Comparison of European Fibre Flax (Linum usitatissimum) Cultivars under Eastern Canadian Growing Conditions

Renewed interest in natural fibres, decreasing subsidies to European producers, and high production costs have led the move to reintroduce fibre flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) production into eastern Canada. Research was conducted at the Macdonald Campus of McGill University, Québec, Canada in 1998 and 1999 and at Winchester and Kemptville, Ontario, Canada in 1998, to assess the performance of seven European fibre flax cultivars. Parameters evaluated included plant density, branching ratio, stem diameter, fresh and dry biomass, and mean harvest height. Data from all sites and years were subjected to a pooled anova where appropriate. The cultivar main effect was detected for all parameters measured, with the exception of mean fresh weight and mean height at harvest. There was also a site main effect for all parameters except for branching ratio. A cultivar–site interaction was found for all parameters except for mean stem diameter and mean dry weight. Results indicate a strong potential for producing fibre flax in eastern Canada using currently available European cultivars.     

不同质地土壤夏玉米生育后期光合特性比较研究

在4种质地不同的土壤和2种施肥水平下,研究了玉米的光合特性。结果表明,黏壤土、壤土、砂质壤土和壤质黏土玉米生育后期光合速率（Pn）差异达显著或极显著水平,玉米生育后期各处理的光合参数的日变化存在明显差异,不同质地土壤玉米Pn、Ls表现为黏壤土＞壤土＞壤质黏土＞砂质壤土,Ci表现为砂质壤土＞壤质黏土＞壤土＞黏壤     

2种类型土壤对鸡粪与多肽肥中有机氮表观矿化量的影响

为了明确鸡粪和多肽肥在华南2种类型土壤中的供氮能力,采用田间小区试验,研究华南砂质壤土和壤质粘土施用鸡粪与多肽肥对苦瓜产量及其土壤有机氮、有机肥中有机氮表观矿化量的影响。结果表明,与鸡粪处理相比,多肽肥显著提高了植株生物量和苦瓜产量。土壤Nmin和有机氮表观矿化量在壤质粘土中显著高于砂质壤土。砂质壤土Nmin在多肽肥处理时显著高于鸡粪处理时,而壤质粘土Nmin在2种有机肥处理之间没有差异;施用多肽肥显著提高了2种类型土壤有机氮的表观矿化量;在砂质壤土中,有机肥中有机氮的表观矿化量在多肽肥处理时显著高于鸡粪处理时;在壤质粘土中,2种有机肥处理之间没有显著性差异。结果表明,土壤类型影响了土壤有机氮的矿化过程,多肽肥处理时土壤供氮能力优于鸡粪处理;多肽肥中有机氮的表观矿化效果在砂质壤土优于在壤质粘土中的表现。     

Influence of Seeding Depth and Seedbed Preparation on Establishment, Growth and Yield of Fibre Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) in Eastern Canada

Research was conducted at the Macdonald Campus of McGill University (Québec, Canada) at three sites in 1997 and one site in 1998 to determine the effects and interactions of seeding depth (0, 1, 2, 4 or 6 cm) and seedbed preparation (i.e. soil rolling): none, rolling before or rolling after seeding on fibre flax (cv. Ariane) establishment, growth and yield. Seedbed preparation had little impact on the parameters measured while seeding depth had a variable effect on plant density, plant height, stem diameter and retted straw yield. Seeding depths of 1–4 cm provided consistently good establishment, growth and yield results. In 1997, there was an interaction between seeding depth and seedbed preparation on plant height, branching ratio and retted straw yield, although results were generally variable and tended to be site‐specific. In 1998, there was an interaction between seeding depth and seedbed preparation on plant height and stem diameter prior to harvest, with the results varying for all seeding depth‐seedbed preparation treatment combinations except for the 2‐cm depth treatment. Rolling of the seedbed before seeding on lighter soils and at a depth of 2 cm on most soils can improve establishment, growth and yields of fibre flax under eastern Canadian growing conditions.     

Growth and yield of spring cereals during transition to zero tillage on clay soils

Due to the high cost of fuel and labour associated with conventional tillage, and because of their advantageous environmental consequences, interest in reduced and zero tillage systems has increased. Direct drilling into zero tilled (ZT) soil of two spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars (six-rowed Rolfi and two-rowed Saana), spring oats (Avena sativa L., cultivar Roope), and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cultivar Kruunu) was compared with conventional tillage (CT) and drilling into ploughed soil. Two field experiments were conducted on clay soils (clay content > 50%) between latitudes 60° and 61° N. Seed and fertilizer were placed in the same row in ZT and in separate rows in CT. Oats was the most productive spring cereal species in ZT. Establishment of spring wheat was often poor. Barley was most vulnerable to water surplus during early growth and drought during late growth. High levels of crop residues caused problems in soil drying in spring and growth of monocultures of oats and wheat. A higher seeding rate was advantageous in zero tilled clay soil. The substantial grain yield decrease suggests need for improving ZT.Long-term trials are required to determine whether ZT suits clay soils as soil structure can change over time and weather conditions play a major role in the productivity of differently tilled soils.     

新疆阿图什市木纳格葡萄土壤养分现状分析

为探明新疆阿图什市不同土壤质地、不同树龄木纳格葡萄园土壤养分及矿质元素的特性,笔者分别以壤土、粘土、沙土质地幼龄和盛果期果园为研究对象,分别测定0~20、20~60cm土样有机质、N、P、K、B、Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu等矿质元素含量,研究不同果园土壤养分和矿质元素的特性。结果表明：不同土壤质地大量元素有效磷、速效钾含量处于较高水平,速效氮含量处于偏低水平,粘土全氮含量处于较高水平,沙土、壤土全氮含量处于较低水平。微量元素有效硼、铜、铁含量处于较高水平,沙土锰含量、壤土锌含量处于低水平。阿图什市土壤有机质处于低水平,粘土中有机质、全氮、铜、铁、锰含量高于沙土和壤土,其中粘土中有机质、全氮、铁、锰与其他2种土壤质地含量差异极显著。从以上结果可以得出结论：新疆阿图什市葡萄园应增施有机肥,同时根据土壤质地、树龄等的不同,因地制宜,平衡施肥。     

Effect of Edaphic Factors on Technical Properties of Flax Fibre

Flax plants were studied at two old sites (Kafer El-Sheikh and El-Fayoum) and a new site (El-Salhia). At the harvesting stage soil samples were collected and subjected to mechanical, physical and chemical analysis. The fibre yield, physical and chemical characteristics were studied and correlated with the major edaphic conditions of the old and new sites. The results indicate that the fibre yield and quality were quite high in the flax from the Kafer El-Sheikh site because of suitable climatic conditions and high fertility of the soil. Soil build up of the old site at El-Fayoum enhanced slightly high fibre strength and fineness, in spite of less fevourable climatic conditions compared to the El-Salhia site. Low organic matter and availability of nutrients in addition to high calcium content were the main factors affecting the quantity and quality of the flax fibre in the new cultivated area at El-Salhia.     

冻结气温降幅对潜水入流量影响的试验研究

为了揭示冻结气温降幅对潜水入流量的影响,通过室内冻结试验装置设定地下水位埋深为87.5 cm,进行了3种冻结气温降幅,2种土壤质地的单向土壤冻结试验,监测潜水入流量的变化。结果表明：大幅降温冻结下,潜水入流速率较大,冻结第41天砂壤土和粉质粘壤土潜水入流量分别较小幅降温冻结下的潜水入流量高51.8 mm和50.7 mm;冻结气温降幅越大,潜水入流量受土壤质地的影响越明显,小幅降温、中幅降温和大幅降温冻结下,第41天砂壤土潜水入流量较粉质粘壤土潜水入流量分别高8.6 mm、11.5 mm和14.2 mm;土壤颗粒直径越小,潜水入流量对冻结气温降幅的响应越早。研究成果对于地下水浅埋区地下水资源量的科学评价和土壤盐碱化防治等具有重要的指导意义。     

Tillage effects on soil physical properties and performance of rice–wheat-cropping system under shallow water table conditions of Tarai, Northern India

This study was conducted for 3 years in silty clay loam (Aquic hapludoll) associated with water tables fluctuating between 0.05 and 0.96 m depths from the surface. Tillage treatments for rice (Oryza sativa L.) were puddling by four passes of rotary puddler (PR), reduced puddling (ReP) for two passes of rotary puddler, conventional puddling (CP) and direct seeding without puddling (DSWP) in four replications. Tillage treatments for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were zero tillage (ZT) and conventional tillage (CT) superimposed over the plots of rice tillage treatments. Puddling caused a significant reduction in saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), infiltration rate (IR), and specific volume (Rv). The reduction in Ks in the PR plot at 30 days after transplanting was 27 and 46% (3-year average) higher than in the ReP and DSWP plots, respectively, but was statistically at par with that in the CP plot in the surface tilled layer. This indicates that puddling by four passes of rotary puddler and that by conventional method adopted by farmers in those conditions gives the same level of control on percolation rate. Highest rice yield (5607 kg ha⁻¹) was obtained in the PR plot, which was statistically equal to that in the ReP plot. Wheat yield was highest (4020 kg ha⁻¹) in the DSWP plot of rice under CT condition. Total average grain production (rice + wheat) was highest under ReP–CT treatment combination. Results thus show that quality of soil puddle obtained by half the efforts in conventional puddling was sufficient for a significantly high yield of rice with minimum deterioration of soil properties. Similarly, wheat sowing by conventional tillage in such a reduced puddling plots of rice was sufficient for a significantly high yield of wheat.     

Effect of Seed Coating on Yield Attributes and Yield of Soybean (Glycine max L.)

Investigations were carried out during March to June 1991 to evaluate the effect of seed coating with organic, inorganic nutrients and biofertilizers on yield attributes and yield of soybean under three environments with different soil types viz., clay loam, sandy clay loam and sandy loam. Seed coating with bio-digested slurry 50 per cent, superphosphate 2 per cent, Bradyrhizobium 2 per cent, and Phosphobacteria 2 per cent (w/w of seed) increased the number of filled pods and grain yield by 29.6 and 37.2 per cent, respectively over the uncoated. There was a significant increase in the test weight of grains due to seed coating with Phosphobacteria. Environment with clay loam soil was found to be highly responsive to seed coatings.     

抚仙湖北部农田区不同施肥对水稻产量、氮素吸收及利用率的影响

针对抚仙湖北部农田区的蔬菜施肥过量导致土壤养分残余量大,会对后作水稻施肥造成影响的问题,采用田间小区开展不同施肥试验研究。结果表明,砂壤土和粘壤土在施氮量为150~360 kg/hm²范围内,水稻植株氮素积累量随着施氮量的增加而提高,而增加的氮素积累量主要表现在茎叶部位;穗肥施用氮肥可提高籽粒氮素积累量。水稻氮肥吸收利用率和产量,砂壤土以施氮255 kg/hm2时最高,分别为45.1%和10594 kg/hm²;而粘壤土施氮150~360 kg/hm²之间,氮肥吸收利用率为20.9%~22.4%之间,产量为10486~10596 kg/hm2之间;当对砂壤土和粘壤土的水稻穗肥施用氮肥时,水稻氮肥吸收利用率（分别为42.8%、23.5%）和产量（分别为10445 kg/hm²、10564 kg/hm²）最高。水稻的氮素收获指数、氮肥农学利用率、氮肥生理利用率及氮肥偏生产力,均以砂壤土明显高于粘壤土,且随着施氮量的增加而显著下降。蔬菜后作水稻施氮量以150~255 kg/hm²范围为宜,氮肥分基肥50%+分蘖肥30%+穗肥20%施用     

Impact of tillage and mulch management on economics,energy requirement and crop performance in maize–wheat rotation in rainfed subhumid inceptisols,India

Different tillage systems (conventional, minimum, raised bed and no tillage) and four mulch levels (control, polythene, straw and soil) were compared in maize (Zea mays) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) production for three years on an experimental field (sandy loam) located at Dry Land Research Sub Station, Dhiansar, Jammu. Each treatment was replicated four times in split plot design. The aim of the research was to determine the influence of tillage and mulch practices on economics, energy requirement, soil physical properties and performance of maize and wheat. Tillage methods significantly affected the soil physical properties as change in soil moisture contents and infiltration rate of soil was recorded. The soil moisture contents in minimum tillage (MT) were maximum (12.4%, 16.6%) in surface soil as compared to conventional tillage (CT) in maize and wheat crops, respectively. Comparing to the CT infiltration rate was (1.16times, 1.21times and 1.11times) higher in minimum tillage (MT), no tillage (NT) and raised bed (RB), respectively in kharif season. Similar results were also found in rabi season. The greatest maize yield of 1865 kg ha^?1 was achieved with CT system while not significantly lower yield was achieved with MT system (1837 kg ha^?1). However, wheat yield was recorded higher in MT as compare to the CT system. Comparing to the energy requirement of different operations, MT required 34.3% less, NT 31.1% less and RB 46.0% less than the CT system. MT system saved 2.5 times energy in tillage operation compared to the CT system. The economic analysis also revealed that the maximum benefits could be obtained from MT (EUR 202.4 ha^?1) followed by RB (EUR 164.2 ha^?1) and NT (EUR 158.3 ha^?1) and lowest in CT (EUR 149.5 ha^?1). Benefit-cost ratio was highest in MT (0.71) and lowest in CT (0.44). Results revealed that mulch significantly affected the soil physical properties and growth of maize. The maximum soil moisture content, infiltration rate and grain yield of maize and wheat recorded higher in mulching practices over no mulch treatment. Polythene mulch and straw mulch were almost equally valuable in maize and wheat sequence. Tillage (minimum) and mulch (polythene and straw) have pronounced effect on soil physical properties (improved infiltration rate and conserve soil water), energy requirement, economics and growth of maize and wheat.     

Effects of Reduced Tillage and Fertilization Practices on Soil Characteristics, Plant Water Status, Growth and Yield of Upland Cotton

Three different tillage practices, conventional (mouldboard ploughing at 22–25 cm plus one rotary hoeing at 5–6 cm, CT), minimum (one rotary hoeing at 12–15 cm, MT), and no‐tillage (direct drilling in soil covered by vetch residues, NT), combined with three fertilization treatments, inorganic (50 kg N ha^?1 as ammonium sulphate), cattle manuring (30 t ha^?1), and control (no‐fertilizer), were applied on a cotton crop (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. Acala SJ‐2) grown on a clay loam soil in the field of the Agricultural University of Athens. Soil (gravimetric water content, bulk density, and penetration resistance in the top 40 cm) and plant parameters (root growth, leaf water potential, leaf area growth and seedcotton yield) were recorded throughout the cultivation period in all treatments. No‐tillage was associated with significantly higher values of soil water throughout the observation period caused by the vetch mulch. Bulk density and penetration resistance were initially higher in the no‐tilled plots, but they became significantly lower after 2–3 months from sowing. These beneficial effects on soil properties favoured root growth, expressed as root surface density, in the NT‐plots at the top soil layer. Similar, although less spectacular, effects were observed in the manured plots. Plant water status, expressed in terms of the water potential index, was significantly and consistently best in the NT‐ and worst in the CT‐plots throughout crop growth. In addition, NT favoured a better foliage growth and resulted in significantly higher yields than the other tillage practices. In general, NT, and in second instance, MT considerably improved plant water status, and hence foliage growth and yield in comparison with CT by maintaining higher levels of soil water and improving root growth. Manuring positively interacted with the reduced tillage practices for most soil and plant parameters.     

氮肥和种植密度对蚕豆结瘤和生长的影响

在胶泥土和沙壤土两种土壤条件下,研究了5种氮肥用量和3种种植密度对蚕豆结瘤和生长的影响。结果表明:蚕豆在不同土壤条件下结瘤能力差异较大,在氮肥施用量低于240kg/hm²的情况下,适当提高氮肥施用量有助于提高蚕豆的结瘤能力。蚕豆的行距从25cm增加到50cm,降低了种植在胶泥土上蚕豆的结瘤能力,却提高了种植在沙壤土上蚕豆的结瘤能力。同样,适量提高氮肥的施用量,蚕豆的生物量、有效荚数、子粒产量和株高均得到提高。增加蚕豆的行距,促进蚕豆的生物量、有效荚数、子粒产量,降低了蚕豆的株高。     

小麦-夏玉米周年耕作措施对夏玉米茎秆和穗部性状的影响

为了探索山东省半湿润易旱区夏玉米高产稳产适宜耕作措施,将冬小麦和夏玉米两季耕作技术作为一体,设置了10种周年耕作措施,比较分析不同耕作措施对夏玉米茎秆、穗部性状及产量的影响。耕作试验（一周年）结果表明,不同耕作措施对玉米株高和穗位高没有显著性影响,而对茎粗和穗高系数影响显著,其中对照即常规耕作方式（小麦旋耕+玉米直播+秸秆不还田）茎秆最细,穗高系数最高,而A1B11（小麦旋耕+玉米旋耕+秸秆还田）、A2B21（小麦免耕+玉米直播+秸秆还田）、A3B31（小麦深松+玉米深松+秸秆还田）和A4B41（小麦深耕+玉米深耕+秸秆还田）耕作处理间茎秆粗度均显著高于其他处理。与对照相比,各耕作措施显著增加了玉米穗行粒数和百粒重,秃顶长度减小,籽粒产量和生物量均显著增加,其中A1B11（小麦旋耕+玉米旋耕+秸秆还田）耕作处理籽粒产量最高,比对照高35.83%。     

Inter-cropping and Border-cropping of Compatible Crops in Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana Gaertn.) under Garden Land Conditions

With a view to explore the possibility of developing the most economic and viable intercropping and border-cropping systems with nitrogen management in finger millet, an experiment was conducted at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India during summer season (December—March) under garden land condition. Different inter-crops tested were sorghum, sunflower, lady's finger, onion and cluster beans. The study indicated that intercropping and border-cropping in direct sown finger millet under irrigated condition were possible. The best and most remunerative border-crop as well as inter-crop in finger millet was onion. Application of 90 kg N/ha would be sufficient for such a cropping system in a sandy clay loam soil of medium fertility. Onion and cluster beans exhibited companion effect and sunflower and sorghum exerted competitive effect on growth and production of finger millet.     

Tillage and compaction effects on soil properties,root growth and yield of wheat during drought in a semi-arid environment

The calcareous sandy loam soils of Upper Eyre Peninsula in South Australia exhibit high penetrometer resistance throughout the growing season in soils which rarely wet to field capacity. In this area, tillage is normally limited to the top 0.05 m of soil.During two drought years, 1987 and 1988, experiments were carried out with deeper tillage in an attempt to ameliorate a perceived soil compaction problem at two sites (Minnipa and Cungena). At one of the sites a further series of experiments was conducted in which replicas of the tillage experiments were recompacted by four passes of a large (11,800 kg) tractor before seeding.Deeper tillage with a chisel plough at Minnipa had no measurable effect on water use or root growth in the period of measurement, or on grain yield. Soil strength was reduced by tillage to 0.3 m, but tillage to 0.15 m did not remove a hard pan below normal tillage depth. The loosening effect of deeper tillage was not measurable in dry soils by anthesis.Deeper tillage at Cungena resulted in some enhancement of root growth and water extraction. Grain yields were increased by tillage to 0.3 m in both seasons. Soil strength was considerably reduced by deeper tillage.Differences which occurred in the tillage experiments in water extraction, rooting density and grain yields did not occur in the recompaction experiments, but recompaction reduced the soil strength differences induced by deeper tillage. Yields were similar in the tillage and recompaction experiments in 1987, but in 1988 the recompacted deeper tilled treatments tended to yield less than the corresponding treatments in the tillage experiment. Bulk density was reduced by deeper tillage and increased by recompaction, but densities were generally not excessive, despite high penetrometer resistance.     

华南地区蔬菜地不同质地土壤磷素淋失临界值研究

从广东省各蔬菜基地采集101个表层土壤,测定土壤Olsen-P、Bray-P和CaCl₂-P,以确定不同质地土壤的磷淋失临界值。结果表明,Olsen-P与CaCl₂-P呈显著的线性关系,随着土壤Olsen-P的增加,CaCl₂-P也呈现增加的趋势,存在1个明显的突变点,即土壤磷淋失临界值,壤质粘土的临界值为79.74 mg/kg,粘壤土的临界值为51.08 mg/kg,砂质粘壤土的淋失临界值为43.99 mg/kg,砂质壤土的淋失临界值为8.63 mg/kg,淋失临界值从高到低的顺序依次是：壤质粘土＞粘壤土＞砂质粘壤土＞砂质壤土,与不同质地粘粒含量的表现规律一致。在砂质粘壤土上Bray-P与CaCl₂-P呈显著的线性关系,但不存在明显的突变点,在壤质粘土、粘壤土和砂质壤土上,Bray-P与CaCl₂-P未呈现显著的线性关系,不存在明显的突变点。因此,在本试验条件下,Olsen-P可以作为不同质地土壤磷淋失临界值指标。     

Wirkungen meliorativer Gaben von Gesteinsmehlen und Gesteinssanden auf das Wachstum verschiedener landwirtschaftlicher Kulturpflanzen sowie auf physikalische Kennwerte eines Sandbodens und eines Tonbodens

Effect of amelioration doses of rock powder and rock sand on growth of agricultural plants and on physical characteristics of sandy and clay soil
The effect of rock powder to increase the water holding capacity and adsorption degree of sandy soil and the influence of rock sand to augment the aeration and improve the workability of clay soil were tested in pot experiments.
Additions of different rock powders (Basalt, Grauwacke, Kuselit, Muschelkalk and Porphyr) from 5 to 20 weight percent to sandy soil increased the field capacity; the increase in values ranged from 12 to 23% as compared to control. An 11% increase in coarse pore volume (< pF 1.8) of clay soil was noticed when 10 weight percent rock sand was mixed in it. The shear strength of clay soil was hardly decreased. In short time tests five different plants reacted mostly positive to rock powders in sandy soil, the degree of reaction being different depending on rock type and amount used whereas in clay soil the reaction was slightly negative. Ten percent weight additions were better than 20 percent.
Up to 67% increase in spring barley grain yield was registered in sandy soil with addition of 10 weight percent of different rock powders both at about 40 and 80% field capacity water levels. High N-application i.e., 1600 mg N/7 kg soil caused a depression in yield at control whereas it increased the dry matter yield in treated pots. In clay soil at 80% field capacity an increase in grain yield was registered only in Grauwacke and Basalt treatments, which was off set at high N-level. Porphyr and Kuselit treatments produced yield depressions.
Addition of 10 weight percent of rock powders in sandy soil in the first year of experiment reduced the amount of leachate and nitrate leached between 8 to 29% in fallow treatments, but in planted treatments these were dependant on plant type and rock type even showing an increase in one case.     

气象因子对四川不同质地浅层土壤水分的关联分析

[目的]为了进一步预测和定量评估四川农作物区不同土壤质地类型下,气象要素对土壤水分的影响程度,[方法]利用土壤水分和气象资料,采用灰色关联度分析方法,探讨了气温、相对湿度、风速、地面温度、日照时数5个气象因子对10种不同质地类型浅层10 cm土壤水分影响情况。[结果]结果表明：各气象因子对不同质地类型的关联序不尽相同,湿度和风速对浅层土壤水分影响相对较大。无降水天气条件下,湿度和风速对砂土类和壤土类影响较大,而温度和地温对砂土类影响较小,日照对壤土类影响最小;湿度对粘土类影响最大,温度影响最小,地温次之。有降水天气条件下,湿度和风速对砂土类影响较大,气温和日照较小;各气象因子对壤土类影响各不相同,仅日照相对稳定;湿度和风速对粘土类影响最大,地温次之。[结论]因此,土壤水分的变化,应根据不同质地的类型和天气条件,找出与气象因子影响主要因素及影响程度,才能更好的掌握土壤水分变化规律,有效合理的利用土壤水分资源。