提高哺乳仔猪成活率的饲养管理措施

养育哺乳仔猪的任务是获得最高的成活率和最大断奶窝重及个体重。仔猪出生后所受的应激较大，在胎儿期完全靠母体供给各种营养物质和排出代谢物，母体对胎儿来说是个相对稳定的生长环境。出生后，仔猪生活条件和环境发生巨大变化，因此，在生产中应掌握仔猪的生长发育规律及其生理特点，采用相应的饲养管理措施来处理好仔猪的这些应激，以提高仔猪的成活率和断奶窝重。     

提高哺乳仔猪成活率的饲养管理措施

养育哺乳仔猪的任务是获得最高的成活率和最大断奶窝重及个体重。仔猪出生后所受的应激较大,在胎儿期完全靠母体供给各种营养物质和排出代谢物,母体对胎儿来说是个相对稳定的生长环境。出生后,仔猪生活条件和环境发生巨大变化,因此,在生产中应掌握仔猪的生长发育规律及其生理特点,采用相应的饲养管理措施来处理好仔猪的这些应激,以提高仔猪的成活率和断奶窝重。1哺乳仔猪死亡原因的分析及措施仔猪死亡的原因主要有两个方面,第一,因各种疾病而导致仔猪的死亡,如拉稀、肺炎病、缺铁性贫血和其他遗传疾病等。统计表明,因疾病死亡的仔猪共计占总…     

仔猪的饲养管理技术

一、哺乳仔猪的饲养管理从出生到断奶阶段(4～5周)的仔猪称为哺乳仔猪。仔猪出生后,生活条件发生了巨大变化。由原来通过胎盘进行气体交换、摄取营养和排出废物,转化为自行呼吸、采食和排泄。仔猪在母体子宫内生活条件相当稳定,而到出生后直接受自然条件和人为环境的影响。同时,由于哺乳仔猪生长发育快和生理上不成熟,如果饲养管理不当,就会影响哺乳仔猪的生长发育,甚至造成死亡。因此,养好哺乳仔猪的目的是使仔猪成     

乳用犊牛的培育技术

<正>犊牛是指从出生到断奶的小牛。犊牛出生后由母体进入外界环境,生活环境骤然发生变化:由通过胎盘进行气体交换转为自行呼吸;由原来通过胎盘获取营养物质和排泄废物转变为自己摄取食物、消化及排泄;由原来在母体子宫环境温度相对稳定而生后却受外界环境影响。另外,犊牛出生后生理机能不完善,只有科学饲养,才不会影响其生长发育。犊牛处于快速生长发育阶段,饲养培育是否科学对奶牛成年体型的形成,采食饲料的能力以及到达成年期产奶和繁殖性能都有     

安全渡过新生仔猪面临的三大转变

<正>新生仔猪出生时经历子宫温暖、舒适和无菌环境,经过狭窄的硬产道骨盆和紧迫、挤压的产道,再到产床上或地面上,那里温度偏低、空气污浊、刺鼻和充满各种有害细菌,因此,仔猪一出生就面临三大转变,即从温暖舒适的羊水环境向外界自然环境的转变,从母体供氧向仔猪自主呼吸过程的转变,从母体供应营养向自主消化过程的转变。1母体与胎儿的关系胎儿位于子宫内,营寄生生活,其全部的营养物质和氧气由母体供给,其     

哺乳仔猪的科学饲养管理

1哺乳仔猪应激和生理特点1.1出生应激仔猪出生是一生中受到的最大应激,其原因:1.1.1从靠血液到靠肺进行呼吸出生前,仔猪生活在母体子宫内的羊水中,靠胚胎的血液流动获取O2、排除CO2,而仔猪出生后必须依靠自己的肺呼吸。1.1.2环境温度从恒定到变化母猪子宫内环境温度保持在39℃～39.5℃较恒定的范围内,而仔猪出生后温度随时都在变化。1.1.3从无菌环境到细菌丛生的环境母体子宫内是无菌的,而出生后受到各种微生物侵袭,甚至出生后1～2h肠道内就有大肠杆菌定居。1.1.4吸收营养从被动到主动出生前物质通过母子胎盘的血液循环供给,出生后即转为…     

仔猪培育的要点

1做好出生仔猪的护理 仔猪出生后5-10天内，由于生活环境的重大改变，由母体供给营养变为自己采食，由母体内稳定的生活条件变为受外界条件变化的影响，再加上出生仔猪不灵活、怕冷，消化功能发育不全等原因，很容易被母猪压死、踩死、冻死或饿死。所以，做好出生仔猪的护理是提高育成率的关键之一。     

仔猪培育的要点

<正>1做好出生仔猪的护理仔猪出生后5~10天内,由于生活环境的重大改变,由母体供给营养变为自己采食,由母体内稳定的生活条件变为受外界条件变化的影响,再加上出生仔猪不灵活、怕冷,消化功能发育不全等原因,很容易被母猪压死、踩死、冻死或饿死。所以,做好出生仔猪的护理是提高育成率的关键之一。固定乳头。仔猪出生后几天,就有固定吸乳头的习惯。仔猪确定乳头后,一直到断乳都不更换。为了保证全窝仔猪能获得均匀发育,人们根据母猪的特     

提高仔兔成活率的综合措施

从出生到断奶这段时间内的小兔叫仔兔。这个时期是家兔由胎儿期转变到能独立生活的过渡时期。胎儿在母体内生长,环境温度都比较恒定,人们只要养好母兔就可使仔兔很好的发育。仔兔出生后,环境条件发生了急剧变化,仔兔的新陈代谢非常旺盛,但对外界环     

早期断奶仔猪的生长发育特点及其营养调控

仔猪的生长发育从胚胎期就已开始,由胚胎到初生再到断奶的整个过程中,仔猪经历了营养、环境和心理三大方面应激。其中胚胎期胎儿的生存环境稳定,初生时从恒温到变温环境,从无菌水生的胎盘到有菌陆生的圈舍,对养分的吸收也从靠脐带主动吸收到靠消化道主动吸收等一系列变化。断奶时又经历离开母猪,从分娩舍到保育舍的转移,从吸吮母乳转向采食配合日粮,从以接受母乳脂肪、乳糖和酪蛋白的营     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …