基于氮磷养分管理的畜禽场粪便匹配农田面积

该文基于种养平衡的生态模式,根据上海地区单位饲养规模畜禽场粪便产生量及其氮磷含量和各类农作物氮磷需求量,研究分析了基于氮磷养分管理的单位养殖规模畜禽场产生的粪便还田利用需匹配的三大类农作物种植面积。结果表明:在畜禽粪便作为农作物氮磷养分的来源和满足农作物氮养分需求的前提下,根据农作物对氮磷养分需求的木桶效应,各类畜禽粪便提供的磷养分总体上超过各类农作物对磷养分的需求量,具有流失污染环境的隐患。因此,提出了畜禽场粪便还田利用农田面积匹配应基于农作物磷养分需求,不足的氮养分可通过化肥氮给予补充,从而达到种养结合、环境友好的畜禽生态养殖。     

天津市畜禽粪便养分耕地负荷情况分析

为研究天津市各地区畜禽粪便养分耕地负荷情况,为养殖业发展规划提供依据。本文利用畜禽养殖数量和粪便排泄数据,在畜禽粪便全部施入耕地的假设条件下,对天津市各地区的负荷情况进行了分析。结果表明,天津市各地区耕地均氮、均磷和养分总量负荷差异很大。蓟县、宁河县、津南区、北辰区、汉沽区和西青区的耕地养分负荷较大,因此这些地区应该缩减畜禽养殖业的规模或者控制畜禽粪便的还田量;东丽区、塘沽区和武清区已接近全市平均水平,也应适当控制畜禽养殖规模;大港区、静海县和宝坻区的耕地养分负荷小于全市平均水平,因此这些地区还有扩大畜禽养殖规模的潜力。     

典型种养结合奶牛场粪便养分管理模式

规模化奶牛场粪便养分产生量大,因种养分离引发严重环境污染,亟需建立粪便综合养分管理模式,以实现奶牛粪便养分的合理施用。该文以典型种养结合模式"固液分离—堆肥+氧化塘—农田利用"的奶牛养殖场为案例,通过实地调研、粪便及土壤样品采样测定、以及文献参数收集等研究方法,制定了奶牛场粪便综合养分管理模式。主要结果为该存栏量2 978头的奶牛场粪便氮、磷年产生量为204和33 t/a,粪便经过收集和处理后,可供农田利用的氮磷养分为126和27 t/a。基于作物养分需求量和土壤供肥量,以及粪肥投入占总养分的比例为50%和粪肥养分的当季利用率为30%,据估算,1 473 hm~2奶牛场配套农田可施用的粪肥氮、磷养分总量分别为727.6和131.2 t/a。因此,奶牛场配套农田可有效承载粪便氮磷养分供给量。实施粪便综合养分管理模式,可充分利用粪便养分资源用于作物生长,减少粪便养分直接排放到环境,从而确保种养结合模式奶牛场长期可持续生产。     

典型粪污处理模式下规模养猪场农牧结合规模配置研究Ⅰ.固液分离 液体厌氧发酵模式

不同粪污处理模式下畜禽粪便的养分损失存在较大差异,从而影响其后续地农田利用。固液分离-液体厌氧发酵模式是当前我国畜禽粪污处理的主要模式之一。研究粪污固液分离-液体厌氧发酵处理模式下规模养猪场农牧结合适宜规模配置对于减少畜禽粪便污染、促进畜牧业可持续发展具有重要意义。本研究根据猪群体结构比例、废弃物产生量及氮磷含量、废弃物处理利用过程中养分损失率以及作物氮磷钾需求量等资料,以存栏万头猪场为例,采用分步逐级计算的方法估算了典型粪便处理模式——固液分离-液体厌氧发酵下,规模养猪场废弃物完全消纳的不同种植模式农田匹配面积,并研究了基于作物养分需求的不同种植模式农田畜禽粪便承载量。结果表明:固液分离-液体厌氧发酵粪便处理模式,以沼液安全消纳为目标,万头猪场需要配置的最少农田面积分别为粮油作物地12.4~13.7 hm2,或茄果类蔬菜地14.2~17.9 hm2,或果树苗木地16.4~51.3 hm2。以有机肥和沼液全部在农田安全消纳为目标,万头猪场需要配置的最少农田面积分别为粮油作物地299.3~312.9 hm2,或茄果类蔬菜地145.1~179.0 hm2,或果树苗木地553.1~1 343.8 hm2。因此,规模养猪场应根据猪养殖数量及其周边农田面积,选择适宜的有机肥利用方式及种植作物类型,因地制宜,合理调控。     

泛种养结合视角下北京市养殖业土地承载力评估

种养结合是中国未来农业绿色发展的重要方向。其中,对畜禽粪污的土地承载力的准确估算是关键。针对北京市畜禽粪污消纳的土地没有充分利用及其氮磷需求取值不够准确的问题,该研究根据畜禽养殖数据计算了2018年北京畜禽养殖粪污产生量和氮磷养分资源量,以粮地、菜地、园地、部分林地、草地及未利用土地6种地类作为畜禽粪污的消纳场所,利用统计年鉴和ArcGIS估算了6种类型的土地资源量,根据文献综合分析了各地类单位面积的氮磷养分需求量,进而计算了北京市域内畜禽养殖业的土地承载力。结果表明：2018年北京市畜禽养殖总量为453万头猪当量,畜禽粪污产生总量为380.1万t,氮磷养分资源量分别为2.61万及0.53万t。在有机肥全部替代化肥的情况下,仅以耕地（粮地、菜地）作为畜禽粪污的消纳场所,则全市种植业土地能够承载的最大养殖量为675万头猪当量;若以6种土地类型作为畜禽粪污的消纳场所,则为1 089万头猪当量,是仅以耕地作为消纳场所的1.61倍。若有机肥50%替代化肥,仅以耕地为畜禽粪污消纳场所,土地承载力为337.6万头猪当量,则2018年的养殖规模已经超过耕地承载力。若以6种土地作为消纳场所,其土地承载力为544.5万头猪当量,与现养殖规模相比还有20.1%的养殖潜力。因此,在环境保护的前提下促进养殖业的发展,一是要扩大有机肥对化肥的替代比例,二是要将更多的可作为畜禽粪污消纳的土地类型加以充分利用。     

武穴市秸秆和畜禽粪污还田化肥减量潜力及土地承载力分析

武穴市是湖北省种植和养殖大市,估算其农作物秸秆、畜禽粪污资源,评估其土地承载力,探讨绿色种养的节约化肥潜力对实现武穴市农业绿色发展具有重要意义。基于统计数据,估算了武穴市主要农作物秸秆、畜禽粪污养分资源量及其化肥替减的潜力,并评估了当前土地承载力及土地承载力指数。结果表明,2020年武穴市产生主要农作物秸秆资源53.19万t,畜禽养殖95.33万头猪当量。秸秆和畜禽粪污养分资源理论可还田量（折纯）分别为1.19万、0.82万t,分别可替代武穴市当年化肥消费量的27.4%和18.9%,理论可实现化肥节约成本分别为6192.76万和4077.36万元,共计10270.12万元。2020年武穴市畜禽粪污氮、磷土地承载力指数分别为0.80、0.48,目前畜禽养殖量没有超过武穴市土地承载力,但已接近氮承载力的上限。     

九龙江流域养猪场氮磷流失特征研究

由于对畜禽粪便的处置和管理不当,氮、磷养分随粪便大量流失,不仅带来日益突出的环境问题,还造成了资源的浪费。目前国际上多采用养分平衡方法研究和评价畜牧养殖场养分流失状况及其潜在的环境风险程度。选取福建省九龙江流域92家养猪场,采用养分平衡分析方法研究了该流域养猪场养分流失状况及主要影响因素。结果表明：大部分养猪场的氮磷养分输入量远远大于养分有效输出量,表明养分大量流失,养殖系统的环境风险程度极高;随着养猪场规模的增大,氮、磷的不平衡程度呈下降趋势;生态型养殖模式有利于促进资源综合利用,减少养分流失;加强对粪肥和饲料管理有利于促进畜禽养殖场的氮、磷养分平衡。     

烟台市种植业有机废弃物还田对畜禽粪污土壤消纳量的影响研究

通过《烟台统计年鉴》(2011～2020年)对2010～2019年烟台市农业有机废弃物(畜禽粪污、果树修剪枝条、农作物秸秆)资源量进行评估，并测算种植业有机废弃物还田对畜禽粪污土壤消纳量的影响，为烟台市合理利用农业有机废弃物、实现农业可持续发展提供参考。结果表明:2010～2019年烟台市种植面积、农作物秸秆产生量呈下降趋势，畜禽养殖猪当量、畜禽粪污排泄量与果树修剪枝条量呈上升趋势；10年间种植业产生的果树修剪枝条、农作物秸秆和养殖业畜禽粪污排泄量年平均分别为108.24万、205.60万、782.52万t，种植业和养殖业有机废弃物还田分别可提供氮2.91万、2.68万t，磷0.52万、1.03万t。种植业有机废弃物还田减少了粪污土壤消纳量，降低了区域内养殖潜力。在种植业有机废弃物还田的情况下，10年间畜禽粪污氮、磷土地承载力分别降低了33.63%～36.10%、43.56%～46.44%，畜禽粪污氮、磷土地承载力指数分别升高了50.68%～56.49%、77.18%～86.70%；在种植业有机废弃物未还田情况下，2019年烟台市15个县市区中，莱州市、招远市、栖霞市的养殖量不超过以氮和磷为基准计算的理论最大养殖量(土地承载力指数小于1)，在还田情况下只有莱州市的养殖量不超过以氮和磷为基准计算的理论最大养殖量。     

基于系统动力学的东莞有机废弃物替代化肥潜力研究

综合考虑作物秸秆还田、禽畜养殖和农村生活有机废弃物排放这3个过程中所产生的养分资源以及农作物、果树生长需要吸纳的养分,构建系统动力学模型,探究东莞种养结合、有效利用有机废弃物养分从而替代化肥施用的潜力。结果表明,2025年农作物和果树养分的总需求量为4.6136×10~3 t,作物秸秆、禽畜养殖和农村生活有机废弃物肥料蕴含的养分为0.430 6×10~3和4.514 3×10~3 t。若这些有机粪肥资源按存储发酵、沼气处理和堆肥加工这3种方式处理,则实际可提供的总养分依次为3.913 9×10~3,4.803 7×10~3和3.055 0×10~3 t。根据有机肥氮素替代50%化肥氮的原则来估算有机废弃物养分供应量,则有机粪肥资源所提供的氮、磷、钾养分均超出当地农作物和果树生长所需,需要外运粪肥以降低对环境的影响。考虑当地作物秸秆还田方式,即全部还田、部分还田和不还田(不还田的秸杆用于焚烧或作饲料),需要移出的养分比例分别为73.2%～74.1%,53.7%～60.0%和24.1%～33.5%。     

基于氮素循环的耕地畜禽承载能力评估模型建立与应用

为了避免畜禽粪便大量流失对环境构成威胁,指导农区畜禽养殖规模合理配置与布局,建立农牧结合、种养平衡、生态循环、环境友好型现代动物农业可持续发展产业模式,提供直观、实用、易行的科学方法,该研究基于农牧生产系统中"耕地-作物-畜禽"氮的流动循环规律及养分收支平衡原则,运用畜牧生产学及线性规划的理论与方法,引入猪饲料蛋白当量及粪便氮排泄当量等参数,设计建立农区耕地畜禽承载能力评估数学模型(N-LSCM)。并以四川农区为案例分析评估表明,2006年该农区畜禽养殖规模较为合理,对环境不构成威胁,且仍有新增22419574头猪(杜洛克×长白×大约克夏三元杂交,出栏体质量100kg的商品肉猪的头数)的发展潜力。     

Recent trends in nitrogen and phosphate use and balance on Japanese farmland

Abstract

We estimated recent trends in nitrogen (N) and phosphate (P₂O₅) application, crop production and surpluses on Japanese farmlands, and calculated the N and P₂O₅ and balances in kind in crop types for 2002. Overall, chemical N and P₂O₅ fertilizer application peaked in 1985 and then decreased. Crop N production was reduced after 1985 and crop P₂O₅ production was reduced after 1990. This lag in crop P₂O₅ decline may have resulted from the accumulation of P₂O₅ in farmland soils before 1990. Nitrogen and P₂O₅ balances in 2002 indicated large surpluses in vegetables and industrial crops, despite the reduction in chemical fertilizer application, although chemical fertilizer and manure application levels were still higher than in other crops. The reduction in chemical fertilizer and manure application eventually reduced the N and P₂O₅ surplus. Substitution of currently non-utilized livestock excreta in place of chemical fertilizers would be worthwhile.     

安徽省作物养分供需分析及化肥减施潜力研究

有机-无机相结合的农田养分管理模式是现阶段中国发展绿色农业的必由之路,因而开展有机、无机养分和作物养分需求的比较研究对促进养分资源的合理分配和施用具有重要的参考价值。本文采用文献调查和统计分析的方法,评估了安徽省16市2010—2016年主要有机肥(包括秸秆、粪便、绿肥和饼肥)的养分资源,明晰了安徽省农业生产中有机、无机养分投入现状,并根据农业种植结构开展了有机、无机养分和作物养分需求的差异和关系研究,最后探索了安徽省的化肥减施潜力。结果表明:安徽省2010—2016年平均有机肥养分资源为287.70万t,N、P_2O_5和K_2O分别为104.49万t、39.60万t和143.61万t,可基本满足作物的养分需求;但有机肥的当季利用率低,N、P_2O_5和K_2O的当季利用率分别为21.44%、19.91%和52.61%,有机肥N、P_2O_5和K_2O实际还田量仅占作物养分需求的20.74%、25.38%和63.61%,占农田养分总投入的比重分别为11.87%、10.27%和51.35%。全省N、P_2O_5、K_2O养分实际投入量(包括有机肥和化肥)是作物养分需求的1.75倍、2.47倍和1.24倍,有7个市的N和13个市的P_2O_5养分施用量超过作物需求的2倍,存在较高的环境污染风险。通过控制农业总养分输入,安徽省的化肥减施潜力为35.12%,N、P_2O和K_2O的减施潜力分别为21.28%、23.97%和78.61%。提高有机肥的当季利用率和发展冬季绿肥资源可进一步促进化肥减施。本研究可为安徽省化肥零增长和农牧业的绿色可持续发展提供数据参考。     

Changes in the soil phosphorus status of agricultural land in the Netherlands during the 20th century

The Netherlands has a high cumulative mean phosphorus (P) balance. In the 20th century, cumulative mean P surpluses were ca. 4500 kg P₂O₅/ha. The annual surpluses have levelled off because of manure application limits from 1984 onwards. We report the effect of soil type, land use, and manure policy on changes in soil P of fields in the Netherlands during the 20th century. We used data (>5 million soil P tests) from the soil analysis laboratory BLGG AgroXpertus. Our results show that soil P has increased on average to fairly high and high ratings. Differences between regions and between land use have remained high from the first records in the 1930s; on arable land the increase continued until the end of our study period while on grassland no changes are evident in the last decades. In general regions with high livestock density have high soil P status. Soil P increased in the order bulbfields < grassland < arable land < maize land < horticulture, and in the order loess < clay < peat < sand soils. Spatial variations in P values reflect more the market value of the crops and regional availability of animal manure than (fertilizer) recommendations. Manure policy since 1984 has resulted in increasingly tight restrictions on P application from manure and fertilizers, but the effects are not yet clearly reflected in changed trends in soil P.     

施肥对青岛市设施蔬菜产量、净产值及土壤环境的影响

为进一步提高设施蔬菜的施肥效率, 减少肥料成本和对环境的污染, 对青岛市设施蔬菜施肥状况及其对产量、净产值和土壤环境的影响进行了研究。结果表明, 设施黄瓜和番茄氮、磷、钾肥施用均明显过量。黄瓜N、P₂O₅、K₂O年施用量分别为1 841.5 kg·hm^-2、864.0 kg·hm^-2和1 978.7 kg·hm^-2, 番茄N、P₂O₅、K₂O年施用量分别为1 436.7 kg·hm^-2、833.6 kg·hm^-2和1 643.7 kg·hm^-2。施肥中有机/无机肥料养分比例较为合理, 重视了有机肥的施用。年度施用N、P₂O₅、K₂O量及其总量对年度蔬菜产量、净产值有明显影响, 存在着线性方程关系。随着年度施氮量的增加, 土壤NO₃^--N含量明显增加, 31.4%的农户设施蔬菜田土壤NO₃^--N含量居高和较高水平。土壤速效磷含量随年度施磷量的增加而增加, 74.3%的农户设施蔬菜田土壤速效磷为高水平。68.6%的农户设施蔬菜田土壤为酸性和微酸性, 有向酸性发展的趋势。生产中应适量减少氮、磷和钾肥投入, 推广测土配方施肥、水肥一体化、秸秆生物处理等技术, 促进青岛市设施蔬菜生产的可持续发展。     

Bacterial Transport from Agricultural Lands Fertilized with Animal Manure

A plot scale study was conducted to determine bacterial transport in runoff from cropland treated with poultry litter and dairy manure applied at phosphorus (P) agronomic rates. Treatments included surface application of dairy manure, surface application of poultry litter, incorporation of dairy manure and control. A rainfall simulator was used to induce runoff 1 and 2 days after manure application. Runoff was analyzed to determine the concentration of indicator bacteria-fecal coliform, Escherichia coli, and Enterococcus. Observed edge-of-field bacterial concentrations were 10² to 10⁵ times higher than Virginia’s in-stream bacteria criteria for primary contact recreation waters. No significant treatment effects were observed on edge-of-field bacteria concentration or yield. Results suggest that the manure application based on agronomic P rates may yield significant bacterial loading to downstream waterbodies if rainfall occurs soon after manure application. This research underscores the need for BMPs that reduce runoff volumes and filter pollutants associated with animal manures.     

动物农家肥的应用与环境化学研究进展

Animal manure consists of predominantly urine and feces,but also may contain bedding materials,dropped feed,scurf,and other farming wastes.Manure is typically applied to soils as fertilizer for agricultural production.The estimated amount of manure produced in 12 major livestock-producing countries is 9 × 10~9 Mg of manure annually.Manure is rich in plant nutrients.However,manure is also considered as an environmental pollutant when it is over-applied to cropland or following runoff into surface water.Manure can also in?uence global climate change via emissions of methane(CH_4) and nitrous oxide(N_2O).Thus,increased and updated knowledge of applied and environmental chemistry of animal manure is needed to shed light on the research and development of animal manure utilization and minimization of its adverse environmental concerns.The advances in basic and applied studies of manure major components,organic matter,phosphorus,and nitrogen,primarily related to US livestock production are summarized in this review.Detailed focus was placed on three notable challenges for future manure research:1) soil application of animal manure,2)manure phytate phosphorus,and 3) manure nitrogen availability.This review may contribute to the global effort in sustainable and environmentally sound agriculture by stimulating new ideas and directions in animal manure research,and promoting application of knowledge and insight derived from manure research into improved manure management strategies.     

主要农作物秸秆养分资源现状及其肥料替代潜力分析——以安徽省为例

安徽省农作物秸秆资源丰富,充分利用秸秆养分资源对于农田养分投入的合理分配具有重要意义。评估全省主要农作物秸秆还田当季有效养分替代化肥潜力,可为安徽省减肥增效提供科学依据。本研究以安徽种植面积较大的主要农作物水稻、小麦、玉米、大豆、花生和油菜为研究对象,通过查阅安徽省统计数据和公开发表的文献资料,对2017年安徽省主要农作物秸秆数量、秸秆还田率以及还田当季养分利用率进行估算,明晰了全省化肥减施潜力。结果表明:2017年安徽省主要农作物秸秆资源量为4 699.9万t,秸秆资源分布上呈北部和中部较多、南部最少的特征。秸秆养分资源总量为124.8万t,N、P_2O_5和K_2O分别为38.1万t、11.4万t和75.3万t,分别占全省主要农作物养分需求的40.1%、32.1%和68.9%。理论上,秸秆全量还田,且养分充分利用的情况下,秸秆养分替代化肥潜力大。但秸秆养分N、P_2O_5和K_2O当季利用率分别为38.9%、52.3%和69.9%,实际秸秆N、P_2O_5和K_2O养分还田量仅占主要农作物养分需求的15.6%、16.8%和48.2%,分别占农田养分总投入量的8.6%、6.4%和41.4%。通过秸秆还田,全省可减施化肥63.3万t,减施比例为19.8%, N、P_2O_5和K_2O减施比例分别为11.4%、17.2%、40.7%。进一步提高秸秆还田率和当季养分释放率,是推进全省化肥减施增效的有利手段。     

Effect of Deinking Paper Sludge Compost On Nutrient Uptake and Yields of Snap Bean And Potatoes Grown in Rotation

The paper industry in Canada faces a challenge of economically sound and environmentally safe disposal of massive amounts of residues. A field study was conducted in 1996 and 1997 to evaluate the effects of application of a compost derived from a mixture of deinking paper residues and poultry manure (DSPC) on P and K uptake, and yields of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Centralia), and potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Gold Rush). The experiment was conducted on a Tilly silt loam (Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol) located in Sainte-Croix de Lotbinière, Québec, Canada. The DSPC was applied in the spring 1996 at 0, 14, 28 and 42 Mg ha^?1 on a dry matter basis, and supplemented or not with mineral fertilizer (MF) at 0, 60, 120 and 180 kg P₂O₅-K₂O ha^?1. In 1997, P fertilizer was applied in subplots at 0, 100, 200 and 300 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1. Snap bean yield increased significantly with DSPC and MF application. Apparent P and K recoveries from MF by snap bean decreased with DSPC or MF rate. In combination with DSPC, P and K recoveries from MF by snap bean were smaller at all rates than those with no DSPC. Based on nutrient uptake, P and K in DSPC were more available than in MF. Potato yield in the following year was not significantly influenced by the previous treatments nor by supplemental P fertilizer added in the second year. This experiment indicates that compost derived from a mixture of deinking papermill sludges and poultry manure is a potential source of P and K for crops and will increase crop yields in the application year.