黄土高原半干旱区沙棘林SPAC水势时空变异

本文以黄土高原半干旱地区沙棘人工成林为研究对象,在SPAC系统中定位观测了沙棘林土壤水势、叶片水势和大气水势等。结果表明：天然降雨是研究区土壤水分的唯一补给来源,也是影响该区大气水势的主要环境因素,降雨量的分配具有明显的季节变化;沙棘林地土壤水势垂直分布基本呈现随土层的增加而上升的趋势;叶片水势变化趋势为早晨较高,随后下降,随着气温降低,水势又会波动回升。大气水势的日变化趋势基本相同,呈倒V字型。SPAC系统水势梯度明显,大气水势远高于树木叶片水势和土壤水势,树木叶片水势略高于土壤水势。     

降雨集流渗灌系统室内模拟土壤水分运动研究

为解决宁南山区旱地经济林干旱缺水的现状及小降雨(4～16 mm)无法入渗到根系(20～40 cm)分布范围,设计了一种降雨集流渗灌装置,通过室内土箱试验,以降雨量作为控制因子,研究不同雨量条件下径向和垂向土壤水分的运动特征.结果表明:随雨量增加累计入渗量逐渐增大,入渗速率逐渐减小;不同雨量条件下土壤含水率增量在垂向0～...     

A comparison of soil-water distribution under ridge and bed cultivated potatoes

Data is presented comparing infiltration of irrigation and rain water to potato crops planted in ridges and beds in East Anglia, UK. An automatic soil water station (ASWS) was used to monitor soil water content and potential in the two cultivation systems. The ASWS data indicated that most of the water bypassed the potatoes planted in ridges as irrigation water applied to the crop from a boom irrigator was shed off the ridges infiltrating in the furrows. This was due to the water repellent nature of the sandy soil and meant that the irrigation water bypassed the potatoes. A soil water deficit built up in the core of the ridge as the crop grew and was not replenished by irrigations. A second early potato crop planted in beds was more successful at capturing water as the flat bed increased water infiltration around the crop. This has major implications for cultivation practice, scab control and crop water management. Instruments measuring soil water potential, content, temperature and rainfall were connected to a data logger powered by a solar panel and proved a successful way of monitoring infiltration. Hourly data was collected so that a high temporal resolution data set could be constructed in order to increase conceptual understanding of hydrological processes at a scale appropriate to the crop.     

人工模拟降雨技术研究综述

在开展雨水高效利用的试验研究中，用人工模拟降雨的方法，可以缩短试验周期，加速雨水入渗规律、土壤侵蚀规律的研究进程。可以通过控制试验条件，根据不同环境，弥补在自然降雨条件下，因环境变化而无法得到试验期的计划的研究结果，或者进一步补充论证在自然降雨情况下得到的研究结果。介绍了在水土保持和降雨入渗研究中模拟降雨装置的研究概况，提出了简易模拟降雨装置的主要技术参数。     

Distribution of rainfall and soil moisture content in the soil profile under citrus tree canopy and at the dripline

The plant canopy intercepts rain and thus can alter the distribution of water under the canopy as compared to that along the dripline. The effects of a citrus (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) tree (25-year-old, Valencia orange) canopy on the distribution of rainfall and soil moisture content within the soil profile either along the dripline (D) or under the canopy near the trunk (inner side; I), and midway between I and Dripline (M) were evaluated, on the east and west sides of trees planted along north-south rows. Results of eleven storm events in 1995 (mean of east and west sides) revealed that the amounts of precipitation at the D, M, and I positions were 97–140, 47–94, and 52–79% of the incident rainfall, respectively. Thus, canopy interception of incident rainfall was quite appreciable. The soil moisture content was greater along the dripline compared to that at the M and I positions, particularly in the deeper (≥60 cm) soil profile. The water flux was significantly greater at the dripline than under the canopy indicating a greater leaching potential of soil-applied fertilizers and other chemicals when placed along the dripline. A substantial reduction in the rainfall and water flux under the canopy as a result of canopy interception suggests that application of fertilizer and chemicals under the canopy could minimize leaching losses. Received: 10 November 1997     

Hydrological and Physical Responses of a Semi-arid Sandy Soil to Tillage

For sustainable crop production in semi-arid environments with low and erratic rainfall (<800 mm), runoff must be minimized and water conserved. However, little is known about how soils in semi-arid southern Africa respond to cultivation. This study investigated the hydrological and physical responses of a fersiallitic soil to conventional (flat) and improved (tied ridge) tillage practices over four seasons under natural and simulated rainfall conditions in Zimbabwe. Changes in soil surface roughness and the development of crusts were investigated and related to variation in the runoff ratio (total volume of runoff/total volume of rain). Relationships between runoff, rainfall intensity and antecedent precipitation index (API is an indicator of soil moisture content based on daily rainfall) were established for both systems. For the tied ridge system, API showed no significant contribution to runoff prediction. This reflects the greater and more stable depression storage capacity of the furrow in the tied ridge system. By comparison, the depression storage capacity of the flat system is temporary in nature and, as the micro relief of the soil surface weathers and crusts develop, its capacity declines, as does the time to ponding and runoff generation.     

新型蓄水保墒机具的开发前景

中国水资源的时空分布很不均衡,降雨由东向西减少.西北干旱半干旱区域,年降雨总量少,且按季节分配不均,年降水的60%～70%集中分布于6-9月,降水强度大.要解决西北干旱缺水问题,可从增水、蓄水、保水、高效用水等4个方面综合考虑.就目前形势来看,西北地区水资源的补充主要靠天然降水.为此,研发一种经济、有效的蓄水保墒技术及机具对雨水资源的利用将产生重大的影响.该机具一机多用,少耕免耕,不破坏原有植被,不会引发水土流失,有良好的开发前景.     

覆膜和降雨强度对玉米耗水过程及土壤水分入渗的影响

【目的】研究农田作物生长过程中,覆膜和降雨特征等因素对玉米耗水过程和土壤入渗产生影响。【方法】根据北京地区典型年降雨量设计和模拟春玉米生育期降雨过程,利用群集式测坑和挡雨棚及附设人工降雨装置,开展了不同地表覆盖条件下降雨强度对玉米耗水及水分利用效率的影响研究。降雨强度包括小雨强0.5 mm/min和大雨强1.5 mm/min,覆盖和种植条件包括膜下滴灌(MDI)、地面滴灌(SDI)和对照无作物种植(NP)。【结果】①MDI处理水分利用效率较SDI处理高13.5%。与SDI处理相比,MDI处理作物耗水量减小了40.6 mm,覆膜主要提高20～60 cm土层储水量。②大雨强条件下土壤深层渗漏量增多了3.4%～15.6%;降雨和灌溉对土壤水分影响深度主要为0～150 cm土层,相对于SDI处理,MDI和NP处理土壤储水量大大增加。③小雨强时表层0～20cm土壤入渗NP处理最快,大雨强时MDI处理入渗最快。作物根区40 cm深度处,小雨强时MDI处理的土壤水分最快达到峰值,而大雨强时NP处理最快达到峰值。60 cm深度处不同覆盖条件下在2种雨强时土壤水分变化速率一致,达到峰值速率表现为NP处理>MDI处理>SDI处理。【结论】覆膜具有较好的节水增产效应;降雨强度越大,土壤水分下渗越快;相同降雨量时小雨强降雨更有利于土壤水存储。不同的降雨强度对土壤水分入渗和再分布影响不同。研究结果可为雨水资源的合理利用从而提高农田水分利用效率提供理论依据。     

降水预报准确率对变量灌溉水分管理的影响

为充分利用降水,提高变量灌溉水分管理精度,将降水预报信息与变量灌溉制度结合生成变量灌溉处方图,在评估2016年和2017年不同降水等级预报准确率的基础上,研究了未来3 d降水预报信息对冬小麦和夏玉米变量灌溉制度的影响.结果表明,两年冬小麦和夏玉米生育期内,预见期1,2,3 d的降水预报信息准确率差异不大,无雨预报准确率最高,两年平均为83.3%,大雨和暴雨次之,为51.7%,中雨预报准确率最差,为23.0%.结合降水预报信息制定变量灌溉制度,2016年冬小麦和2017年夏玉米生育期内分别减少灌水量8 mm和16 mm.根据目前预报信息准确率,建议无雨和小雨预报时,直接按设计灌水定额灌溉;中雨预报时,可采用灌水定额的80%实施灌溉;大雨和暴雨预报时,可适当推迟灌溉.     

Micro-catchment water harvesting potential of an arid environment

Micro-catchment water harvesting (MCWH) requires development of small structures across mild land slopes, which capture overland flow and store it in soil profile for subsequent plant uses. Water availability to plants depends on the micro-catchment runoff yield and water storage capacity of both the plant basin and the soil profile in the plant root zone. This study assessed the MCWH potential of a Mediterranean arid environment by using runoff micro-catchment and soil water balance approaches. Average annual rainfall and evapotranspiration of the studied environment were estimated as 111 and 1671 mm, respectively. This environment hardly supports vegetation without supplementary water. During the study period, the annual rain was 158 mm in year 2004/2005, 45 mm in year 2005/2006 and 127 mm in year 2006/2007. About 5000 MCWH basins were developed for shrub raising on a land slope between 2 and 5% by using three different techniques. Runoff at the outlets of 26 micro-catchments with catchment areas between 13 and 50 m² was measured. Also the runoff was indirectly assessed for another 40 micro-catchments by using soil water balance in the micro-catchments and the plant basins. Results show that runoff yield varied between 5 and 187 m³ ha⁻¹ for various rainfall events. It was between 5 and 85% of the incidental rainfall with an average value of 30%. The rainfall threshold for runoff generation was estimated about 4 mm. Overall; the soil water balance approach predicted 38-57% less water than micro-catchment runoff approach. This difference was due to the reason that the micro-catchment runoff approach accounted for entire event runoff in the tanks; thus showed a maximum water harvesting potential of the micro-catchments. Soil water balance approach estimated water storage in soil profile and did not incorporate water losses through spillage from plant basins and deep percolation. Therefore, this method depicted water storage capacity of the plant basins and the root zone soil profile. The different between maximum water harvesting potential and soil-water storage capacity is surplus runoff that can be better utilized through appropriate MCWH planning.     

Rainfall concentration under olive trees

To determine the existence of rainfall concentration beneath olive trees, throughfall and stemflow was measured in three olive trees during 12 rainfall events, using 36 rain gauges per tree and a stemflow collection system. Data from different rainfall events were aggregated to assess the spatial correlation in throughfall. Only one out of the three trees showed a clear spatial dependency structure.Rainfall concentration under the tree canopy, as a consequence of rainfall redistribution of throughfall, was relatively unimportant with few and sparse locations showing a percentage of throughfall with respect to rainfall in open area >100% and none above 125%. Throughfall showed a consistent storm to storm pattern in spatial distribution among high rainfall events, and non-consistent patterns among low rainfall events. Stemflow was found to be the most important mechanism of canopy induced flux concentration, in events where rainfall depth was large enough to saturate the olive canopy. Stemflow was estimated to infiltrate in a radial area up to 0.5 m from the tree trunk, depending on tree characteristics and rainfall intensity. The area surrounding the tree trunk appears to be the most relevant area for potential research dealing with the influence of concentrated canopy induced water fluxes on the transport of chemicals to deeper layers within the soil.     

基于人工降雨的土壤水分入渗研究

以半干旱区农田水循环为出发点,以西辽河半干旱区建平县为代表,通过人工模拟降雨及三因素三水平正交试验设计,对不同农田下垫面处理方式对降雨入渗的影响进行研究。为全面了解情况,共选取雨强(10、20、30mm/h)、土壤初始含水率(田间持水率的50%、60%、70%)及农田下垫面处理方式(平整裸地、起垄不覆膜、起垄覆膜)3个降雨入渗影响因素。结果表明:农田下垫面处理方式变化对降雨入渗的影响受控于降雨强度,雨强为最大降雨累积入渗量的首要影响因素,土壤初始含水率的影响较小。起垄覆膜对降雨入渗的影响主要体现为加快湿润锋推移,缩短入渗时间,减少降雨累积入渗量。     

Incorporation of ridge and furrow method of rainfall harvesting with mulching for crop production under semiarid conditions

A plastic-covered ridge and furrow rainfall harvesting (PRFRH) system combined with mulches was designed to increase water availability to crops for improving and stabilizing agricultural production in the semiarid Loess region of northwest China. The system was built by shaping the soil surface with alternate ridges and furrows along the contour. The plastic-covered ridges served as a rainfall harvesting zone and furrows as a planting zone. Some materials were also used to mulch the furrows to increase the effectiveness of the harvested water. This system can make better utilization of light rain by harvesting rainwater through the plastic-covered ridge. The field experiment (using corn as an indicator crop) showed that grain yields in the PRFRH system with mulches in 1998 and 1999 were significantly higher than the controls, with an increase of 4010–5297 kg per ha (108–143%). In most treatments, the water use efficiencies (WUE) were in excess of 2.0 kg m⁻³. The WUE values of corn in this system were 1.9 times greater than the controls in 1998 and 1.4 times greater than the controls in 1999. The plastic-covered ridge led to a yield increase of 3430 kg per ha (92%) in 1998 and of 1126 kg per ha (21%) in 1999 compared with the uncovered ridge. On average, the additional mulches in the furrow brought about a yield increase of 8–25%. Based on the results of this study and other researches, this technique can increase corn grain yield by 60–95% in drought and average years, 70–90% in wet years, and 20–30% in very wet years. The PRFRH system had the potential to increase crop yield and produced greater economic benefit, therefore it could be used in regions dominated by light rainfall of low intensity where crops generally fail due to water stress.     

关于提高作物水分生产率与建立作物生态需水区划问题的探讨

作物光合作用对土壤水分有明显的阈值反应。通过土壤水分预报,控制土壤水分较长期处在略多于阈值的范围,有利于提高作物水分生产率。大定额的蓄水灌溉有利于创造下湿上干的土壤水分剖面,可减少土壤蒸发,提高水分有效利用率。 根据作物需水与年内得到降雨的补偿程度进行作物种值区划,称之为作物生态需水区划。根据这一区划进行作物布局,有利于灌溉节水。 根据作物生态需水区划,华北地区可分为四个地带:①双季作物需水补偿带;②双季作物需水基本补偿带;③一季作物需水补偿带;④一季作物需水基本补偿带。     

Using a furrow system for surface drainage under unsteady rain

Water excess during winter limits crop development on heavy clay soil conditions of the Gharb valley (Morocco). The furrow system to eliminate these negative effects is the adopted solution. This article focuses on the development of a water transfer model through a furrow system during unsteady rainfall event to evaluate the runoff volume resulting from a reference rainy event. This model contains a production function associated to a transfer function. The production function is based on the Green-Ampt infiltration equation. The latter has been adapted to account for unsteady rain conditions and rainfall intermittence. The transfer function is based on the kinematic wave model, the explicit solution of which is coupled with the water excess generated by the production function. Simulated runoff in the furrows is collected by a drainage ditch evacuating the flow outside a plot of 1.3 ha. The similarity between parameters of a furrow irrigation model and those of the production function is advantageously used for model calibration.The proposed modelling approach shows capabilities to predict water amount and peak discharges evacuated from a plot of around 1 ha by a furrow system under unsteady rainfall events. As an application, it is used to evaluate the ability of the surface drainage system to evacuate the excessive volumes of water under typical rainfalls.     

干旱区降雨过程对土壤水分与温度变化影响研究

通过定点监测并结合统计方法分析了干湿交替时节一次降雨过程前后不同土地利用方式下土壤水分与土壤温度的动态变化特征.结果表明,降雨过程对土壤水分和土壤温度在时间动态变化和深度变化过程有着重要影响;降雨影响周期中土壤含水率在一定深度范围内有一次明显的升高过程,从降雨前到降雨后呈现低→高→低的变化趋势,其变异程度随着深度的增加...     

次降雨有效降雨量的影响因素及其估算模型

利用沧州市南皮生态农业试验站点2011—2013年不同土层深度的含水率及降雨量和降雨时间,结合由植株叶面积指数得到的不同生育期植株的截留容量,分析了最大容水量S和最大降雨强度二者与降雨有效性的相关关系,并在此基础上建立了次降雨有效降雨的估算模型。结果表明,土壤初始含水率与降雨有效性线性相关,且在不发生溢流情况下,可以用土壤最大容水量S作为是否考虑土壤初始含水率折减作用的分界点;另外,对于降雨强度I≥0.7 mm/min的降雨,降雨强度与降雨有效性相关性显著,并且随最大降雨强度的增大,降雨有效性逐渐减小;最后将运用传统模型和新估算模型计算的有效降雨量值与实测有效降雨量值验证对比,新模型比传统模型更加贴近实测有效降雨,并且降雨量较大时差别更加明显。     

Landscape irrigation scheduling efficiency and adequacy by various control technologies

Automated residential irrigation systems tend to result in higher water use than non-automated systems. Increasing the scheduling efficiency of an automated irrigation system provides the opportunity to conserve water resources while maintaining good landscape quality. Control technologies available for reducing over-irrigation include evapotranspiration (ET) based controllers, soil moisture sensor (SMS) controllers, and rain sensors (RS). The purpose of this research was to evaluate the capability of these control technologies to schedule irrigation compared to a soil water balance model based on the Irrigation Association (IA) Smart Water Application Technologies (SWAT) testing protocol. Irrigation adequacy and scheduling efficiency were calculated in 30-day running totals to determine the amount of over- or under-irrigation for each control technology based on the IA SWAT testing protocol. A time-based treatment with irrigation 2 days/week and no rain sensor (NRS) was established as a comparison. In general, the irrigation adequacy ratings (measure of under-irrigation) for the treatments were higher during the fall months of testing than the spring months due to lower ET resulting in lower irrigation demand. Scheduling efficiency values (measure of over-irrigation) decreased for all treatments when rainfall increased. During the rainy period of this testing, total rainfall was almost double reference evapotranspiration (ET_o) while in the remaining three testing periods the opposite was true. The 30-day irrigation adequacy values, considering all treatments, varied during the testing periods by 0-68 percentile points. Looking at only one 30-day testing period, as is done in the IA SWAT testing protocol, will not fully capture the performance of an irrigation controller. Scheduling efficiency alone was not a good indicator of controller performance. The amount of water applied and the timing of application were both important to maintaining acceptable turfgrass quality and receiving good irrigation adequacy and scheduling efficiency scores.     

不同地表条件下土壤侵蚀的坡度效应

通过野外人工模拟降雨的方法，对不同地表条件下的径流和产沙的变化与坡度、降雨量、降雨强度等因素进行了相关分析，并在此基础上，就上述过程中的坡度效应进行了评价。结果表明，在相同降雨作用下，坡度对土壤侵蚀影响表现为：光滑地表大于中等粗糙地表大于粗糙地表；但在不同地表条件下，坡度与侵蚀和径流的相关性表现出不同。相对光滑地表，中等粗糙与粗糙的地表。在不同降雨作用下，径流量与侵蚀量，随坡度的变化，表现出不同的变化规律。且存在着一定的临界坡度。这一研究，为该区域坡耕地水土保持措施的配置提供了一定的理论依据，同时也可服务于黄土高原退耕还林（草）工程的实施。     

降雨灌溉入渗条件下土壤水分运动

根据中科院栾城农业生态系统综合试验站和栾城县气象站的常规观测资料，运用SWAP软件对太行山山前平原—河北省栾城县田间土壤水分运动进行了数值模拟。从土壤含水量及土水势等方面，初步分析了降雨入渗补给条件下土壤水分运动的规律，运用实际观测资料与数值模拟结果进行了初步分析，论述了降雨与土壤水、地下水之间的转换关系。通过分析和讨论，探求了大埋深条件下降雨入渗过程，初步揭示了降雨入渗对地下水位变化的影响。