橡胶树棒孢霉落叶病病原菌的生物学特性

通过对橡胶多主棒孢进行生物学特性研究,结果表明:菌丝生长的适宜温度范围为25～30℃,最适温度为30℃;最适pH范围为4～8;菌丝在以麦芽糖为碳源和以KNO3为氮源的培养基上生长最好。分生孢子萌发的适宜温度范围为20～35℃,最适温度为25℃;水滴是孢子萌发的必要条件;在不同的pH条件下分生孢子萌发无明显差异;分生孢子在果糖中萌发率最低。     

稗草生防菌新月弯孢菌株J15（2）的生物学特性

研究了分离自稗草上的一个致病菌新月弯孢Curvularia lunata菌株J15（2）的基本生物学特性。结果表明,该菌菌丝生长、产孢的最适温度为28～32℃,pH为6～8。菌丝生长对光照无要求,黑暗利于增加产孢量,培养至15d可达产孢高峰。碳、氮、磷和硫等元素是该菌菌丝体生长、产孢的必需元素,钾、镁和铁对菌丝体的生长、产孢有极大的促进作用。分生孢子萌发的适宜温度范围为20～35℃,最适温度28℃;适宜培养基初始pH值在4～10之间。在58℃下,分生孢子10min失活。     

苜蓿毁灭刺盘孢菌的主要生物学特性

苜蓿炭疽病是各苜蓿种植区分布较广的毁灭性病害。毁灭刺盘孢(Colletotrichum destructivum)是苜蓿炭疽病的主要病原菌之一。本试验研究了培养基、碳源、氮源、温度、pH、光照、湿度对毁灭刺盘孢菌菌丝生长、分生孢子产生和萌发的影响。结果表明:该菌菌丝适宜生长的培养基为PDA、PSA和V-8汁;适宜温度范围为28~36℃,最适温度为32℃;适宜pH范围为4~6。该病菌在PDA培养基上,分别以麦芽糖和蛋白胨为碳、氮源,在28℃,pH 6的条件下培养时其产孢能力最强。孢子萌发的最适碳、氮源分别为可溶性淀粉和牛肉膏、蛋白胨;最佳温度28℃;最适pH为6。相对湿度98%以上有利于孢子的萌发。持续光照利于菌丝生长、产孢和萌发。     

布朗李叶枯病菌生物学特性研究

对布朗李叶枯病菌(Macrophoma kawatsukai Hara)生物学特性研究表明,该菌最适生长和产孢的培养基为布朗李果汁。菌丝生长和产孢的最佳碳源分别为蔗糖、麦芽糖和果糖;氮源分别为酪氨酸、谷氨酰胺、天门冬酰胺和半胱氨酸。菌丝生长最适温度25℃,最适pH5～7;分生孢子形成最适温度25～30℃,最适pH8,饱和湿度有利于产孢,阳光照射形成分生孢子器最多,紫外光照射对分生孢子器形成有一定的抑制作用。孢子萌发最适温度为20～30℃,最适pH6～9,相对湿度为90%～100%,以在水滴中萌发最好。布朗李杆煎汁和布朗李果汁对孢子萌发有促进作用。     

荔枝炭疽病菌生物学特性的研究

 本文主要研究了温度、湿度、pH值、光照、营养对荔枝炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.)生长、产孢和孢子萌发的影响。该菌菌丝生长的温度范围为8~38℃,最适28℃;产生分生孢子的温度范围为12~36℃,最适28~32℃;分生孢子萌发的温度范围为8~38℃,最适28~32℃。在pH 3~10的范围内该菌均能生长和产孢,菌丝生长最适pH 5~6;产生分生孢子最适pH3~4,分生孢子萌发最适pH 6~7。分生孢子在饱和湿度或水滴中萌发快,相对湿度低于85%时不能萌发。光照处理对该菌生长发育无显著性影响。葡萄糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖、果糖对分生孢子萌发有促进作用。分生孢子的致死温度为50℃ 10 min,菌丝体的致死温度为60℃ 30 min。     

哈氏虫道真菌（Ambrosiella hartigii）生物学特性研究

研究了哈氏虫道真菌（Ambrosiella hartigii）的生物学特性。结果表明, 哈氏虫道真菌菌丝生长和产孢均以PDA为最佳培养基, 菌丝生长以甘露醇为碳源、KNO3为氮源最佳, 产孢以蔗糖为碳源、甘氨酸为氮源最佳。菌丝生长和产孢的温度范围分别为10~30 ℃和20~30 ℃, 最适温均为25 ℃, 最适pH为6。菌丝生长、产孢和分生孢子萌发需要黑暗条件。分生孢子萌发最适温度为24~28 ℃, 致死温度为46 ℃10 min, 适宜pH为5.0~6.0。分生孢子在水中不萌发。     

西藏青稞籽粒燕麦镰刀菌生物学特性研究

以西藏青稞籽粒中分离到的燕麦镰孢(Fusarium avenaceum)Hb39分离株为对象,研究了温度、湿度、pH、光照、营养对其菌丝生长和孢子萌发的影响,以便为进一步研究由燕麦镰孢引起的青稞病害发生规律、防治方法奠定基础,并为研究由此引致的人类疾病提供理论依据.该菌株在供试的10种不同固体、液体培养基上均能生长,但菌丝生长速度和生长量均有很大差异,PDBA、PDA、PSA培养基有利于该菌的生长,而HA、CMA和WA不利于该菌的生长.比较不同碳、氮源对菌丝生长的影响,发现该菌能利用多种单糖、多糖及可溶性淀粉作碳源,其中葡萄糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖较好;能利用蛋白胨等有机氮和硝酸钠等无机氮作氮源,其中蛋白胨最好.该菌最适生长温度为25℃,生长的温度范围为5～30℃.菌丝生长最适pH为6,也能在pH 3～12的范围内生长.连续光照不利于菌丝的生长,而光暗交替或黑暗条件下菌落生长无显著性差异.大型分生孢子萌发的温湿度范围分别为10～30℃、RH 85%～100%,pH值3～12,最适萌发条件为25℃、RH100%和pH 6.该菌株的致死温度为45℃10 min.     

辣椒褐斑病菌生物学特性研究

本文对辣椒褐斑病病原菌Cercospora capsici Heald et Wolf的生物学特性进行了研究,结果表明,不同的营养、温度、pH等条件对菌丝生长和孢子萌发有显著影响。病菌菌丝的生长以PDA培养基为最适;适宜温度为20~25℃,最适温度为25℃;最适pH为8.0~9.0,光照对菌丝生长没有明显的促进作用,菌丝致死温度及时间为55℃ 10 min。分生孢子萌发适宜碳源为1%的蔗糖溶液,适宜氮源为1%的甘氨酸溶液;孢子萌发适宜温度为20~30℃,最适温度25℃;最适pH为5~6,光照对孢子萌发没有明显的促进作用,分生孢子致死温度及时间为52℃10 min。     

橡胶狗尾草平脐蠕孢叶斑病病原菌鉴定及生物学特性研究

为明确采自西双版纳景洪地区疑似橡胶麻点病的病原菌,采用组织分离法进行病原菌分离,活体接种法进行致病性测定,通过形态学观察结合rDNA-ITS和GAPDH两个核苷酸片段序列分析,将病原菌确定为狗尾草平脐蠕孢Bipolaris setariae。通过单因子变量试验,对病原菌进行生物学特性研究,结果表明：菌丝生长最适温度为30℃,最适pH为7～8,最适培养基为PDA,菌丝致死温度为53℃,10 min。该病原菌能有效利用多种碳源和氮源,碳源以可溶性淀粉利用率最高,最适氮源为蛋白胨。24 h黑暗条件下培养更有利于菌丝生长。分生孢子萌发的最适温度为28～35℃,最适pH为7～8,28℃黑暗培养2 h后萌发率达到最大,为95.5%,分生孢子致死温度为60℃,10 min。     

胡萝卜黑腐病病原菌鉴定及生物学特性研究

胡萝卜黑腐病是影响山西省胡萝卜产业发展的主要病害。本文研究了胡萝卜黑腐病病原菌归属及其生物学特性。通过病原菌形态学特征鉴定胡萝卜黑腐病致病菌为Alternaria radicina。病原菌生物学特性测定结果表明,菌丝最适生长温度为28℃;最适pH为6;最适碳源和氮源分别为蔗糖和尿素;光照对菌丝生长影响较小。分生孢子萌发最适温度为30℃,水滴中萌发率最高,酸碱度和光照周期对分生孢子萌发影响较小。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.