Neighbourhood fruit and vegetable availability and consumption: the role of small food stores in an urban environment

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies on the relationship of dietary intake to the neighbourhood food environment have focused on access to supermarkets, quantified by geographic distance or store concentration measures. However, in-store food availability may also be an important determinant, particularly for urban neighbourhoods with a greater concentration of small food stores. This study synthesises both types of information - store access and in-store availability - to determine their potential relationship to fruit and vegetable consumption. DESIGN: Residents in four census tracts were surveyed in 2001 about their fruit and vegetable intake. Household distances to food stores in these and surrounding tracts were obtained using geographical information system mapping techniques. In-store fruit and vegetable availability was measured by linear shelf space. Multivariate linear regression models were used to measure the association of these neighbourhood availability measures with consumption. SETTING: Four contiguous census tracts in central-city New Orleans. SUBJECTS: A random sample of 102 households. RESULTS: Greater fresh vegetable availability within 100 m of a residence was a positive predictor of vegetable intake; each additional metre of shelf space was associated with 0.35 servings per day of increased intake. Fresh fruit availability was not associated with intake, although having a small food store within this same distance was a marginal predictor of fruit consumption. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest the possible importance of small neighbourhood food stores and their fresh produce availability in affecting fruit and vegetable intake.     

Race and food store availability in an inner-city neighbourhood

BACKGROUND: A growing body of research has shown that disparities in resources, including food stores, exist at the neighbourhood level and the greatest disparities are seen in minority neighbourhoods, the same neighbourhoods at increased risk of obesity and diabetes. Less is known about whether differences in availability of resources by African American or Latino race/ethnicity exist within a single minority community. OBJECTIVE: The present study examined whether census blocks either 75% African American (AA) or 75% Latino (L) are associated with food store availability, as compared with racially mixed (RM) census blocks, in East Harlem, New York. DESIGN/METHODS: A cross-sectional study utilising a walking survey of East Harlem was performed. Food stores were classified into: supermarkets, grocery stores, convenience stores, specialty stores, full-service restaurants and fast-food stores. RESULTS: One hundred and sixty-five East Harlem census blocks were examined; 17 were AA, 34 were L and 114 were RM. Of AA census blocks, 100% had neither supermarkets nor grocery stores. AA census blocks were less likely to have convenience stores (prevalence ratio (PR) = 0.25, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.07-0.86) compared with RM census blocks. In contrast, predominantly L census blocks were more likely to have convenience stores (PR = 1.8, 95% CI 1.20-2.70), specialty food stores (PR = 3.74, 95% CI 2.06-7.15), full-service restaurants (PR = 1.87, 95% CI 1.04-3.38) and fast-food restaurants (PR = 2.14, 95% CI 1.33-3.44) compared with RM census blocks. CONCLUSIONS: We found that inequities in food store availability exist by race/ethnicity in East Harlem, New York. This has implications for racial/ethnic differences in dietary quality, obesity and obesity-related disorders.     

Parent outcome expectancies for purchasing fruit and vegetables: a validation

OBJECTIVE: To validate four scales -- outcome expectancies for purchasing fruit and for purchasing vegetables, and comparative outcome expectancies for purchasing fresh fruit and for purchasing fresh vegetables versus other forms of fruit and vegetables (F&V). DESIGN: Survey instruments were administered twice, separated by 6 weeks. SETTING: Recruited in front of supermarkets and grocery stores; interviews conducted by telephone. SUBJECTS: One hundred and sixty-one food shoppers with children (18 years or younger). RESULTS: Single dimension scales were specified for fruit and for vegetable purchasing outcome expectancies, and for comparative (fresh vs. other) fruit and vegetable purchasing outcome expectancies. Item Response Theory parameter estimates revealed easily interpreted patterns in the sequence of items by difficulty of response. Fruit and vegetable purchasing and fresh fruit comparative purchasing outcome expectancy scales were significantly correlated with home F&V availability, after controlling for social desirability of response. Comparative fresh vegetable outcome expectancy scale was significantly bivariately correlated with home vegetable availability, but not after controlling for social desirability. CONCLUSION: These scales are available to help better understand family F&V purchasing decisions.     

A comparison of the availability and affordability of a market basket in two communities in the Chicago area

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to characterise the food landscape of an inner city African American neighbourhood and its mixed-race suburban neighbour. Detailed analysis focuses on the relationship between community store mix and price, availability and produce quality. DESIGN: A market basket study was completed by members of the Chicago Food Systems Collaborative. The US Department of Agriculture's standard market basket survey and methodology were used. Additional items and analyses were added in consultation with community members. SETTING: Austin is a lower-middle-class African American community of 117,500 on the western edge of Chicago. Oak Park, which borders Austin, is an upper-middle-income suburb of 52,500 with a mixed racial profile.Subjects: A market basket survey of every retail food store in Austin and Oak Park was completed. A total of 134 were included. RESULTS: Results indicate that Austin has many grocery stores and few supermarkets. Many Austin groceries stores carry produce that is usually competitively priced, but often of unacceptable quality. Supermarkets had the best selection. Prices were lowest at discount supermarkets. Prices of packaged items were higher at independent stores than at chain supermarkets, but fresh items were cheaper. CONCLUSIONS: Food access is related more to store type than number. In this study, item availability and produce quality varied greatly between store types. Price differences were complicated and varied by store type and food category. This has consequences in terms of food purchasing decisions and dietary quality that public health professionals should acknowledge.     

Associations between parental report of the home food environment and adolescent intakes of fruits, vegetables and dairy foods

OBJECTIVE: This study examines parental report of household food availability, parent dietary intake and associations with adolescent intakes of fruits, vegetables and dairy foods. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. Adolescents completed the Project EAT survey and the Youth Adolescent Food Frequency Questionnaire at school. Parents of adolescents were interviewed by telephone about the home food environment, eating habits and weight-related behaviours. General linear modelling was used to compare dietary intakes of adolescents across different levels of household food availability and parental intakes. SUBJECTS/SETTING: The study sample included 902 adolescents and their parent or guardian. RESULTS: Many parents were not consuming the minimum number of daily recommended fruit (44.5%), vegetable (69.9%) or dairy (46.9%) servings. While most parents reported that fruits and vegetables were available at home (90.3%) and vegetables were usually served at dinner (87.0%), fewer parents reported milk was served at meals (66.6%). Soft drinks were usually available at home (56.8%). Among girls, household availability was positively associated with fruit and vegetable intake (ttrend=2.70, P<0.01) and soft drink availability was inversely associated with dairy intake (ttrend=2.08, P=0.04). Among boys, serving milk at meals was positively associated with dairy intake (ttrend=3.65, P<0.01). Parental intakes were positively associated with dairy intake for boys (ttrend=2.04, P=0.04), and with dairy (ttrend=2.43, P=0.01), vegetable (ttrend=3.72, P<0.01) and fruit (ttrend=3.17, P<0.01) intakes for girls. CONCLUSIONS/APPLICATIONS: Interventions designed to help adolescents improve consumption of fruits, vegetables and dairy foods may be enhanced by including a parental component aimed at increasing household availability and parents' intake of healthful food choices.     

Changes in carotenoid intake from fruit and vegetables in the Spanish population over the period 1964-2004

OBJECTIVE: To assess changes in carotenoid intake based on the variations in the consumption of fresh fruit and vegetables in the Spanish population over the period 1964-2004. DESIGN: Consumption data of fresh fruit and vegetables from Family Budget Surveys carried out in 1964, 1980, 1990 and 2004. Consumption data (g per person per day) accounted for >90% of fruit and vegetable consumption at each time point. Quality controlled high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of the carotenoid composition of Spanish fruit and vegetable was used. SUBJECTS: Randomly selected, private households throughout Spain (20,800 households in 1964, 30,311 households in 1980, 21,155 households in 1990 and 6000 households in 2004). Twelve vegetables and 16 fruits representing 89-96% of the total consumption of fresh fruit and vegetables were used. RESULTS: Individual consumption of fruit and vegetables has changed over this period, altering the total and individual intake of carotenoids. Total carotenoid intake increased from 2.5 mg per person per day in 1964 to 4.1 mg per person per day in 1990, with a decrease to 3.3 mg per person per day in 2004. These increments are due to an increase in lycopene, alpha- and beta-carotene, while a decrease in lutein and zeaxanthin is observed during the last decade. A continuous and consistent decrease in the relative contribution of lutein in the diet is observed over the period studied. CONCLUSION: Although the consumption of fruit and vegetables is still consistent with a Mediterranean-type pattern, modifications in the consumption of individual fruits and vegetables have provoked changes in total and specific carotenoid intake with potential relevance in human health.     

Socio-economic inequalities in women's fruit and vegetable intakes: a multilevel study of individual, social and environmental mediators

OBJECTIVE: This study employed a multilevel design to test the contribution of individual, social and environmental factors to mediating socio-economic status (SES) inequalities in fruit and vegetable consumption among women. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey was linked with objective environmental data. SETTING: A community sample involving 45 neighbourhoods. SUBJECTS: In total, 1347 women from 45 neighbourhoods provided survey data on their SES (highest education level), nutrition knowledge, health considerations related to food purchasing, and social support for healthy eating. These data were linked with objective environmental data on the density of supermarkets and fruit and vegetable outlets in local neighbourhoods. RESULTS: Multilevel modelling showed that individual and social factors partly mediated, but did not completely explain, SES variations in fruit and vegetable consumption. Store density did not mediate the relationship of SES with fruit or vegetable consumption. CONCLUSIONS: Nutrition promotion interventions should focus on enhancing nutrition knowledge and health considerations underlying food purchasing in order to promote healthy eating, particularly among those who are socio-economically disadvantaged. Further investigation is required to identify additional potential mediators of SES-diet relationships, particularly at the environmental level.     

Effect of a pilot community intervention on fruit and vegetable intakes: use of FACET (Five-a-day Community Evaluation Tool)

BACKGROUND: In 2001 the UK Department of Health funded pilot community-based interventions to improve fruit and vegetable intakes in five economically deprived areas of England. The effectiveness of the programme and the use of a brief tool for evaluating community interventions are reported here. METHODS: Data on intakes of and beliefs about fruit and vegetables were collected by a short postal questionnaire (FACET--Five-a-day Community Evaluation Tool) simultaneously from 810 individuals living in the pilot communities and 270 individuals who were participating in an unrelated observational study (controls). Data were collected before and after a 12-month intervention period. Quantitative dietary data derived from 7-day food diaries available for control subjects were used to assess the ability of the FACET questionnaire to estimate fruit and vegetable intakes. RESULTS: Compared with controls, the intervention group significantly increased their knowledge of the 5-a-day optimum (P<0.01) and reported increased access to fruits and vegetables (P<0.001). Overall, the intervention had no demonstrable effect on total fruit and vegetable intakes as measured by FACET. However, smoking habit strongly predicted change in fruit and vegetable intakes (P<0.01) in the intervention group. Opposite trends were observed in the two groups, with 'smokers' and 'non-smokers' in the intervention and control groups respectively reducing their fruit and vegetable intakes. The FACET questionnaire agreed with food diary estimates of fruit and vegetable intakes in 56% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: Community-based interventions can produce important changes in knowledge of and access to fruit and vegetables. However, in this study change in fruit and vegetable intakes was strongly influenced by smoking habit. This bias needs to be considered in planning future intervention and evaluation programmes. The FACET questionnaire provides acceptable estimates of fruit and vegetable intakes which may be used for grading intake in large community-based projects.     

Plutonium in Gemüse,Obst und Böden

Plutonium in vegetables, fruits, and soils The plutonium content of fruits and vegetables from the Karlsruhe area in the years of 1971 - 1975 was determined. In vegetables the Pu-239 and Pu-240 activities were highly different, fluctuating between 64 fCi/kg fresh weight and values below the detection limit of about 6 fCi/kg. The activity of most of the vegetables and of all fruits was not higher than 10 fCi/kg. The nuclide Pu-238 could be identified in a qualitative way only, i. e. all measuring values remained below the detection limit of about 17 fCi/kg. The total-alpha-activities which were simultaneously determined in the vegetable and fruit ashes were in the range of 0.5 -19 pCi/kg fresh weight. Soil samples taken from the same region had a mean Pu-239 and Pu-240 activity of 5.9 ± 1.4 fCi/g and a total-alpha-activity of (10 ± 1.5) · 10³ fCi/g. Samples taken from the immediate vicinity of the Karlsruhe Nuclear Research Centre did not show increased activity levels.     

Heavy Metals Contamination in Vegetables Grown in Urban and Metal Smelter Contaminated Sites in Australia

Dietary exposure to heavy metals, namely cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu), has been identified as a risk to human health through the consumption of vegetable crops. This study investigates the source and magnitude of heavy metal contamination in soil and vegetable samples at 46 sites across four vegetable growing regions in New South Wales, Australia. The four regions Boolaroo, Port Kembla, Cowra and the Sydney Basin were a mix of commercial and residential vegetable growing areas. The extent of metal contamination in soils sampled was greatest in regions located in the vicinity of smelters, such as in Boolaroo and Port Kembla. Soil metal concentrations decreased with depth at these two sites, suggesting contamination due to anthropogenic activities. Cadmium, Pb and Zn contamination was greatest in vegetables from Boolaroo, and Cu concentrations were greatest in vegetables sampled from Port Kembla. At Boolaroo, nearly all the samples exceeded the Australian Food Standards maximum level (ML) (0.01 mg kg^?1 fresh weight) of Cd and Pb in vegetables. Over 63% of samples exceeded international food standard guidelines set by the Commission of the European Communities and the Codex Alimentarius Commission. All vegetables sampled from Cowra, which is a relatively pristine site had Cd and Pb levels below the Australian and international food standards guideline values. This study suggests that the Australian guideline values are more conservative in defining the ML for Cd and Pb in vegetable crops. This investigation highlights the increased danger of growing vegetables in the vicinity of smelters.     

Processed sweet corn has higher antioxidant activity

Processed fruits and vegetables have been long considered to have lower nutritional value than the fresh produce due to the loss of vitamin C during processing. Vitamin C in apples has been found to contribute <0.4% of total antioxidant activity, indicating most of the activity comes from the natural combination of phytochemicals. This suggests that processed fruits and vegetables may retain their antioxidant activity despite the loss of vitamin C. Here it is shown that thermal processing at 115 degrees C for 25 min significantly elevated the total antioxidant activity of sweet corn by 44% and increased phytochemical content such as ferulic acid by 550% and total phenolics by 54%, although 25% vitamin C loss was observed. Processed sweet corn has increased antioxidant activity equivalent to 210 mg of vitamin C/100 g of corn compared to the remaining 3.2 mg of vitamin C in the sample that contributed only 1.5% of its total antioxidant activity. These findings do not support the notion that processed fruits and vegetables have lower nutritional value than fresh produce. This information may have a significant impact on consumers' food selection by increasing their consumption of fruits and vegetables to reduce the risk of chronic diseases.     

基于颜色及纹理特征的果蔬种类识别方法

为更好地表述果蔬图像纹理特征,提高智能果蔬识别系统识别准确性,提出一种颜色完全局部二值模式纹理特征提取算法。果蔬识别系统模型利用颜色完全局部二值模式提取图像纹理特征,利用HSV颜色直方图、外点/内点颜色直方图提取图像颜色特征,采用匹配得分融合算法将颜色和纹理特征相融合,采用最近邻分类器实现果蔬农产品分类。通过不同光照条件下和不同数量训练样本条件下的试验得出：颜色完全局部二值模式的果蔬图像纹理表述能力明显优于和差直方图等果蔬图像纹理操作子,识别率提升最小在5%以上,更适合果蔬分类;对比其他纹理特征提取算法,采用颜色完全局部二值模式与颜色特征进行融合时,识别率最优,时间开销约为1.1 s。该方法能够应用到智能果蔬识别系统中,提升系统识别准确性。     

广州市郊区蔬菜中铅的含量特征及其健康风险评估

对广州市郊区某蔬菜生产基地的蔬菜样品铅元素的含量进行分析测定,评价其污染程度,并评估人群经食用蔬菜摄入铅的健康风险。结果表明,蔬菜铅的平均含量为0.08mg·kg-1,超过《农产品安全质量无公害蔬菜安全要求》所规定铅的限量值（0.2mg·kg-1）的比率为12.9%。蔬菜铅的单项评价指数均小于1,辣椒除外（2.05）,这表明除个别蔬菜品种外,广州市郊区蔬菜铅的等级为安全。蔬菜铅含量表现为叶菜类〉瓜果类,与其他种类相比,叶菜类蔬菜对珠江三角洲地区人体健康造成的风险较大。据广东省不同地区、家庭经济收入水平每标准人经食用蔬菜日均铅摄入量（Daily intake,DI）均未超过FAO/WHO人均日摄入可允许限量标准（Provisional tolerable daily intake,PTDI）,铅的THQ（Target hazard quotients）靶标危害系数均小于1,表现为THQ城市=THQ高〉THQ中〉THQ低=THQ农村,这说明城市人群经蔬菜暴露途径摄入铅的潜在健康风险较高。     

鲜切蔬菜加工过程追溯的原料批次混合优化模型构建

为了保障鲜切蔬菜加工企业的产品质量安全,提高鲜切蔬菜生产加工效率,减少加工过程中因原料批次而导致的召回正本增加等问题,提出了一种鲜切蔬菜加工过程追溯的批次混合优化问题的解决方案。该研究通过分析鲜切蔬菜加工的基本工艺流程,根据中小规模鲜切蔬菜加工企业的实际生产需求,研究适用于单原料仓库、单成品仓库的生产加工过程,构建基于企业生产订单和多原料批次的生产加工模型。在模型构建上,综合考虑了加工过程中单个订单不可拆分,以及原料批次选取时应优先选取最近未用完批次原则等企业生产加工管理的实际因素。在此基础上应用遗传算法对订单的加工次序和原料批次的选取次序进行优化。采用北京某鲜切蔬菜加工企业的实际生产数据对模型进行验证,采用平均召回规模及平均出成率作为鲜切蔬菜加工的目标函数。结果表明,通过算法优化后的目标函数值与初始值相比提高了10.5%,能够有效减少平均召回规模并提高产品加工的综合出成率,该模型为中小规模鲜切蔬菜加工企业的原料批次分配及生产流程的优化提供参考。     

Polyphenols and antioxidant capacity of vegetables under fresh and frozen conditions

The phenolic and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) values have been measured in six fresh and frozen vegetables (beet green, spinach, broccoli, carrot, onion, and celery) from the same cultivar by analyzing the whole juice (WJ) and the acetonic extract of the squeezed pulp. To exploit the effect of the acid environment on the stability and recovery of the phenolics, perchloric acid (PCA) was added directly to WJ and to the pulp before the extraction with acetone. In both fresh and frozen vegetables, PCA markedly increased the recovery of phenolics extracted from the pulp, but PCA had no effect on the WJ. Four of six frozen vegetables showed lower phenolic and ORAC values than the fresh vegetables, whereas in the other two cases, values were significantly higher compared to fresh samples. Among the fresh vegetables, beet green showed the highest ORAC and phenolic values; however, when measured in two different cultivars of beet green, the ORAC value showed as much as 4.5-fold variation, whereas total phenolics and flavonoids showed 1.2- and 3.5-fold variations, respectively. The results show that total phenolics and ORAC, compared in fresh and frozen vegetables, represent an index of the mildness of blanching in the industry of frozen vegetables and provide a measure of the gap in antioxidants in the diet of people who consume frozen instead of fresh vegetables. The plant genotype is an important source of variability in the ORAC value, which can be conveniently used to increase the intake of antioxidants from vegetables.     

改进型环形射流泵输送不同果蔬试验

为了研究果蔬的形状、大小和密度对环形射流泵输送性能的影响,该文采用喉管直径为60 mm的环形射流泵进行了马铃薯、胡萝卜、圣女果和金桔的输送试验,对入口结构、流量比、输送高度和果蔬种类4个因素对输送性能的影响进行了研究,并分析了不同工况对果蔬损伤的影响。结果表明:吸入口结构对输送性能有很大的影响;该环形射流泵输送马铃薯、胡萝卜、圣女果和金桔的最高输送能力分别为3 038.13、2 158.83、2 302.92和1 949.50 kg/h;在相同的面积比和输送高度下,输送能力随工作流体流量的增加而增大;在相同的面积比和工作流体流量下,输送能力随输送高度的升高而降低;在相同的工况下,输送椭球形的果蔬的能力要优于输送长条形果蔬的能力,输送密度较大的果蔬的能力要优于输送密度较小的果蔬的能力。输送单位质量果蔬的能耗在低流量比时变化不明显,在高流量比时有较大提升。马铃薯和胡萝卜在输送过程中损伤很小,损伤原因是与管道或泵内壁或者管道接口处碰撞,马铃薯和胡萝卜的最大质量损失率分别为0.13%和0.21%,最大表面损失率为0.68%和1.20%,圣女果和金桔在所有工况没有损伤。该研究可为今后环形射流泵输送果蔬的深入研究提供参考。     

桂林市菜地土壤和蔬菜铜含量及其健康风险

在桂林地区蔬菜和菜地土壤铜含量进行大规模调查基础上,评价其污染程度,并用THQ评估经食用蔬菜摄入铜的健康风险。结果显示,桂林地区菜地土壤铜含量范围、中值、算术均值和几何均值分别为11.69～348.8mg·kg-1和27.41、34.62、29.43mg·kg-1,与桂林市土壤背景值相比,桂林市菜地土壤铜没有明显的积累;桂林地区蔬菜铜含量范围和平均值分别为0.032～3.530mg·kg-1和0.324mg·kg-1,与其他城市蔬菜铜含量相比,桂林地区蔬菜铜含量处于较低水平,通过蔬菜摄入铜的健康风险小。蔬菜对铜的富集能力以辣椒最高,因而其抗污染能力较差,白菜、包菜和萝卜对铜的富集能力最低。     

设施栽培条件下蔬菜含硒状况及其健康风险评估

设施栽培条件下土壤性质变化剧烈,其对作物吸收硒(Se)的影响值得研究。本文通过对南京市典型设施蔬菜种植基地土壤及对应植物样品进行取样分析,探讨高强度利用模式下土壤Se的存在形态以及不同蔬菜类型对Se吸收的差异,分析蔬菜Se含量与土壤Se存在形态及土壤性质之间的关系,并对长期设施栽培条件下蔬菜Se的摄入健康风险进行评价。结果表明,不同蔬菜可食部分对Se的富集能力表现为叶菜类(平均含Se量为60μg/kg,干重)根茎类(30μg/kg)茄果类(26μg/kg)。蔬菜可食部分Se含量随土壤有机质及有机结合态Se含量的增加而降低。研究区域有机肥的大量施入引起的有机结合态Se含量的增加可能是降低Se有效性的最重要原因。     

城市郊区耕地入选基本菜田的综合质量评价

合理划定基本菜田是提升蔬菜生产能力、保障城市蔬菜均衡供应的基础.该研究在界定基本菜田内涵的基础上,构建平谷区耕地入选基本菜田的综合质量评价模型,以期为大城市郊区基本菜田布局提供科学依据.结果表明:1)从田块质量、生态适宜性、空间稳定性、交通区位与蔬菜种植习惯等4方面构建耕地入选基本菜田的综合质量评价指标体系,充分考虑了蔬菜生产对耕地质量的基本需求以及国家和农业部对基本菜田的政策要求,包含了水资源供需状况和重要水源保护区等指标,使得该研究的评价方法更合理;2)平谷区耕地的田块质量、生态适宜性、空间稳定性、交通区位与蔬菜种植习惯等评价结果呈现差异性分布.基于综合质量评价结果,将平谷区耕地图斑划分为最适宜区、较适宜区、一般适宜区和不适宜区.其中,最适宜区是基本菜田的首选区域,主要分布在平谷新城周边的东高村镇、夏各庄镇、山东庄镇和大兴庄镇,面积为3472.33hm2,占平谷区耕地总面积的28.25%;其次是较适宜区,面积为5186.28hm2;一般适宜区的面积为2860.86hm2,可作为基本菜田储备区域;不适宜区的土壤表土质地差、有机质含量低,加之远离平谷新城、交通不便等因素,不适宜划为基本菜田.3)建议围绕首都"菜篮子工程"建设,强化基本菜田的分级建设与保护,形成露地蔬菜、设施蔬菜和蔬菜园区相互补充的蔬菜生产格局.     

60Coγ射线辐照对水果蔬菜中维生素C的影响

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