Genotypic influences on the incidence of infection by Ascochyta fabae in winter-hardy faba beans (Vicia faba)

Variation in resistance to Ascochyta fabae among winter-hardy genotypes of faba bean was demonstrated in artificially inoculated field trials. The incidence of seed infection after harvest was strongly correlated with both foliar and pod infection. Joint regression of the incidence of pod infection on flowering date and length of straw accounted for 33–56% of the variance but this largely reflected the behaviour of the entries with a determinate habit which were very susceptible and sensitive to infection by A. fabae. Two indeterminate lines which were similar to each other in flowering date and straw length contrasted greatly in the incidence of foliar and pod infection.     

A comparison of infection of resistant and susceptible lines of field bean (Vicia faba) by Ascochyta fabae

In a series of growth room experiments, a determinate line of Vicia faba was shown to be more susceptible to infection by Ascochyta fabae than a conventional indeterminate line. On the determinate line, lesions developed more quickly on younger leaves. No evidence of systemic infection was found and disease transfer to the emerging seedling was probably by physical contact with the infected seed testa. Successful establishment of the disease required leaf wetness for periods of 4 h at 20–25° C to 12 h at 10 C. The rate of pycnidiospore germination on leaves decreased with temperature over this range, but did not differ between the determinate and indeterminate lines.     

Use of fungicides to control chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae) on winter field beans (Vicia faba)

Less chocolate spot (% leaf area affected) developed on winter–sown field beans sprayed with benomyl than on untreated beans or beans sprayed with iprodione, prochloraz or thiabendazole. A single benomyl spray during flowering reduced disease development and increased yield by 20% in 1982 when a severe chocolate spot epidemic developed in untreated plots during flowering. Benomyl sprays at flowering also increased yield in 1980 when there was less disease at flowering than in 1982, but did not increase yield in 1981 when there was little disease at flowering. In 1981 a severe chocolate spot epidemic developed early in the season and less chocolate spot developed on lower leaves of beans grown from seed treated with benomyl plus thiram than on beans grown from untreated seed. Treated plots yielded 70% more than untreated plots, although by early flowering there was no difference in chocolate spot between them. Seed treatment did not increase bean yields in 1982 and 1983, when chocolate spot did not develop early in the season. In the glasshouse, benomyl seed treatment prevented the development of aggressive lesions on lower leaves but thiram did not.     

Control of Aphis fabae on broad beans (Vicia faba) by the systemic action of gamma-bhc,thionazin and aldicarb

The in-row application of aldicarb granules at 2 lb active ingredient (a.i.)/acre (2·24 kg/ha) at sowing gave complete control of Aphis fabae Scop. on broad beans (Vicia faba L. cv. Seville) up to 7 days before harvest and resulted in a three-fold increase in yield compared with a similar thionazin treatment. Bean plants grown from seeds which were soaked in a gamma-BHC solution at 20 ppm for 24 h prior to planting were protected from this aphid for most of the growing season almost as effectively as with the thionazin treatment. A thin-layer chromatography method was developed for the determination in plants and soil of aldicarb and its two major toxic metabolites, the sulphoxide and sulphone. Gas-liquid chromatography was used to monitor the declining levels of gamma-BHC and thionazin, and simultaneous bioassays were made with Aphis fabae on excised leaf discs from the crop. Analysis of the bean seeds and pods at harvest 90 days after sowing indicated no detectable gamma-BHC, less than 0·01 ppm of thionazin and approximately 0·09 ppm total residue of aldicarb sulphone and sulphoxide. Approximately 22% and 13% of the applied aldicarb, in the form of sulphone and sulphoxide but not the parent compound, remained in the top 6 in (152 mm) of soil at the end of 2 and 4 months respectively. Toxicity studies with Aphis fabae, Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris, and Megoura viciae Buck showed an increasing sensitivity in that order to gamma-BHC at 1 ppm in bean plants. Acute toxicity investigations with feeding Aphis fabae indicated an increasing sensitivity in the order of gamma-BHC < aldicarb sulphone < aldicarb sulphoxide < thionazin < aldicarb. Despite the high acute toxicity of thionazin to Aphis fabae it gave low protection against aphids, possibly owing to its relatively short persistence in both plants and soil when compared with aldicarb.     

Variation in the resistance of Vicia faba to Ascochyta fabae in relation to disease development in field trials

The epidemic development of Ascochyta fabae in artificially infected field trials was studied in order to define resistance criteria and assess the variation in resistance of infected lines of faba bean. Large differences were demonstrated among French winter lines during the 1985/86 and 1986/87 growing seasons. All the scoring systems allowed the differentiation of very susceptible and resistant material, but disease indices, which account for the number and intensity of lesions, were more precise. The different phases of the epidemic are described on the basis of the variation in disease incidence on foliage and on pods during the 1986/87 cropping season in Brittany. There were three phases in disease development: initiation, spread throughout foliage, and pod infection, and these were all influenced by host resistance. On a very susceptible line, the disease spread was seen as an increase in the number and size of lesions and rapidly developed up the plant. Low disease indices observed on the resistant line 29 H were due to the small size and low frequency of lesions, resulting in a reduced area of foliage affected.     

Virulence for faba bean and production of ascochitine by Ascochyta fabae

The production of ascochitine by seven isolates of Ascochyta fabae accounted for the toxicity of culture filtrates of the fungus to cells isolated from leaves of Vicia faba. The LD₅₀ value for cells from cultivars that were susceptible, tolerant or resistant to the fungus was similar i.e. 3·0 × 10⁻⁵ m , 3·8 × 10⁻⁵ m and 2·9 × 10⁻⁵ M, respectively. Ascochitine affected neither the germination of seeds nor the growth of mature plants at 5·17 × 10⁻⁴ m but caused necrosis and wilting of plant cuttings at 2·5 × 10⁻⁴ m and 5·10⁻⁴ m . There was no association between virulence of 16 isolates of A. fabae for three cultivars of V.faba and the production of ascochitine in vitro. One isolate produced no ascochitine in vitro and yet was the most virulent for two of three cultivars. The toxin could not be extracted from infected plants.     

Discovery of Didymella fabae sp. nov., the teleomorph of Ascochyta fabae, on faba bean straw

The teleomorph of Ascochyta fabae has been recorded for the first time on overwintering bean straw of Viciafaba in Cambridge. Single ascospores gave rise to typical cultures of A. fabae, the conidia of which infected faba bean plants to give ascochyta blight. Comparison with similar fungi described from Vicia spp. indicated that this is an undescribed species. The name Didymella fabae Jellis & Punith. is introduced for this teleomorph and its significance in the epidemiology of the disease is discussed.     

Adsorption of14C-labelled exudates by conidia of Botrytis fabae on Vicia faba leaves

Samenvatting TuinboonplantenVicia faba werden na een 24-urig verblif, in een¹⁴CO₂-milieu geïnoculeerd met conidiën vanBotrytis fabae. Zes uur na de inoculatie werden de conidiën verzameld. De adsorptie van met¹⁴C gemerkte bladexudaten door de conidiën kon microautoradiografisch worden vastgesteld.     

Virus infection and reproductive losses in faba bean (Vicia faba L.)

The viruses, bean yellow mosaic ( BYMV ), Echtes Ackerbohnenmosaik (EAMV) and bean (pea) leaf roll ( BLRV ) reduced seed yield in faba bean particularly when plants were infected at the pre-and mid-bloom stage. EAMV and BYMV , but not BLRV , delayed senescence and increased branching on glasshouse-grown plants so that more inflorescences were produced on diseased plants; most of the additional flower buds necrosed. All three viruses increased the proportion of flower buds that became necrotic thus reducing the number of mature flowers available for pollination. This, together with enhanced abscission of recently set flowers, diminished pod production. Flower set per se was unaffected by infection. The number of ovule sites per pod and weight of individual mature seeds were also unaffected by these diseases but productivity per pod declined because of increased ovule abortions. Patterns of pod production on the inflorescence and location of mature seeds within the pod were unaffected by virus infection.     

Stem rot disease incidence on faba beans in an artificially infested field

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Stem rot, a destructive fungal disease caused by Sclerotinia trifoliorum Eriksson, is a serious problem for many important crops including faba beans...     

Survey of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) for viruses in Morocco

A total of 52 faba-bean (Vicia faba L.) fields, located in the main growing areas in Morocco were surveyed for viruses. From 240 samples with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, the following viruses were detected using electron microscopy, serology, and biological indexing: Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV), broad bean mottle virus (BBMV), broad bean stain virus (BBSV), broad bean true mosaic virus (BBTMV), pea earlybrowning virus (PEBV), pea enation mosaic virus (PEMV), pea seed-borne mosaic virus (PSbMV), and a complex of luteoviruses including bean leafroll virus (BLRV). This is the first report of the occurrence of BBTMV, PEMV, PSbMV, and the luteoviruses (including BLRV) of faba bean in Morcco. The luteoviruses and BBMV were found to be the most prevalent. They were detected in 56 and 50%, respectively, of the surveyed fields; while AMV, BBSV, and PEBV were found in single fields only. The remaining viruses were less prevalent, and were detected in a range of 4 to 15% of the fields surveyed. The incidences per field of the prevalent viruses varied and ranged from 1 to 33% for BBMV and up to 20% in the case of luteoviruses. BBMV was found confined to the central and northern parts of the country, BBTMV and PEMV mainly occurred in the central area, while the luteoviruses and BYMV were spread over the faba-bean growing regions of the country.     

Alteration in the susceptibility ofvicia faba toBotrytis fabae by various pretreatments of the leaves

Infection of broad bean leaves byBotrytis fabae was influenced by various pretreatments of the leaves. The number of lesions developing on test leaflets increased after pretreatment of the leaflet for 24 hours with a sucrose, a potassium chloride or a lanthanum chloride solution; pretreatment of leaflets by keeping them in darkness had a similar effect. At least the first phase of the infection process, viz. germination of the conidia on the leaf, was stimulated by these pretreatments. This stimulation may have been caused by increased amounts of leached nutrients present on the pretreated leaflets in comparison with those on untreated ones.     

2种蚜虫在蚕豆上适合度的研究

为了明确豌豆修尾蚜Megoura crassicauda和豆蚜Aphis craccivora在蚕豆上适合度的差异,从中选出适合度较高的蚜虫用于天敌昆虫的大规模繁殖,对两种蚜虫在蚕豆上的发育参数进行了观察并建立了生命表。结果表明：2种蚜虫的成虫历期和世代周期差异虽不显著,但豌豆修尾蚜的若虫历期6.66 d显著低于豆蚜的7.86 d。产蚜量曲线中,豌豆修尾蚜的产蚜量在前期虽迅速增加,但2种蚜虫的生殖力参数差异均不显著。存活率曲线中,豌豆修尾蚜在蚕豆上14～30.5 d时的存活率低于豆蚜,30.5 d后开始高于豆蚜,且其整体存活率曲线比较稳定。生命参数表中,豌豆修尾蚜的周限增长率和内禀增长率分别为1.38和0.32,均高于豆蚜的1.33和0.29。综上,相较豆蚜,豌豆修尾蚜在蚕豆苗上的适合度、存活稳定性更高,更适合在蚕豆上大量扩繁,在蚜虫天敌规模化生产中具有一定的应用潜力。