内蒙古河套灌区荒地水盐运移规律模拟

该文以内蒙古河套灌区为背景展开荒地水盐运移规律研究。在田间试验基础上,分析荒地土壤水盐的运移机理,利用HYDRUS-1D模型对荒地土壤水盐的迁移规律进行了模拟。荒地做为灌区盐分的贮存地,成为灌区水盐平衡的重要调节因素,荒地水盐动态研究对于干旱灌区具有重要意义。结果表明,强蒸发是荒地水盐运移的原动力,5 cm土层EC值上升了66.10%,20 cm土层EC值上升了63.89%。荒地在作物生育期是积盐的过程,在秋浇期是流失盐分的过程。经检验,HYDRUS－1D模型对盐渍化地区荒地水盐在垂直方向运移的模拟具有较高的精度,为区域水盐管理和灌区的可持续发展提供科学依据。     

干旱区滴灌条件下土壤水盐运移规律探析

通过对干旱内陆河灌区田间土壤水、盐及土壤肥力动态监测试验分析,结果表明：在干旱内陆河灌区,棉花全生育期里,灌水前后土壤盐分变化明显,积盐脱盐交替频繁。土壤的肥力对土壤盐分的影响很大。通过对干旱内陆河灌区土壤水盐运移规律的研究和分析,可以为合理灌溉和防止土壤次生盐渍化提供科学依据,为当地农业生产作出指导,具有一定的现实意义。     

棉花膜下滴灌土壤水盐运移规律数值模拟

通过棉花桶栽试验,获取棉花全生育期土壤蒸发蒸腾量以及土壤含水率、含盐量变化规律。以土壤水分运动基本方程和溶质运移对流-弥散方程为基础,在考虑棉花根系吸水和土壤蒸发蒸腾条件下,对膜下滴灌棉花全生育期时段内土壤中水盐运移规律进行了数值模拟,并与实测的土壤含水率和含盐量进行了对比分析。其结果显示:土壤表层和深层的土壤含水率和含盐量模拟值与实测值均存在不同程度的偏差,而中间层土壤含水率和含盐量的模拟值较接近实测值。因此,只要能够获得足够的精确的大田实测资料,就可以将该模型应用于棉花膜下滴灌土壤水盐运移规律的实际预测。     

施肥对淡灰钙土春玉米产量和土壤水盐运移的影响

在宁夏灌区淡灰钙土上,通过田间试验的方法,研究了喷灌和漫灌条件下不同氮磷钾施用量对春玉米产量和土壤水盐运移动态的影响。结果表明:不同施肥处理的平均产量为6.9～13.2 t/hm²,变异系数为2.7%～13.6%。相对于对照处理,不同氮磷钾配比都能显著提高产量（不施氮肥处理除外,P < 0.05）,增产率为12.7%～92.5%。氮磷钾施用量与春玉米产量都服从二次曲线关系,增产效应为氮肥 > 钾肥 > 磷肥。在玉米生育期内,喷灌更有利于0—20 cm和20—50 cm土层土壤水分分布的均匀性,而漫灌造成土壤水分向深层50—80 cm运移。在喷灌条件下,土壤盐分通常表聚在0—20 cm土层,其最高含量可达2.11 g/kg,而漫灌使盐分向深层土壤运移,50—80 cm土层盐分含量达0.53～1.07 g/kg。因此,在淡灰钙土春玉米种植条件下,喷灌配合氮磷钾施肥可显著增产,但其对耕层土壤的洗盐效果不及漫灌施肥。     

唐皇城含光门土遗址盐分病害分析与研究

唐皇城含光门土遗址中微溶-可溶盐导致地泛白、酥粉、片状脱落等病害极为严重。通过对土壤含水率、酸碱度(pH)、电导率测定以及微溶-可溶盐的X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、能谱(EDX)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析,结果表明:唐皇城含光门东展厅土遗址微溶-可溶盐主要以硫酸钙类和硫酸钠类为主;西展厅五期断面土遗址主要以硫酸钙类、碳酸钙类为主。不同部位含盐量与水分的运移密切相关,随着距离水平地面高度的增加,含水率的的降低,微溶-可溶盐的含量降低。通过扫描电子显微镜观察发现,硫酸钙类是导致土遗址酥粉、脱落病害的主要原因。     

太湖地区主要水稻土中硝态氮水平运移规律的研究

对太湖地区主要水稻土乌栅土中硝态氮水平运移规律的研究结果表明 :硝态氮的浓度随供试示踪剂源距离的增加而减小 ,其变化趋势呈对数曲线关系。硝态氮水平运移过程中 ,硝态氮浓度与含水量有密切的关系 ,硝态氮浓度随土壤含水量的增加而成比例增加 ,呈指数曲线关系。硝态氮的运移速率与运移距离有很好的相关性 ,并呈幂函数关系。从供试的示踪剂源开始到距离 2 0 cm时 ,硝态氮的运移速率主要由硝态氮的浓度梯度和水势梯度控制 ;而在 2 0 cm以后 ,则趋于平稳 ,这时主要由土壤的基质势起作用。     

宁夏黄灌区灌淤土硝态氮运移规律研究

为研究硝态氮在宁夏黄灌区灌於土中的基本运移规律,采用水平土柱进行硝态氮水平运移规律研究,并采用自制垂直土柱完成了硝态氮垂直运移规律研究。硝态氮水平运移规律研究表明：硝态氮运移与水分湿润峰迁移具有很好的一致性,随着硝态氮运移距离的增加,硝态氮浓度升高,并在湿润峰处累积;硝态氮浓度随含水量的增加而减少,并呈幂函数关系;硝态氮运移速率随运移距离增加而减小,且呈冥函数关系。硝态氮垂直运移实验表明：由于有机质和粘粒含量不同,各土层硝态氮穿透曲线差异较大;CXTFIT模型的拟合结果与实测结果相关性很好,说明可以使用CXTFIT模型进行土壤硝态氮运移预测和土壤硝态氮运移参数的测定。     

陕西(土娄)土中硝态氮运移特点及影响因素

利用不同深度的渗漏池研究了陕西(土娄)土中NO3-N运移特点及影响因素。结果表明,NO3-N淋失量与土壤深度呈指数曲线关系,与施N量呈线性相关;NO3-N淋移深度随地而接水量(降水量加灌水量)的增加而增大;NO3-N在土壤剖面中的分布大部分都集中在0～60cm,含量高峰一般出现在20～40cm;不同施N方法对NO3-N的淋失和在土壤中的积累都有明显的影响。     

降雨淋洗条件下溶质在土壤中运移的初步研究

在自然条件下,降雨淋洗是地表污染物质向下运移而污染地下水的主要途径之一,同时,也是淋洗土壤盐分、影响土壤盐分动态的重要因素之一.因此,研究降雨淋洗条件下土壤中的溶质运移,可为污染物质的处理和田间土壤水盐动态的调控提供理论基础.本文通过室内实验和理论计算对这一问题进行了初步探讨.     

入渗与蒸发条件下土壤水盐运移的研究

土壤水盐运移规律的研究是目前土壤物理学、农田 灌溉学研究的一个重要方面,也是防治盐碱化、改良盐渍土的核心问题。为此,根据各国学者对土壤溶质、水盐运移的研究成果,评述了土壤水盐运移基本理论和入渗、蒸发条件下的土壤水盐动态规律,为进一步的研究提供指导。     

可溶性盐对土壤pH测定的影响及消除初探

在我国大量施肥的背景下,最近几十年农田土壤酸化速率加快,尤其是设施栽培体系土壤。在淋洗强度较弱的情况下,土壤可伴随有次生盐渍化现象,而可溶性盐的存在对土壤p H(H2O)(用水浸提土壤测得的p H)的测定有显著影响。由于p H是酸化评估的重要指标之一,有必要深入探究农田土壤常见可溶性盐对p H(H2O)测定的影响。本研究中,为精确评估积盐农田土壤的酸化状况,以潮土、褐土、水稻土和红壤为研究对象,研究了农田土壤尤其是设施土壤中常见六种可溶性盐(Ca(NO3)2、KNO3、Mg SO4、K2SO4、Ca Cl2、KCl)对土壤p H测定的影响;并以硝酸钾为研究对象,对比分析了四种消除可溶性盐对p H(H2O)测定影响的方法,这四种方法分别为:用石灰位代替p H(H2O);用0.01 mol L-1Ca Cl2浸提代替水浸提;先用模型计算出盐分对p H(H2O)测定的影响,然后从p H(H2O)中减去;用蒸馏水或50℃的50%酒精溶液将土壤中可溶性盐洗除后风干再测定p H(H2O)。结果表明:10 g kg-1可溶性盐的存在可使土壤p H下降0.09~0.87个单位,可溶性盐浓度及土壤电导率(EC)均与p H、△p H(p H的下降程度)之间具有显著的自然对数相关性。同种土壤,不同盐类对p H测定的影响程度不同,强弱顺序因离子组成和土壤类型而异,总体表现为硝酸盐和氯化物对p H测定的影响高于硫酸盐,氯化钙的影响程度高于钾盐及硝酸钙和硫酸镁,三种钾盐之间差异不明显;同种盐类,四种土壤受盐分影响的程度强弱顺序为:褐土水稻土潮土红壤。四种方法均可以减弱或消除硝酸钾对p H测定的影响,6.9 g kg-1硝酸钾施入土壤中可使土壤p H下降0.24~0.71个单位,消除影响后,硝酸钾仅可使土壤p H下降-0.38~0.19个单位。四种方法的简单有效程度为:石灰位0.01 mol L-1Ca Cl2浸提测定p H模型拟合计算洗盐处理。消除可溶性盐对p H测定的影响可以使积盐的农田土壤酸化评估更为精确,使土壤酸化风险预测更为准确,有利于制定合理有效的风险应对措施。     

不同土壤盐分条件下新疆杨可溶性盐离子含量变化的研究

对2种含盐量土壤条件下新疆杨可溶性盐离子含量的研究结果表明,退水渠土壤各盐离子含量均高于灌渠土壤,且二者除HCO3-和K 外,其余盐离子含量差异显著;但2种含盐量土壤同龄新疆杨地上部可溶性盐离子含量差异不显著,仅根内Cl-、Mg2 、Na 和K 含量差异显著,说明新疆杨对土壤中较高浓度盐离子有一定排斥作用,并将对树木产生毒害的Cl-、Na 控制在根系中,限制其向地上部输送;新疆杨根系对SO24-和Ca2 有较强的选择吸收性,并将过多的SO2-和Ca2 排除其体外,而对Cl-、Mg2 和Na 的选择吸收性较小。     

持久性有机污染场地土壤淋洗法修复研究进展

持久性有机污染场地土壤淋洗法是污染场地土壤物化修复方法中一种常用的技术。淋洗法是指运用特定淋洗剂对污染土壤进行深度洗涤,通过分离净化淋洗剂,实现回用集成,达到去除土壤中污染物的目的,并最终安全化处置污染物和修复土壤的过程。本文根据污染场地土壤处理位置、淋洗剂种类和淋洗剂施用方式的差异,将持久性有机污染场地土壤淋洗法划分为不同的种类;总结了为达到高效去除土壤中污染物质,可运用多级淋洗方式、超声方式、电动力方式和化学氧化等方式实现强化修复效率;阐述了污染场地土壤质地、污染物性质、淋洗剂性质、淋洗条件优化以及淋洗剂回用效率等因素对淋洗修复整体效用的显著影响;同时指出了目前持久性有机污染场地土壤淋洗法存在的问题和今后国内外研究和应用的方向。综合考虑土壤淋洗修复技术适用范围和成本因素,认为淋洗法是一种较符合我国持久性有机污染场地土壤实情的修复技术,具有较强的针对性和较广泛的运用前景。     

Participation of soluble and oxidizable soil organic compounds in denitrification

Summary The role of soluble organic carbon (SOC) in denitrification in four mineral soils and one organic soil was evaluated in laboratory studies. Denitrification capacities and SOC concentrations were determined by nitrate loss from air-dried flooded soil treated with a solution containing 100 g/ml N0₃ ^–-N, while the rate of consumption was measured by Warburg manometry on 20 g air-dried soils to which 10 ml water had been added. High correlation coefficients (r > 0.93) were obtained between denitrification capacities, SOC, and oxygen consumption in the five soils. A mineral soil was amended with extracts of an organic soil. After incubating for 1 week, denitrification capacity was enhanced and SOC concentrations decreased in that soil. Extracted mineral soil had a lower denitrification capacity than an unextracted one. Decreases in concentrations of SOC were related to color change. Infrared spectra of precipitates from soil extracts indicated that absorption at wave number 1420–1440 cm -1 was also related to the color changes. It was implied that low molecular weight fulvic acid like compounds represented the SOC mineralized in denitrification, and that their supply to soil solution by solubilization of organic matter influenced the denitrification rate in the soil.     

凋落物中次生代谢物对森林土壤可溶性氮的影响

通过外加性质不同的凋落物以及不同浓度的单宁酸,于武夷山不同海拔高度的森林土壤中进行培养,研究森林凋落物中次生代谢物对土壤可溶性氮(N)的影响。结果显示,土壤经加入凋落物处理,其可溶性N含量降低。加入杉木凋落物使红壤可溶性N含量降低12.0%～27.5%,杉木较竹叶凋落物处理降低作用显著(p0.05);对黄红壤添加不同浓度单宁酸处理显示,与对照比较,高浓度单宁酸可显著(p0.001)降低土壤可溶性N含量,降低幅度在40.6%～48.1%,而低浓度单宁酸对土壤可溶性N的影响不显著。表明植物凋落物,尤其是杉木对土壤可溶性N的影响很可能与其本身单宁酸含量差异有关,从而影响了土壤可溶性有机N和无机N的转化。     

江西省土壤可溶态稀土元素含量和分布规律的研究

对江西 1 1种母质发育的有代表性的水稻土、旱作地、自然土壤 ,61个剖面 ,4 1 2个土样的可溶态稀土元素分析测定 ,统计结果表明 :江西土壤稀土元素的强度因素处于较高水平 ,平均值为 1 9 0mg/kg ,有 4 2 80 %的样点处于丰富级 ;有由南向北 ,由东向西逐渐降低的趋势 .其含量最高的地区是赣南由花岗岩、泥质岩、第四纪红粘土、酸性紫色土、碳质岩类风化物等母质发育的土壤 ,较低的为赣西北由石英岩 ,第三纪红砂岩、石灰岩、下蜀系黄土等母质发育的土壤 ;在土壤剖面分布中 ,旱作地表层低于底层 ,水稻土表层有生物富集作用高于底层 ;影响土壤中可溶态稀土元素含量的主要因子有 :成土母质 ,气候条件 (温度 ,降水量 ) ,土壤 pH ,土壤质地和耕作类型     

Soluble salts dynamics in the soil under different climatic conditions

The dynamics of soluble salts concentration in the soil was investigated at seven research stations in Israel that represent four climatic regions: Mediterranean, semi-arid, mildly arid and arid. Measurements were taken in different seasons from soils that were developed on hillslopes, which are consisted of hard calcareous rocks. The relationship between the soluble salts content and rainfall was found to be non-linear. An abiotic threshold, which is characterized by a sharp change in the soluble salts content, exists around 200 mm isohyet: sites that receive less than 200 mm rainfall are characterized by significantly high soluble salts content whereas sites that receive more than 200 mm are characterized by very low soluble salts content. Each side of this abiotic threshold expresses typical behavior that can be defined as “environmental signature”. At the “dry” side of the threshold temporal heterogeneity, rate of change, potential of change and differences between layers are higher than those at the “wet” side of the threshold.     

不饱和土壤中可溶性甲醇迁移过程模拟

A combined model of solute transport and water flow was developed to simulate the migration of methanol, a soluble organic chemical, in unsaturated soil zone. The solute transport equation considered convective-dispersive transport in the liquid phase as well as diffusion in the gas phase. The effect of rainfall and evapotranspiration on transport was considered at the boundary conditions of the governing equations. Data on the characteristics of a loam soil and the climatic conditions in southern California were also introduced to compare the results with those from a study in the USA in which the profiles of methanol distribution and water content in the soil zone at different times had been depicted. This comparison showed that there was good agreement between the two studies. The results showed that methanol contamination reached a depth of about 250 cm after 8 760 h. In contrast, if rainfall and evapotranspiration were not considered, the depth was only about 140 cm. The model therefore confirmed that rainfall strongly affected solute transport.     

Pyrogenic carbon soluble fraction is larger and more aromatic in aged charcoal than in fresh charcoal

Recent studies show that pyrogenic matter is one of the most stable compounds in the soil but less inert than previously expected. One potential pathway yielding losses from soil is solubilisation of pyrogenic compounds. In batch experiments, we estimated the proportion and molecular composition of soluble (<0.45 μm) and colloidal fractions (0.45-5 μm) extractable from a freshly pyrolysed charcoal and a 10 year old wildfire charcoal. These fractions represented a very small fraction (<2.7 g kg⁻¹) of chars. The benzene polycarboxylic acids (BPCA) pattern indicated that 40-55 times more condensed structures were released from the aged char than from the fresh char. This study shows that the soluble fraction of the char is small, and tends to increase with the residence time in the soil.     

单片机控制磁粉制动器模拟加载系统的研究(第Ⅱ报)——加载系统模拟试验及评价

系统既可以在室内模拟加载扭矩类负荷,又可以在田间模拟再现实际牵引力负荷。模拟加载了正弦波、锯齿波、插秧机载荷谱和拖拉机田间作业时的实际负荷。χ²检验结果表明,在水平0.05下,模拟曲线的分布均服从其样本信号。