狗牙根草坪冬季盖播黑麦草的可行性研究

用2种黑麦草在广州赛马会高尔夫球练习场的狗牙根草坪上进行了冬季盖播可行性试验。结果表明，冬季盖播黑麦草后，盖播处理区的狗牙根草坪同没有盖播的对照区草坪相比，绿期延长，同时其它坪用性状也明显提高，因而证明，在广州地区的狗牙根草坪上用黑麦草进行了加绿盖播是完全可行而必要的。同时试验结果表明，草坪型黑麦草盖播草坪的坪用性状远远好于牧草型黑麦草的盖播处理。此外，合理的施肥和播量等因素也将直接影响盖播草坪的冬季坪用性状以及夏枯时狗牙根草坪的恢复生长。播量以20g/m^2最为理想，可根据建植和管理水平酌情增减。生长前期以高施肥（90g/m^2）为宜，夏枯前后的过渡阶段，以低施肥（45g/m^2）为佳。     

狗牙根草坪冬季盖播的研究

用多年生黑麦草品种Cutter在狗牙根建植的草坪上进行冬季盖播的研究结果表明从盖播草坪群落的合理演替角度来看,最适宜的盖播量为20g/m2;从施肥效果来看,在生长前期实行高施肥(90g/m2·y),可以导致盖播群落向有利于黑麦草生长的方向演替,加速盖播草坪的成坪周期,而在黑麦草夏枯前后的过渡阶段以低施肥(45g/m2·y)为佳,这样可以降低黑麦草生长的优势度,使盖播群落向有利于狗牙根恢复生长的方向发展.     

冬季盖播狗牙根草坪的春季转换研究进展

狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)草坪冬季盖播冷季型草种[主要是多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)]是高尔夫果岭、发球台等高水平维护草坪的一项常规养护措施。但是,冬季盖播造成狗牙根返青和生长困难,草坪生长衰弱,草坪品质低劣。目前对于促进狗牙根盖播草坪春季转换的研究相对较少,国内基本上还没有这方面的研究报道。本文综述了盖播对狗牙根草坪的影响,以及促进盖播冷季型草坪向狗牙根草坪转换的养护措施,包括盖播草种的选择及播量、过渡转换期养护管理、狗牙根春季补播及种内转换(Interseeding)、生长调节剂应用和冷季型草坪的化学防除等,以唤起国内对盖播草坪的春季转换问题的重视,加强对其技术的引进、消化、吸收和创新研究。     

草铵膦在杂交狗牙根交播黑麦草草坪建植中的应用研究

研究了不同剂量草铵膦对杂交狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)交播多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)草坪的质量调控效果。结果表明:低剂量草铵膦处理(225,450 g/hm2)对杂交狗牙根草坪的色泽没有显著的影响,但能够显著抑制杂交狗牙根的生长,而中、高剂量处理则对杂交狗牙根草坪的色泽有显著的负面影响;所有草铵膦处理对多年生黑麦草的萌发没有影响,且能够显著改善交播草坪的冬季色泽,450g/hm2剂量处理的冬季色泽均能维持在90%;低剂量草铵膦处理(225,450 g/hm2)对杂交狗牙根草坪的春季返青没有显著的影响,但中、高剂量的草铵膦处理则对杂交狗牙根的春季返青造成了严重的负面影响,显著延迟了杂交狗牙根的春季返青进程。试验表明450 g/hm2的草铵膦处理是交播草坪最适宜的应用剂量。     

江苏农林学院校园内草坪交播返青状况分析

观察江苏农林职业技术学院校园内狗牙根天堂328冬季分别交播一年生黑麦草、多年生黑麦草和鹅冠草入春后返青的状况,多次观察并对比其差异。结果发现,一年生黑麦草交播的狗牙根草坪返青情况最好,其次为交播鹅观草的草坪,交播多年生黑麦草的草坪返青情况最差。     

三种暖季型草坪秋季追播多年生黑麦草的效果比较

对杂交狗牙根、沟叶结缕草和钝叶草三种暖季型基础草坪秋冬季追播多年生黑麦草的效果进行了研究.结果表明,冬前钝叶草追播草坪在成坪速度和草坪质量方面都极显著差于杂交狗牙根与沟叶结缕草追播草坪;狗牙根追播草坪的成坪速度和草坪质量快于和优于沟叶结缕草追播草坪,或二者差异不显著.返青阶段,钝叶草返青推迟时间最短,但返青草坪质量最差;杂交狗牙根与沟叶结缕草草坪在这两方面均无显著差异.     

青绿苔草的混播草皮卷生产技术探讨

采用一年生黑麦草（Lolium multiflorum）、狗牙根（Cynodon dactylon）及匍匐剪股颖（Agrodtis stolonifera）等3种草坪草和青绿苔草（Carex leucochlora）进行混播种植,通过综合评价的方法找到适合与青绿苔草进行混播的草种,辅助其快速成坪并制作草皮卷。控制青绿苔草播量（6 g·m^-2,12 g·m^-2）,按3：1,6：1,10：1的比例加入上述3种草坪草种子混播。结果表明：青绿苔草播量为6 g·m^-2时混播可增加青绿苔草株高;与狗牙根6 g·m^-2混播时可增加青绿苔草的根长;与黑麦草12 g·m^-2混播时草皮卷起卷难度最低且完整度高。通过各处理草皮卷质量的综合评价表明,最优的2个混播组合分别是6 g·m^-2播量6：1混播匍匐剪股颖（Tr15）和12 g·m^-2播量10：1混播匍匐剪股颖（Tr9）。     

过渡地区采用狗牙根秋季交播黑麦草建植四季常绿草坪时应注意的几个问题

阐述了过渡地区气候特点以及冷暖地型草坪草在该地区的生长特点,建植四季常绿草坪常用的方法,提出了采用狗牙根Cynodon dactylon秋季交播黑麦草Lolium perenne建植草坪时应注意的问题:狗牙根建植方法、交播内涵的理解和2个过渡阶段的管理.     

昆明草坪草混播配方优化组合模式探讨

在昆明独特的气候条件下,通过对运动场草坪、观赏草坪和护坡草坪三类草坪混播配方的调查研究,探讨出了适应云南地区种植的9种优化组合。运动场草坪:草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis L.)+高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)+多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.),草地早熟禾+高羊茅,草地早熟禾+狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon(L.)Pers.)+多年生黑麦草;观赏草坪:草地早熟禾+匍匐翦股颖(Agrostis stolonifera L.),草地早熟禾+紫羊茅(Festuca rubra L.),草地早熟禾(优异)+草地早熟禾(蓝月)+草地早熟禾(新哥来得)+草地早熟禾(肯塔基);护坡草坪:高羊茅+多年生黑麦草+狗牙根,高羊茅+多年生黑麦草+狗牙根+白三叶(Trifolium repens L.),高羊茅+多年生黑麦草+狗牙根+白三叶+紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)。     

贵阳地区不同播量对多花黑麦草生长的影响

在长江二号多花黑麦草不同播量梯度下,研究出苗率、分蘖数、密度、株高和生物量等指标,验证竞争一密度、密度一产量等效应。结果表明：在生长前期,播量大的出苗率反而低;在生长后期,高密度小区的竞争更为激烈,对资源（包括空间）的争夺时,小个体植株首先受到死亡的威胁,随着时间的推移,个体死亡率增大,使不同播量下多花黑麦草的密度基本趋于一致;同时在不同播量下同样单位面积下的多花黑麦草最终产量基本相同,符合最终恒值产量法则。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.