高强钢绞线网加固混凝土粘结性能试验研究

通过高强钢绞线网聚合物砂浆加固层与混凝土结构的剥离破坏试验,对加固层与混凝土界面的剥离破坏特征进行了研究。探讨了单侧加固、植筋加固及U型加固等不同的加固方式对加固层抗剪承载力及抗剪强度的影响。试验结果表明,采用U型加固等增加粘结面积的方式能有效提高加固层粘结面抗剪承载力,但同时会削弱加固层的抗剪强度,而在界面上植入抗剪钢筋后,能同时提高聚合物砂浆加固层的抗剪承载力及抗剪强度。根据试验结果,提出了最小植筋率的建议值。     

Bond properties of CFRP-high performance concrete subjected to freeze-thaw cycles

通过双面剪切试验,研究了冻融环境下CFRP-高性能混凝土界面粘结性能的发展规律。对比分析了未经冻融和经历25、50、100、150、200及300次冻融循环作用试件的破坏特征、剪应变分布、荷载滑移曲线、粘结承载力以及粘结破坏机理。结果表明,所有试件的界面破坏均发生在混凝土表层内,但随着冻融循环次数的增加,破坏界面有向胶层发展的趋势;经受冻融循环次数较少时(25、50次),界面的粘结强度、刚度及开裂荷载的变化不明显,甚至略微提高;但随着冻融循环次数的进一步增加,界面粘结性能有明显的变化,界面粘结强度、端部滑移量减小,刚度退化,初始开裂荷载水平降低,非线性特征增强。粘结极限承载力与混凝土立方体抗压强度均随冻融循环次数的增长存在先提高后下降的趋势,混凝土强度变化是界面粘结性能变化的最重要因素。     

Experimental analysis of interface thermal contact resistance between steel and concrete

火灾条件下钢管与混凝土间界面热阻对结构温度场有很大影响。利用INSTRON 8874型高温材料试验机的高温接触热阻试验装置对钢-混凝土界面接触热阻进行了试验研究,根据各测点的温度时间历程曲线,利用多项式拟和方法外推得到钢、混凝土界面处温度值,通过热传导方程和接触热阻定义得到了界面接触热阻。试验结果表明,不同界面压力下钢管混凝土界面的接触热阻数值比较稳定,与文献结果相比有一定可靠性;无界面压力下钢管混凝土界面的接触热阻数值离散性大,随温度变化明显。     

采用块体-界面体系的砌体结构简化细观模型

基于ABAQUS装配式建模构架,提出了一种砌体结构的简化细观模型。该建模方法将块体砂浆界面及砂浆层统一采用块体间的界面来代替。界面属性包括法向和切向的力学参数,用来模拟砌体的剪压及受拉行为。界面的法向受拉采用粘性力学参数赋值,并通过与轴心受拉本构模型的等效,推导得出控制界面损伤演化速率的无量纲指数α的计算方程。剪压复合受力模型基于剪摩理论建立,通过粘性属性和库伦摩擦赋值。当剪压复合受力构件处于高轴压比时,通过块体的非线性属性实现了主压应力为主控的损伤阀值。按照该方法进行剪压相关性和砖墙剪切失效的试验仿真模拟,模拟得出的失效形态及力-位移曲线与试验结果基本相符。     

水压力环境中混凝土经历循环荷载后的抗压强度

研究了水压力环境中混凝土在经历循环荷载后的动态压缩强度,分析了水压力和循环次数对混凝土强度的影响。试验应变速率为10^-5/s、10^-4/s、10^-3/s和10^-2/s,水压为0~10 MPa。试验结果表明,在不同水压力下饱和混凝土的强度都随应变速率提高而增加,也随水压力提高呈增加地趋势。在相同水压力下,应变速率越高,混凝土强度提高越显著。饱和混凝土经过循环荷载后,其强度随荷载循环次数的增加呈现出先提高后降低的现象。应变速率越高,混凝土强度最大时所对应的荷载循环次数也相应增加。还构建了饱和混凝土强度与应变速率、水压力的关系,其与试验数据吻合较好。进一步引入了管道孔隙模型,并基于汞压法的原理和孔隙分布特点,考虑混凝土孔隙的微观结构解释了孔隙水对混凝土强度的作用机理。     

花生种子脂肪酶活力定量测定及其与储藏特性的相关性

对已有水稻脂肪酶活力比色测定方法进一步修改和优化,建立了花生脂肪酶活力定量测定方法,并确定取样量5 mg、底物浓度30 mg mL^–1为最适试验条件,该方法具有精确性好、特异性强、重复性好等特点。利用该方法检测216份花生种质资源的脂肪酶活性,表明不同材料间差异极显著(P<0.001)。试验筛选出酶活力高低差异显著的材料10份(高低各5份),并以其中2份高脂肪酶活性和2份低脂肪酶活性材料进行高温、高湿人工加速老化试验,结果表明,随老化时间延长,高脂肪酶活性材料发芽率下降较快,而低脂肪酶活性材料发芽率下降较慢,花生脂肪酶活力与其种子活力呈负相关(相关系数为–0.8875)。该结果为进一步深入研究脂肪酶对花生储藏劣变的影响提供了参考。     

夯土-水硬石灰与石英砂浆液-木锚杆锚固系统性能

运用室内物理模型试验和原位试验,对基于水硬石灰与石英砂浆液的木锚杆锚固系统在夯土介质中进行了拉拔测试与杆体-浆体界面应变监测,研究了该锚固系统的锚固性能与破坏模式、杆体-浆体界面剪应变分布与传递特征。试验结果表明,该锚固系统50 cm锚固长度可以提供30~45 kN(室内)与16.2~19 kN(现场)的极限锚固力;锚固系统具有较强的延性;在加载进程中杆体-浆体界面的应力分布与传递特征具有单峰值或双峰值分布、界面应力向锚固末端传递、压应力出现在锚固段中末端等特征,表现出复杂的受力特性。研究结果表明,该锚固系统在结构形式和力学性能上适合于夯筑土遗址加固,并与遗址体具有较好的兼容性。     

原状黄土冻融过程抗剪强度劣化机理试验分析

通过对西安Q₃原状黄土在封闭系统冻融作用下的电镜扫描和直剪试验,研究了冻融作用对原状黄土微观结构和强度的影响。试验表明：冻融过程中原状黄土微观结构发生显著变化,大颗粒集粒数量明显减少,小粒径土颗粒所占比重增加,孔隙面积比增加。进一步基于损伤力学理论,得到微观结构冻融损伤度随冻融次数增加呈指数增加趋势,反映出冻融作用一定程度上破坏黄土体的结构强度,但多次冻融后黄土体结构强度趋于稳定的残余强度。冻融过程土样表面结构发生破坏,且含水率越高,土体表面特征破坏越严重。粘聚力随冻融次数增加呈指数衰减趋势,且含水率越高,粘聚力衰减幅值和速率越小;粘聚力随含水率增加表现出线性衰减特征,且冻融后粘聚力与含水率的变化规律近似重合;内摩擦角无明显规律性变化。粘聚强度冻融损伤系数随冻融次数增加呈指数增加趋势,随含水率升高有增大趋势。基于试验数据规律性,进一步提出了原状黄土粘聚强度劣化模型,该模型经试验验证可较好描述原状黄土粘聚强度劣化规律。     

表层嵌贴预应力CFRP板条加固钢筋混凝土梁的应力传递行为

表层嵌贴预应力FRP板条加固钢筋混凝土结构技术可充分发挥FRP材料强度,且不需设置永久锚具,具有较大的潜力。以试验得到的嵌贴FRP混凝土粘结滑移关系为基础,建立了嵌贴预应力CFRP板条与混凝土的粘结应力微分方程,并根据边界条件推导了方程的解析解,得到了嵌贴预应力CFRP板条放张后界面粘结应力、CFRP拉伸应力的分析模型。与试验结果的比较表明,该模型得出的界面粘结应力及CFRP拉伸应力与试验结果吻合较好。在此基础上,考虑放张后CFRP混凝土界面不出现剥离的条件,分析了粘结界面能抵抗的最大容许预应力。     

预应力碳纤维布加固混凝土梁预应力长期损失的增量微分法

为深入了解预应力碳纤维布加固钢筋混凝土梁的预应力长期损失,采用随时间变化的换算弹性模量方法,建立了考虑混凝土收缩徐变、胶层徐变及钢筋混凝土梁与碳纤维布界面滑移的预应力长期损失增量微分模型,得到了给定边界条件和荷载形式下的预应力长期损失闭合解。为验证该方法的有效性,对相关学者的试验梁进行了长期预应力损失的计算。计算结果表明,所建立的微分增量模型可以用来预测预应力碳纤维布加固钢筋混凝土梁的预应力长期损失。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.