浅议城镇燃气工程中中、低压管道管材的选用

从管材价格、使用年限、输送能力、相同管长与流量下压力降等几面作比较,说明城镇燃气中低压管材选用的思路与方法.     

田面微地形对滴灌灌水均匀性的影响

首先分析了田面微地形对滴头实际工作压力的影响,田面越不平整,滴头实际工作压力与设计工作压力的差值越大,当田面局部高差大于滴头设计工作压力时,滴头流量等于零;然后提出了田面微地形产生的流量偏差率公式,并用泰勒级数展开;最后利用描述统计方法和独立样本T－检验的方法对余项进行分析,置信度为99%的余项取值区间为0.001~0.002,说明余项能够被忽略,田面微地形产生的流量偏差率公式可以用简单的形式来表示。     

无杀虫剂的储粮害虫防治方法

利用最新的预混合丙烷燃烧炉生产的气体,通过风机送到粮堆防治储粮害虫。Alton气体公司与英国农业部中央科学实验室的高级科学家共同研制了这种“气体发生器”。该燃炉安装在一冷却反应装置里,当温度低于环境温度以下几度和氧含量低于1％时,最大气体流量为17标准立方米/小时,该气体发生器样机配有相关的安全装置。经180吨小麦农场筒仓中试,对谷象和锈赤扁谷盗的杀死率都很好。该研究成果曾获英国政府小公司研究和技术奖。     

超临界CO2萃取大蒜素的研究

以大蒜汁为原料,研究影响超临界CO2萃取技术提取大蒜素的因素,包括萃取压力、萃取温度、CO2流量等.通过正交试验,确定超临界CO2萃取大蒜素的工艺参数:萃取压力为15 MPa,萃取温度为30℃,CO2流量为30 m3/h,大蒜素萃取率达0.35％,其中大蒜素含量为46％.     

超临界CO_2萃取大蒜素的研究

以大蒜汁为原料,研究影响超临界CO_2萃取技术提取大蒜素的因素,包括萃取压力、萃取温度、CO_2流量等。通过正交试验,确定超临界CO_2萃取大蒜素的工艺参数:萃取压力为15 MPa,萃取温度为30℃,CO_2流量为30 m~3/h,大蒜素萃取率达0.35%,其中大蒜素含量为46%。     

超临界CO2流体萃取瑞香狼毒根部油脂工艺条件的优化

【研究目的】本实验采用超临界CO2萃取技术提取瑞香狼毒根部油脂,并确立其工艺条件【方法】通过单因素试验及正交试验,对CO2流量、萃取时间、萃取压力、萃取温度、分离温度、分离压力等条件进行了优化。【结论】在试验范围内,各影响因素对瑞香狼毒根部油脂得率作用的大小依次为：萃取压力＞分离压力＞萃取温度＞分离温度。超临界CO2流体萃取技术提取瑞香狼毒根部油的最佳工艺参数为：CO2流量21L/h,萃取时间为100min,萃取压力30MPa,萃取温度46°C,分离温度45°C、分离压力5.5Mpa。在此最佳工艺条件下,瑞香狼毒根部油脂萃取率达到3.57%。     

超临界流体CO_2萃取韭菜籽油的初步研究

运用超临界CO2萃取技术,从韭菜籽中萃取出韭菜籽油,研究韭菜籽粉碎粒度、萃取压力、萃取温度、萃取时间及CO2流量对萃取率的影响。结果表明,韭菜籽粉碎粒度为50~60目,萃取压力为22~25 MPa,萃取温度为45℃,萃取时间为2.5 h,CO2流量为3.0 L/h,该条件下萃取率达17%以上。     

压力调节阀在棉田滴灌中的应用效果

压力调节阀滴灌就是把以色列进口的3寸压力调节阀用在常规滴灌上的改进和革新。在了解压力调节阀的功能后,利用小滴头流量的滴灌带进行新的滴灌设计。芳草湖农场2003年在8个农业单位进行了采用压力调节阀滴灌的试验示范,因该系统压力均衡,滴水均匀,并且在同等条件下,采用压力调     

大蒜精油的超临界CO2萃取及GC-MS分析

为探讨采用超临界CO2萃取技术萃取大蒜精油的工艺条件及分析其组成 ;研究了超临界CO2萃取大蒜精油时,萃取压力、萃取温度、CO2流量和萃取时间对大蒜精油萃取率的影响,并采用气-质联用方法（GC-MS）分析了大蒜精油的组成。结果表明: 最佳萃取条件为萃取压力30Mpa、萃取温度45℃、CO2流量10kg/h、萃取时间80min;GC-MS分析确定了大蒜中24种化学成分,其中含量较高的为含硫化合物。     

超临界CO2流体萃取小麦胚芽油工艺技术研究

【目的】研究小麦胚芽油的出油量与各影响因素之间的关系并确定最佳的工艺条件,为工业化生产提供参考;【方法】通过单因素试验和正交试验确定最佳工艺技术参数;【结果】研究了超临界CO2萃取小麦胚芽油的主要影响因素:萃取压力、萃取温度和CO2流量,并得到最佳的工艺条件:萃取压力为25MPa,萃取温度为38℃,CO2流量为10kg/h;【结论】利用超临界CO2流体萃取小麦胚芽油具有工艺简便易分离,无溶剂残留等特点,工业化生产是可行的。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.