Aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) on weeds from Ankara, Turkey

Studies were conducted during the years 2001–2003 to determine the parasitoids of Aphidoidea (Homoptera) species on weeds in Ankara province. Six genera and ten species of aphid parasitoids belonging to Braconidae were determined. The tritrophic associations of plant/aphid/parasitoid were analyzed. Forty-four associations of aphidiinae wasps, host aphids and host plants new to the Mediterranean region and 71 new associations for Turkish fauna were reported. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 14, 2005.     

A survey of aphid parasitoids in Kahramanmaras,Turkey (Hymenoptera: Braconidae,Aphidiinae; and Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)

A list of aphid parasitoids found in a survey conducted between 1999 and 2001 in Kahramanmaras Province of Turkey is presented. Nineteen taxa of aphid parasitoids were found on 30 hosts.Pauesia picta (Haliday) is reported for the first time from Turkey. Two check-lists are presented, by host aphids and by plant species. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting April 30, 2004.     

Non-Host Volatiles Disrupt the Response of the Stenographer Bark Beetle, Ips sexdentatus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), to Pheromone-Baited traps and Maritime Pine Logs

Non-host volatiles (NHV) were tested on antennae of Ips sexdentatus with coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD). Significant antennal responses were found to aggregation pheromone components, ipsdienol and amitinol, an attraction inhibitor, verbenone, and non-host bark volatiles extracted from Betula pendula, including trans-conophthorin (tC) and alcohols. The tC, a blend of three green leaf alcohols (C6-alcohols), and a blend of two bark alcohols (C8-alcohols) were tested in combination for their ability to disrupt the attraction of the stenographer bark beetle to pheromone-baited traps, unbaited and pheromone-baited maritime pine logs. The strongest disruptive effect resulted from the addition of the tC combined with the blends of NHV alcohols at high release rate, achieving an 83% reduction in trap catches, 89% reduction of attacks on unbaited pine logs, and 60% on baited logs. It is proposed that the two types of NHV have an additive effect, tC playing a major role in pheromone disruption while the alcohols would interrupt host specific signals. The results suggest that I. sexdentatus uses both bark and green leaf volatiles from non-host tree species in the host selection process. These NHV are promising disruptants, which could be used to prevent stenographer bark beetle attacks on log piles or standing trees in forest. A mixture of conifers and broad-leaved species would also disturb olfactory guided host selection supporting the assumption that more diverse forests are less prone to pest insect outbreaks.     

A survey of aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) in Diyarbakır,Turkey

A list is given of aphid parasitoids found in Diyarbakır Province, Turkey. In the survey, performed between 1998 and 2000, 16 species of aphid parasitoids were found on different hosts in Diyarbakır Province.Monoctonus mali is reported for the first time in the Turkish aphid parasitoids fauna. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Oct. 20, 2003.     

Wheat and barley as banker plant in the mass production of Aphidius gifuensis Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitizing Schizaphis graminum Rondani (Homoptera: Aphididae)

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - In order to select a suitable banker plant to culture Aphidius gifuensis Ashmead in mass as a biological control agent, the reproductive potential of A....     

The Aphidiinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea: Braconidae) of Greece

Keys for the identification of genera and species of the subfamily Aphidiinae which occur in Greece as well as the observed parasitoid — aphid relations on various host plants are presented.     

Winter mortality in sub-corticolous populations of Ips typographus (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) and its parasitoids in the south-eastern Alps

A study concerning the winter mortality of a sub-corticolous population of Ips typographus and its parasitoids has been carried out in the south-eastern Alps (Italy) during the winter 1997/98. Three attacked spruce trees were sampled three times (November, February and April) by collecting infested bark disks (1dm² each). All insects that emerged from the bark or died in the samples before emergence were counted. The mean number of living Ips typographus occurring under the bark decreases by 49% from November to April. Winter mortality mainly affects larval stages and young adults. The same trend was observed for the parasitoids Coeloides bostrychorum (48.5%) and Roptrocerus xylophagorum (47.5%).     

Aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) on citrus: Seasonal abundance, association with the species of host plant, and sampling indices

Samples were collected from southern Greece during 1996–2000 in order to investigate the presence of parasitoids onAphis gossypii Glover infesting several citrus species. The species of aphidiines found to have a significantly different preference forA. gossypii wereAphidius colemani Viereck,Aphidius matricariae Haliday,Diaeretiella rapae (M’Intosh),Ephedrus persicae Froggat,Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson),Binodoxys acalephae (Marshall) andBinodoxys angelicae (Haliday). In another sampling experiment, the relative abundance of aphidiine parasitoids on aphids infesting orange and tangerine trees was studied in southern Greece (Nea Kios) in 1996 and 1997.A. gossypii constituted the largest part of the aphid population and was the only species parasitized.B. angelicae andA. colemani were the most abundant parasitoid species. The parasitization rate differed among the parasitoid species.B. angelicae had the highest colonization rate in centrally located and large host (A. gossypii) groups, whereasA. colemani was found in more isolated and relatively small host groups. The percentage of parasitism byB. angelicae was high mainly in large host groups, whenB. angelicae was the only parasitoid present. However, in cases of coexistence ofB. angelicae withA. colemani with hyperparasitoids, in the same sampling unit, the percentage of parasitism was relatively low. http://www.phytoparasitica.org     

前裂长管茧蜂个体发育研究

前裂长管茧蜂Diachasmimorpha longicaudata(Ashmead)是许多双翅目实蝇类害虫的重要寄生性天敌。在实验室条件下,以桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)为繁育寄主,系统观测了前裂长管茧蜂个体发育过程中各虫态的特征及其相应的发育历期。观察结果表明,前裂长管茧蜂整个生活史由卵、幼虫、蛹及成虫四个阶段组成。其幼虫可划分为四个龄期,一龄幼虫具几质丁的坚硬头壳和镰刀状的颚,形态特征与行为习性与二、三、四龄幼虫完全不同。前裂长管茧蜂约需20天完成世代发育。卵、一龄幼虫、二龄幼虫、三龄幼虫及四龄幼虫的历期依次为1.91、2.02、1.75、2.04和2.31d;蛹的历期介于8~10d,雌性个体发育时间长于雄性。前裂长管茧蜂通常比未被寄生的寄主迟3~5d羽化,雌、雄蜂在羽化后即能交配、产卵,被寄生的桔小实蝇幼虫体表上会留下明显的深褐色产卵孔,寄主化蛹后产卵孔仍保留在其蛹壳上。     

Seasonal history ofOrthotomicus erosus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in Israel

Observations on the seasonal history ofOrthotomicus erosus (Wollaston) (Coleop-tera: Scolytidae) were conducted on trap-logs within pine plantations in Israel. Seven annual generations were observed in the coastal plain. The average development period from the entrance of the parents into the host until the emergence of the brood was 60 days in spring, 30 days in summer, 66 days in autumn, and 75 days in winter. Data are presented on duration of the colonization process, parent activity within the host, brood development and brood emergence. To overwinter,O. erosus aggregates on unused bark portions of the breeding host, or on pines, usually with a smooth thin bark, affected by other borers. Overwintering occurred between mid-October and February.O. erosus does not mate before emergence. Mating occurs not only in the nuptial chamber but also during maturation feeding and the overwintering period.     

The Role of the Bark Beetle, Hylastes ater (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), as a Sapstain Fungi Vector to Pinus radiata Seedlings: A Crisis for the New Zealand Forestry Industry?

The role of the bark beetle Hylastes ater in the re-establishment of Pinus radiata forest in New Zealand is discussed. H. ater was found to be a dominant factor in seedlings mortality in the first year following planting. However, seedling mortality is usually relatively low. In contrast, it was found the large numbers of seedlings were sub-lethally damaged by H. ater feeding attempts, particularly in high risk sites. High risk sites were identified as sites that were harvested during March and April (autumn) when the peak flight activity of H. ater occurred, and subsequently planted with P. radiata seedlings the following winter. H. ater was found to vector sapstain fungi to seedlings during feeding attempts, and a strong relationship between the severity of damage and presence of sapstain fungi was identified. The role of H. ater as a vector of these fungi and the potential implications to the New Zealand forest industry are discussed.     

红脂大小蠹成虫触角感器的扫描电镜观察

红脂大小蠹Dendroctonus valens LeConte属鞘翅目Coleoptera小蠹科Scolytidae,是我国一种重要的外来入侵害虫。为探究其寄主找寻、配偶找寻和种群聚集等行为机制,本文利用扫描电镜技术,对红脂大小蠹雌雄成虫的触角进行了观察,并对感器进行了分类以及其分布规律的研究。结果表明:红脂大小蠹雌雄成虫触角上共存在包括刺形感器、毛形感器、锥形感器、腔锥形感器和Bhm氏鬃毛在内的5种感器类型,其中毛形感器又分为形态各异的3种亚型。这些感器类型大都在触角的棒节上成带状分布。通过对比其他类似的研究以及感器的外部形态特征,推测红脂大小蠹的毛形感器和锥形感器是化学感受器,是最重要的嗅觉器官;刺形感器、腔锥形感器以及Bhm氏鬃毛是机械感受器,且腔锥形感器可以感受温湿度,Bhm氏鬃毛可以感知触角的位置。研究结果为明确红脂大小蠹的生境选择、种群聚集等行为机制提供了理论基础。     

利用花绒寄甲控制栗山天牛林间试验效果

采用林间释放花绒寄甲卵卡（每卡有卵80～900粒）的方法对栗山天牛进行防治,每个天牛排孔处挂1个卵卡,约两个月后,通过检查幼虫排粪孔判断花绒寄甲对该天牛幼虫的寄生数及天牛幼虫的存活数量。结果表明,释放区虫口减退率88.60%（对照54.19%）。     

红颈常室茧蜂雌性生殖系统及卵巢管形态学观察

利用光学显微镜和透射电镜观察红颈常室茧蜂Peristenus spretus Chen et van Achterberg雌性生殖系统结构、卵巢发育和卵子发生、卵子超微结构,并对15℃和23℃饲养条件下不同日龄的雌蜂卵巢管长度、卵巢管内卵室大小与成熟度进行了比较,揭示了该茧蜂雌性生殖系统结构与特征。结果表明：1）红颈常室茧蜂生殖系统结构主要包括一对卵巢、2条输卵管、中输卵管等;2）雌成虫在羽化前期（1～3 d）卵巢内的成熟卵粒较少,卵巢管内含有大量的卵原细胞,卵子内充满了大量的脂滴,中后期（5～11 d）随着脂肪体的降解吸收,卵子内逐渐新生一些线粒体、高尔基体等细胞器,其内存在滋养细胞、卵母细胞,并且滋养细胞无细胞膜存在。3）同一温度不同日龄红颈常室茧蜂卵粒数、成熟卵子数均差异显著,23℃下红颈常室茧蜂每条卵巢管内的日均卵子数20.70粒,显著高于15℃的日均卵子数18.65粒。     

纵卷叶螟绒茧蜂对稻纵卷叶螟幼虫的功能反应

在室内测定了纵卷叶螟绒茧蜂Apanteles cypris对稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis幼虫的功能反应和寻找效应。结果表明,纵卷叶螟绒茧蜂对稻纵卷叶螟幼虫的功能反应可用Michaelis-Menten-Ⅱ型功能反应模型Na=AN0/(F+N0)拟合,一头纵卷叶螟绒茧蜂雌蜂在24h内对稻纵卷叶螟幼虫的寄生潜能A为10.7528头,寄主半饱和密度F为14.3864头。纵卷叶螟绒茧蜂的寄生功能反应有较强的种内干扰作用,即随自身密度的增加,寄生数量逐渐减少。Hassell模型E=QP-m能较好地反映纵卷叶螟绒茧蜂的寻找效应与其自身密度的关系,拟合结果为:E=0.2956P-0.5890。     

昆明市小圆胸小蠹(Euwallacea fornicatus)的危害与防治

小圆胸小蠹(Euwallacea fornicatus)是一种具有经济重要性的蛀干害虫,多年来一直为害昆明市行道树三角枫(Acer buergerianum)和悬铃木(Platanus acerifolia),近年来为害加剧,导致寄主树大枝枯死甚至全株死亡。为揭示小圆胸小蠹为害特点及虫情发展状况,本文调查了距地面不同高度寄主植物主干虫孔分布状况,以及近3年来小圆胸小蠹为害状况的动态变化。结果显示,距地面50~100、100~150、150~200cm主干虫孔百分率的平均值分别为10.81%、37.01%、47.76%,小圆胸小蠹更多侵入三角枫主干距地面100~200cm部位进行筑坑;3年来小圆胸小蠹的为害率增加了7.5%,为害指数增加了6.3。制定了小圆胸小蠹的防治对策及防治月历。提出了加强对距地面100~200cm主干的监测,在进行冬季树干涂白时,将涂刷高度增加到距地面2m的建议。指出了今后虫情监测和控制的方向,即大力开展小圆胸小蠹引诱剂研究。     

New Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) parasitoids of forest insect pests in Bulgaria

During the period 1989–1998 investigations were carried out on the parasitoids of some forest insect pests in Bulgaria. Twenty-one ichneumonid species are reported for the first time in Bulgaria as parasitoids of different coleopteran, lepidopteran, and hymenopteran hosts. From these, 6 parasitoids are new records for the parasitoid complexes of the hosts:Exochus decoratus Holmgr. onEudemis profundana (Den. & Schiff.) andGelechia turpella (Den. & Schiff.);Lissonota culiciformis Grav.—onParanthrene tabaniformis (Rott.);Lissonota unicincta Holmgr.—onG. turpella; Xorides gracilicornis (Grav.)—onXylotrechus sp.; andEriborus terebrator Aubert—onClostera anastomosis (L.). Most parasitoids developed as primary parasitoids in the hosts.Itoplectis alternans (Grav.) is a primary parasitoid ofNycteola asiatica (Krul.) and a hyperparasitoid ofE. terebrator: Acropimpla pictipes (Grav.) is secondary parasitoid onAnacampsis populella (Cl.). With the exception of two species ofOlesicampes genus, which destroyed over 50% ofStauronematus compressicornis (F.) andPristophora conjugata (Dahlm.) larvae, andE. terebrator which killed 15.4% ofC. anastomosis population, the rest of the parasitoids occurred in low densities, and did not play an important role in reducing the number of their hosts.     

南昌地区柳圆叶甲生活史的研究

在实验室和野外条件下,对柳圆叶甲Plagiodera versicolora（Laicharting）的生物学特性进行了系统观察。在野外,越冬成虫于3月下旬至5月中旬陆续出土繁殖,一年能繁殖6～12代。该虫由于成虫产卵持续时间长,完成一个世代的时间短,因此世代重叠现象非常明显。11月上旬后羽化的成虫取食一段时间后蛰伏越冬。成虫产卵有一定的周期性,一般10d为一个周期,每天产卵最少1粒,最多65粒。寄主树叶老嫩程度和气候条件对各世代成虫的产卵具有显著的影响。     

Seven invasive owlet moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Israel and their potential parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea)

Invasive tropical Noctuidae pest species collected in Israel included Spodoptera mauritia (Boisduval), Trichoplusia vittata (Wallengren), Anomis flava (Fabricius), Anomis sabulifera (Guenée), Earias vittella (Fabricius), Earias biplaga Walker, and Earias cupreoviridis (Walker). All seven noctuid species were rare and sporadically present only along the coastal plain. Possible reasons for this type of distribution are discussed. Abundance was greatest in May with smaller peaks present in February–March and September. Several common parasitoid species – Elasmus flabellatus (Fonscolombe), Elasmus nudus (Nees) and Elasmus viridiceps Thomson (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), with potential as biological control agents for tropical noctuids, are detected in Israel.     

Toxicity and sublethal effects of an insecticidal soap on Aphidius colemani (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

BACKGROUND: The effects of an insecticidal soap on the survival, fitness and behaviour of an aphid parasitoid wasp, Aphidius colemani (Viereck), were studied in the laboratory. The LC(50) (soap concentration causing 50% mortality 24 h after treatment) was determined. The survival of parasitoid larvae (% adult emergence), fitness (tibia length of adults) and number of eggs produced per female parasitoid that survived in third- and fourth-instar aphids treated with insecticidal soap LC(50) were also assessed. The LC(50) for third- and fourth-instar aphids was determined to be 3.25 g L(-1). Acceptance by female parasitoids of aphids that survived their LC(50) was also tested. RESULTS: The soap concentration causing 100% mortality in adult wasps 24 h after treatment was 17.5 g L(-1). The LC(50) was 2.75 g L(-1). Soap did not have any effect on the survival of parasitoid immatures or on the fitness or number of eggs produced per female parasitoid. Wasps that were in contact with treated aphids did not oviposit as much in them as in untreated aphids, indicating that female parasitoids detected aphids treated with insecticidal soap. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that aphid parasitoids released following treatment with insecticidal soap are likely to accept a lower proportion of the surviving aphids. Biological control programmes could be ameliorated by soap applications if the latter were made 1 day before the release of wasps in the greenhouse.