard) cover crop on the dynamics of rhizoctonia root rot of sugar beet were recorded in two field trials in 2007 and 2008, and analysed using epidemiological modelling. Differences between partial biofumigation, involving the pulling up of mustard plants, and complete biofumigation, involving the crushing and incorporation of mustard residues into the soil, were compared with bare soil treatment. An epidemiological model was used that includes rates of transmission of primary and secondary infection, pre‐emergence damping off, and expression of wilting symptoms (above‐ground disease) due to infected roots (below‐ground disease). The model indicated that biofumigation reduces the transmission of primary infections but affects secondary infections in a variable pattern between field trials. Likewise, the proportion of infected plants expressing wilting was significantly reduced, by 28%, in the partial and complete biofumigation treatments compared with bare soil in the trial of 2007 but not in 2008. It is suggested that the effects of biofumigation on secondary infection and the expression of disease are more variable than those on primary infection, and that this is probably due to an interplay between pathogen, antagonists, host, and environmental factors. These interactions may or may not offset the benefits afforded by a reduction in primary infection and account for the overall variable success of biofumigation to control disease.     

马铃薯干腐病菌和黑痣病菌拮抗芽胞杆菌的筛选及鉴定

从甘肃国营条山农场马铃薯连作试验田的96个小区以五点取样法采集根际土样,稀释平板法在LB培养基上分离得到625株芽胞杆菌菌株。统计分析表明,土壤中总芽胞杆菌的数量正茬〉连作2年〉连作4年,但连作6年的土壤中总芽胞杆菌的数量又有上升的趋势。以马铃薯干腐病菌接骨木镰刀菌FusariumsambucinumFSM、茄病镰刀菌FsolaniFSI、黑痣病菌立枯丝核菌RhizoctoniasolaniRSl和RS2为靶标病原菌,平板对峙培养法筛选有抑菌效果的拮抗芽胞杆菌,发现抑菌带宽度大于2mm的拮抗芽胞杆菌的数量随连作年限的增加而减少。以形态学特征、生理生化特性为基础,结合gyrB基因序列分析,将筛选出的2株拮抗效果较好且不引起马铃薯块茎腐烂的芽胞杆菌Bacillusspp．D1—0—1和D1—0—2鉴定为萎缩芽胞杆菌B．atrophaeus。     

Whole-Cell Fatty Acid Composition to Characterize and Differentiate Isolates of Rhizoctonia Species Associated with Turfgrass Diseases in Japan

Cellular fatty acids were analyzed to characterize and differentiate 34 isolates of Rhizoctonia species representing binucleate Rhizoctonia AG-D (I), AG-D (II), R. solani AG 2-2 IIIB, AG 2-2 LP, R. circinata var. circinata and var. oryzae associated with turfgrass diseases in Japan. Myristic, pentadecanoic, palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids were consistently present in varying quantities in all isolates. Heptadecanoic and 9-heptadecenoic acids were present in isolates of Rhizoctonia AG-D (I), AG-D (II), R. solani AG 2-2 IIIB and AG 2-2 LP but not in isolates of R. circinata var. circinata and var. oryzae. Palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids were the major fatty acids found, constituting 88.30-98.37% of the whole-cell fatty acid content. The remaining fatty acids were present in smaller amounts. Isolates within a single group were closely clustered, whereas isolates from different groups were clearly distinguishable based on average linkage cluster analysis of cellular fatty acids. Principal component analysis, based on all fatty acids detected, confirmed the distinct separation of isolates representing the six groups of Rhizoctonia species obtained from turfgrasses. These results suggested that fatty acid analysis is useful for the characterization and differentiation of isolates of Rhizoctonia species associated with turfgrass diseases. Received 21 May 2001/ Accepted in revised form 28 September 2001     

龙血树根腐病病原菌的鉴定

龙血树根腐病是一种系统性病害,该病引起植株地上叶片由黄色变为褐色,根部的皮层和木质部分离,木质部表面有白色的霉层,维管束呈红棕色坏死,后期病根褐色腐烂。从发病的植株根部分离、纯化病原菌,经致病性测定、形态学、培养性状观察和rDNA-ITS序列的分析鉴定表明,引起龙血树根腐病的病原菌为尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporumSchl.)。     

Susceptibility of intercrops to infection with Rhizoctonia solani AG 2‐2 IIIB and influence on subsequently cultivated sugar beet

The susceptibility of intercrop species (Raphanus sativus, Brassica juncea, B. rapa, Sinapis alba and Phacelia tanacetifolia) to the sugar beet pathogen Rhizoctonia solani was investigated in vitro, in the greenhouse and in the field with artificial inoculation. Disease severity in subsequently cultivated sugar beet was monitored in the field. Differences in susceptibility between species were found to be consistent in all experimental systems. All intercrop species were susceptible to R. solani. Brassica rapa and R. sativus were less susceptible than P. tanacetifolia. Compared to fallow, the cultivation of B. rapa and R. sativus reduced disease severity in subsequently grown sugar beet (median ratings of up to 3·0 and 3·5, respectively, depending on environmental conditions). This resulted in higher white sugar yield compared to fallow (up to 210% and 157% for B. rapa and R. sativus, respectively). This study demonstrates that in vitro and greenhouse resistance tests are suitable systems to predict the effects of intercrop species susceptibility in the field on disease severity and white sugar yield in subsequently grown sugar beet. Intercrop breeding programmes might profit from fast and efficient screening tests to provide Rhizoctonia‐resistant intercrops as an additional control measure against R. solani in sugar beet.     

Interactions between the root pathogen Rhizoctonia solani AG-8 and acetolactate-synthase-inhibiting herbicides in barley

BACKGROUND: The widespread acceptance of reduced‐tillage farming in cereal cropping systems in the Pacific Northwest of the United States has resulted in increased use of herbicides for weed control. However, soil residual concentrations of widely used imidazalone herbicides limit the cultivation of barley, which is more sensitive than wheat. In addition, increased severity of the root rot disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani is associated with reduction in tillage. Many crops exhibit altered disease responses after application of registered herbicides. In this study, the injury symptoms in barley caused by sublethal rates of two acetolactate synthase (ALS)‐inhibiting herbicides, imazamox and propoxycarbazone‐sodium, were assessed in factorial combinations with a range of inoculum concentrations of the root rot pathogen Rhizoctonia solani AG‐8. RESULTS: Both herbicides and pathogen had negative impacts on plant growth parameters such as root and shoot dry weight, shoot height and first leaf length, and interactions between pathogen and herbicide were detected. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggested that sublethal rates of herbicides and R. solani could alter severity of injury symptoms, possibly owing to the herbicide predisposing the plant to the pathogen. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

黄绿木霉发酵液对水稻纹枯病菌作用的研究

利用黄绿木霉菌发酵液处理水稻纹枯病丝核菌,初步探讨了黄绿木霉菌发酵液对水稻纹枯病丝核菌的抑菌能力及抑菌机理。试验结果表明：黄绿木霉菌发酵液抑菌作用稳定,经121 ℃处理25 min后,抑菌率为100%; pH3～8的范围内抑菌率均为100%。经黄绿木霉菌发酵液处理的水稻纹枯病丝核菌菌丝电导率与呼吸强度几乎下降为0,光学显微镜观察到菌体形态发生变化,透射电镜下观察到细胞壁出现孔洞。用处理后的水稻纹枯病丝核菌菌丝接种水稻植株,发病率明显降低。     

Agronomic evaluation of precise mechanical hoeing and chemical weed control in sugar beet

Most herbicide applications to sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) are made to the whole crop area, but there is the opportunity to restrict applications to the crop row, decreasing the usage of herbicide by up to 70%. However, this would require greater use of mechanical weed control between rows. Experiments were performed in two seasons to evaluate the weed control performance of a novel, vision‐guided, inter‐row hoe in sugar beet crops grown on a peat fen soil. Hoe lateral placement was within ±30 mm. A precise hoeing and band spraying treatment was compared with overall herbicide use, and with treatments in which the herbicide applications were replaced by hand weeding to minimize competition between crop and weeds. Two hoe passes were made in each season, at crop growth stages of two and 10–12 true leaves in the first season and four and eight true leaves in the second season. Plant population density was not affected by treatment, indicating that none of the treatments caused crop plant loss. Use of the guided hoe controlled weeds better than overall spraying. Crop yields were not significantly different between treatments, indicating that weed control prevented competition with the crop in all treatments.