苹果发酵物对奶牛产奶性能和疾病的影响

将有益微生物接种到以苹果渣为主的培养基中进行有氧和无氧培养,制成颗粒状苹果培养物。用高产奶牛做的试验表明,用苹果发酵物代替等量的甜菜粕或苹果发酵物和甜菜粕同时使用,奶牛分别增产鲜奶1.89kg和1.90kg天·头,同时乳脂、乳蛋白质、乳固体物都有上升的趋势,奶牛发病率明显下降。苹果发酵物是一种新型的反刍动物饲料添加物。     

苹果渣对奶牛产奶性能的影响

[目的]为研究苹果渣对奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响.[方法]选择胎次、泌乳阶段、日产奶量相近的30头荷斯坦奶牛并将其分为A、B及对照组,在A组的饲粮中添加发酵苹果渣3 kg/(头·d),B组添加干苹果渣3kg/(头·d).[结果]表明,与不添加苹果渣的对照组相比,A组、B组奶牛产奶量每头分别提高1.39、1.22 kg/(头·d),增产效果显著(P＜0.05).两试验组乳脂率均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),其他乳成分差异不显著.[结论]苹果渣有提高奶牛产奶量及改善乳品质的作用,且以添加发酵苹果渣效果更好.     

菠萝渣发酵培养物对奶牛生产性能的影响

将经微生物发酵处理后的菠萝渣以20%的比例部分替代青贮玉米秸秆进行饲喂奶牛应用试验。结果表明,添加菠萝渣发酵培养物的试验组比对照组粗料采食量增加4.0kg,提高17.7%,干物质摄入量增加4.17kg,提高26.39%;试验组产奶性能得到改善,日产奶量比对照组增加4.90kg,提高27.79%,乳脂率在对照组有所下降的情况下,仍有小幅度提高,从试验前的3.13%到试验期的3.26%。试验结果表明,有益微生物能有效地作用于菠萝渣中的有机物,降解大分子物质,消除菠萝渣中多种抗营养因子的不良作用,作为添加料可提高奶牛生产性能,为开发利用菠萝加工废弃物提供了一条有效的途径。     

粉渣酸化料对奶牛产奶性能的影响

为在探讨粉渣酸化料对奶牛产奶性能的影响,选择年龄、胎次、泌乳月、产奶量等基本一致的30头奶牛分成3组,对照组饲喂全混合日粮(TMR),试验1组、2组和3组在TMR日粮基础上用2kg、4kg、6kg粉渣酸化料替代啤酒糟,试验持续30d,结果表明与对照组相比试验2组和3组产奶量显著提高(P<0.05),乳蛋白显著提高(P<0.05。可见粉渣酸化料能提高奶牛的产奶性能,全混合日粮中4kg粉渣酸化料替代啤酒糟效果较好。     

益生菌对奶牛产奶性能的影响

选取健康的泌乳母牛24头,按照年龄、胎次、泌乳月、产奶量相同或相近原则,随机分成2组,即对照组和试验组,采用单因子交叉试验法进行试验.结果表明：奶牛饲喂益生菌能提高产奶量和乳脂率（P＞0.05）,但效果并不明显.     

中草药添加剂对奶牛产奶性能的影响

为研究适宜的的中草药添加剂对奶牛产奶性能的影响,试验选取80头泌乳中期黑白花奶牛,随机分为4组,每组4个重复,4个组分别为对照组、中草药添加剂1组、中草药添加剂2组,中草药添加剂3组,对照组不饲喂中草药添加剂,中草药添加剂1组、中草药添加剂2组和中草药添加剂3组,每头牛每天分别补饲120g、150g、180g中草药添加剂.试验结果表明,与对照组相比,试验1组、试验2组、试验3组平均产奶量较对照组分别提高7.34%、9.47%和8.73%,差异显著(P<0.05),试验1组、试验2组和试验3组之间,试验2组产奶量最高,综合考虑产奶量增加量和中草药添加剂成本,试验2组较为理想,本实验中本种草药添加剂每天每头添加150g较为适宜.可见中草药添加剂能够显著提高奶牛的产奶性能,补饲中草药添加剂获得良好的饲喂效果.     

乳房炎与繁殖疾病对奶牛产奶性能的影响

随着国民生活水平的不断提高,牛奶已成为人们生活中必不可少的营养食品。于是,我国奶牛养殖业也得到了长足发展,成为提供食物和营养的优先发展的重要领域之一。据统计,2000年我国共有奶牛488．7万头,产奶量827．4万吨;2002年上半年奶牛数就已达585．3万头,产奶量达608．1万吨,递增了21．88个百分点。面临着奶牛形势的一路看好,     

橘皮渣对奶牛产奶性能和养分表观消化率的影响

选用12头奶牛随机分成2组，研究添加橘皮渣对奶牛产奶性能的影响。结果表明：添加橘皮渣可极显著提高奶牛的4%标准奶产量、乳脂率、乳固形物率、乳脂产量和乳固形物产量(P<0.01)，并可改善乳营养成分和提高全混合日粮养分表观消化率。     

硬化油脂对奶牛产奶性能的影响

俄罗斯用具有改善乳脂率的硬化油脂(牛脂加氢处理的片状粉，其饱和脂肪酸约占全脂肪酸的80％，溶点为50℃上下)饲喂低乳脂奶牛，进行了试验。     

柑橘渣对奶牛泌乳性能、养分消化率及乳成分的影响

试验评估不同水平柑橘渣对奶牛泌乳性能、养分消化及乳成分的影响.将32头泌乳性能一致的奶牛随机分为4个组,每组4个重复,每个重复2头.对照组饲喂粗脂肪水平为3％的日粮,处理组分别饲喂粗脂肪水平为5.5％的日粮同时添加0 (T1)、5％(T2)和10％ (T3)柑橘渣.结果 显示,与对照组相比,处理组奶牛的粗脂肪摄入量、干...     

The effect of maize silage type on the performances and methane emission of dairy cattle

To examine whether type of maize silage is important for milk production performances, maize silage LG30224 (LG) was compared with Falkone (FA), the latter having a 4.0% points lower rumen NDF digestibility and 19 g/kg dry matter (DM) more starch. To bridge the lower energy content of FA, a third treatment was involved by adding maize meal (MM) in a ratio of 92/8 on DM (FA+MM). Maize and grass silage were fed ad libitum in a ratio of 65/35 on DM basis. Concentrates were supplemented individually to meet energy and protein requirements. The experiment was set up as a Latin square with three groups of nine Holstein cows during three periods of 3 weeks. In the last 2 weeks of each period, DM intake (DMI) and milk performances were measured. Each group included one cannulated cow to study effects on rumen fermentation. During the last 4 days of each period, two cows from each group were placed in gas exchange chambers to measure nutrient digestibility and methane production. Total DMI was higher (p < 0.05) for FA+MM (20.8 kg/day) than for FA (20.3 kg/day), while DMI for LG was intermediate (20.6 kg/day). Treatment did not affect milk production nor composition, whereas fat–protein‐corrected milk was higher for LG (30.5 kg/day) and FA+MM (30.3 kg/day) than for FA (29.9 kg/day). The ration did not affect pH nor volatile fatty acid composition in the rumen. Further, total tract digestibility of OM, crude protein, NDF and starch did not differ among treatments. The ration with LG gave higher methane production per day and per kg NDF intake than both rations with FA, but the difference was not significant when expressed per kg DMI or FPCM. Thus, maize silage type is of little importance for milk production if energy and physical structure requirements are met.     

Effect of brewer's grain on rumen fermentation, milk production and milk composition in lactating dairy cows

Six lactating Holstein cows were divided into two groups (n = 3) and used in a double reversal trial with three periods of 14 days each to evaluate the rumen fermentation, milk production and milk composition of cows fed brewer's grain (BG). The control diets contained 14% chopped Sudangrass hay, 24% corn silage, 18% alfalfa hay cube, 34% concentrate mixture‐1 and 10% concentrate mixture‐2 (wheat bran, soybean meal and cottonseed). In the experimental diet, wet BG replaced the concentrate mixture‐2. The protozoal population, concentration of ammonia‐N and volatile fatty acids in the ruminal fluid did not differ between the control and BG diets. The molar percentage of acetic acid was significantly higher (P < 0.05) with the BG diet at 5 h after feeding. The milk yield, the percentage of protein, lactose, solids not‐fat and somatic cell counts of milk did not differ between the two diets. The percentage of milk fat tended to increase with the BG diet. The BG diet significantly increased the proportions of C18:0 and C18:1 in milk fat (P < 0.01, P < 0.05, respectively) and tended to increase that of conjugated linoleic acid.     

植物精油对泌乳期奶牛生产性能养分消化、瘤胃发酵及氮平衡的影响

本研究以泌乳期奶牛为研究对象,研究全混合日粮中补充植物精油对其养分摄入量、表观消化率、瘤胃发酵及氮和能量平衡的影响.试验将泌乳性能一致的16头荷斯坦奶牛随机分为2组,每组8个重复,每个重复1头牛.对照组饲喂基础全混合日粮,处理组饲喂基础全混合日粮+150 mg/kg植物精油,试验为期7周.结果:植物精油组奶牛干物质、有...     

Evaluation of alfalfa inter-seeding effect on bahiagrass baleage fermentation and lactating Holstein performance

Background：Previous research indicates that bahiagrass may be successfully conserved as baleage,but nutritive value is typically low for lactating dairy cows.The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of adding modest amounts of alfalfa forage（22%）,achieved by inter-seeding alfalfa into an existing bahiagrass pasture,on baleage nutritive value and lactation performance of Holstein cows.Forage treatments employed were monoculture bahiagrass baleage（MBB;negative control）,bahiagrass-alfalfa mixture baleage（BAB） and conventional corn silage（CCS;positive control）.Thirty six mid lactation Holstein cows[34.8 ±5.8 kg 3.5%fat-corrected milk and 112 ± 19 d in milk（DIM）]were stratified according to milk yield and DIM and assigned randomly to 1 of 3 forage treatments.Cows were trained to Calan feeding gates and were offered a common CCS-based TMR in a 10-d covariance period followed by a 42-d treatment feeding period.Results：The BAB contained more protein and less NDF than MBB（12.6 vs 10.3%CP and 71.8 vs 76.6%NDF）.Diet DMI was similar for MBB and BAB（19.5 vs 21.6 kg/hd/d）,but cows consumed more of the CCS diet（25.5 kg/hd/d）than either baleage-based diet.Cows offered BAB tended to produce more milk than cows offered MBB based TMR（28.4 vs 26.1 kg/hd/d）,but both baleage diets generated less milk than CCS-based diets（33.1 kg/hd/d）.Milk cumpusition was similar across diets except for milk protein concentrations which were higher tor CCS than either MBB or BAB diets;however,milk urea nitrogen（MUN） was lowest for cows fed CCS diets.Cow BW gain was higher for BAB than MBB implying that a portion of the higher energy contributed by the alfalfa was being used to replenish weight on these mid lactation cows.Conclusions：Data from this study indicate that alfalfa inter-seeded in bahiagrass sod that produces BAB with as little as 22%alfalfa may improve nutritive value compared to monoculture bahiagrass baleage and marginally improve lactation performance of Holstein cows.Howev     

中草药添加剂对奶牛产奶性能及牛奶体细胞数的影响

试验采用完全随机区组设计,将18头年龄、体重、产奶性能、胎次及泌乳阶段相似的中国荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为对照组、试验1组和试验2组3个处理组,6个区组每个处理组6个重复,饲养期120 d。各处理组的粗饲料相同,均由干草、玉米秸秆、玉米青贮构成,试验1组与试验2组的精饲料在对照组基础上分别添加0.4%与0.8%的中草药添加剂。试验结果表明,添加中草药添加剂对乳干物质、非脂乳固体、乳脂率、乳糖及乳蛋白含量无明显影响,但中草药对刺激奶牛产奶和预防奶牛乳房炎的发生有一定效果,试验2组产奶量显著高于对照组(P=0.046),相对于对照组增加了20.7%,并可降低体细胞数和乳房炎的发生率。     

Effect of feeding Bacillus subtilis natto fermentation product on milk production and composition, blood metabolites and rumen fermentation in early lactation dairy cows

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of Bacillus subtilis natto fermentation product supplementation on blood metabolites, rumen fermentation and milk production and composition in early lactation dairy cows. Thirty-six multiparous Holstein cows (DIM = 29 ± 6 days, parity = 2.8 ± 1.1) were blocked by DIM and parity and then randomly assigned to three treatments (12 per treatment) in a 9-week trial. Cows in control, DFM1 and DFM2 were fed TMR diets supplemented with 0, 6 and 12 g of B. subtilis natto solid-state fermentation product per day per cow respectively. Plasma non-esterified fatty acids were lower (p = 0.03) in DFM1 and DFM2 compared with control cows (633 and 639 vs. 685 μm). Ruminal propionate increased (23.9 vs. 26.3 and 26.9/100 mol, control vs. DFM1 and DFM2 respectively) and acetate decreased (64.2 vs. 62.7 and 62.1/100 mol, control vs. DFM1 and DFM2 respectively) with increasing B. subtilis natto fermentation product supplementation. DMI of the cows in three treatments was not affected by B. subtilis natto fermentation product supplementation, but milk yield was 3.1 and 3.2 kg/day higher for DFM1 and DFM2 than that for control cows on average across the 9-week trial, and significant differences were observed during weeks 5-9 of the trial, which resulted in 9.5% and 11.7% increase in feed efficiency. B. subtilis natto fermentation product supplementation did not affect milk fat percentage and protein yield but increased (p < 0.05) milk fat yield and lactose percentage (p < 0.01) and tended to decrease protein percentage (p = 0.06). The findings show that B. subtilis natto fermentation product was effective in increasing lactation performance of early lactation dairy cows possibly by altering the rumen fermentation pattern without any negative effects on blood metabolites.     

不同包被处理赖氨酸对奶牛泌乳性能的影响研究

选健康、泌乳月份与日产奶量相近的头胎荷斯坦泌乳牛12头，采用随机单位组设计分成3组A、B、C，每组4头，A、B、C组的精料是在原有精料基础上分别漆加0．6％赖氨酞、0．6％鸡血包被赖氨酞(以赖氨酞含量计算)、0．6％蛋清包被赖氨酞(以赖氨酞含量计算)，试验56日后，A、B、C各组产奶量、精料采食量、奶料比差异不显著(P＞0．05)；试验期间C组轧脂率比A、B组分别高4．58％(P＞0．05)、25．71％(P＞0．05)，而B组乳脂率比A组低16．63％(P＞0．05)；乳蛋白C组比A、B组分别高2．83％(P＞0．05)、5、43％(P＞0．05)，而B组乳蛋白比A组低2．47％(P＞0．05)；C组乳糖比A、B组分别高2．23％(P＞0．05)、5．88％(P＜0．01)，而B组乳糖比A组低3．45％(P＞0．05)；C组乳干物质比A、B组分别高3．77％(P＞0．05)、11、96％(P＜0．05)，而B组乳干物质比A组低7．31％(P＞0.05)。     

The effect of life history events on carcass merit and price of cull dairy cows

Cull dairy cows contribute almost 10% of national beef production in the United States. However, different factors throughout the life of dairy cows affect their weight and overall body condition as well as carcass traits, and consequently affect their market price. Therefore, the objectives of this study were: (1) to assess relationships between price ratio and carcass merit of cull dairy cows sold through several sites of an auction market and (2) to investigate the effect of animal life history events and live weight on sale barn price (BP) and price ratio (as a measure of relative price), as an indicator of carcass merit. Data from 4 dairy operations included 3,602 cull dairy cow records during the period of 2015 to 2019. Life history events data were collected from each dairy operation through Dairy Comp software; live weight and price were obtained periodically from the auction market, and the carcass data were provided by a local packing plant. Cow price in dollars per unit of live weight ($/cwt) and price ratio were the 2 outcome variables used in the analyses. Price ratio was created aiming to remove seasonality effects from BP (BP divided by the national average price for its respective month and year of sale). The association between price ratio and carcass merit traits was investigated using canonical correlation analysis, and the effect of life history events on both BP and price ratio was inferred using a multiple linear regression technique. More than 70% of the cows were culled in the first 3 lactations, with an average live weight of 701.5 kg, carcass weight of 325 kg, and dressing percentage of 46.3%. On average, cull cows were sold at $57.0/cwt during the period considered. The canonical correlation between price ratio and carcass merit traits was 0.76, indicating that price ratio reflected carcass merit of cull cows. Later lactations led to lower BP compared with cows culled during the first 2 lactations. Injury, and leg and feet problems negatively affected BP. Productive variables demonstrated that the greater milk production might lead to lower cow prices. A large variation between farms was also noted. In conclusion, price ratio was a good indicator of carcass merit of cull cows, and life history events significantly affected sale BP and carcass merit of cull cows sold through auction markets.     

宁夏利通区产奶期奶牛铜盈缺状况调查

对宁夏吴忠市利通区4个奶牛场和10户农户进行奶牛产奶期铜营养状况进行了调查,分别测定了奶牛盛乳期、产奶中期、产奶后期血清和毛铜的含量和血清中铜蓝蛋白、SOD的活性.结果表明:在盛乳期、产奶后期,散户(产奶后期)、中户奶牛血液铜、毛铜含量偏低,但未出现明显缺乏症状,处于亚临床缺乏状态;产奶中期各户奶牛各项指标均在正常范围之内,混合料中的铜符合标准.各期小户奶牛各项指标基本正常,饲喂状况良好.产奶各期血液铜蓝蛋白、SOD的活性变化范围较小,处于正常范围之内.