高能量低蛋白质日粮中添加生物素对蛋鸡脂类代谢的影响

选用300日龄健康海蓝褐蛋鸡90羽,随机分为对照组、病理组、防治组3组（每组3个重复,每个重复10只）,分别饲喂正常日粮（代谢能11.30MJ/kg,粗蛋白质17.00%）、高能量低蛋白质日粮（代谢能12.81MJ/kg,粗蛋白质12.90%）和添加0.3mg/kg生物素的高能量低蛋白质日粮,试验期60d,分别于试验的1,30,60d,每组选取体质量相近的试验蛋鸡6羽,采血制备血清和采集肝脏样品及腹脂,测定血脂含量、肝脂率和腹脂率,观察其病理学变化。结果表明,与对照组相比,试验30,60d,高能量低蛋白质日粮组鸡产蛋性能、HDL-C含量显著降低,TG、TC、LDL-C、ALT、AST、肝脂率和腹脂率显著升高,肝脂肪变性明显。试验30d,与对照组比较,防治组鸡产蛋性能、HDL-C、TG、TC、LDL-C、ALT、AST、肝脂率和腹脂率差异不显著,肝脏脂肪变性不明显;与高能量低蛋白质日粮组比较,防治组鸡产蛋性能、HDL-C含量显著升高,TG、TC、LDL-C、ALT、AST、肝脂率和腹脂率显著降低。60d时,与对照组相比,防治组鸡产蛋性能、HDL-C显著降低,TG、TC、LDL-C、ALT、AST、肝脂率和腹脂率显著升高,肝脏呈现一定的脂肪变性;与高能量低蛋白质日粮组比较,防治组鸡产蛋性能、HDL-C含量显著升高,TG、TC、LDL-C、ALT、AST、肝脂率和腹脂率显著降低。结果提示,采用高能低蛋白日粮饲喂蛋鸡可以成功的建立蛋鸡脂肪肝出血征病理模型;在高能量低蛋白质日粮中添加0.3mg/kg生物素后,可显著影响蛋鸡的脂肪肝出血征蛋鸡脂类代谢,一定程度上对其具有预防作用。     

苜草素对产蛋后期蛋鸡脂肪肝出血综合征的预防作用

本试验旨在研究苜草素对产蛋后期蛋鸡脂肪肝出血综合征(FLHS)的预防作用。选用500日龄京红1号产蛋鸡1 008只,随机等分为7组,每组6个重复,每个重复24只鸡。Ⅰ组为对照组,饲喂常规饲粮(代谢能11.10 MJ/kg,粗蛋白质17.68%);Ⅱ~Ⅶ组为试验组,饲喂高能低蛋白质饲粮(代谢能12.87 MJ/kg,粗蛋白质13.84%),并分别在饲粮中添加0、200、400、600、800、1 000 mg/kg苜草素。试验期60 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,高能低蛋白质饲粮组(Ⅱ组)蛋鸡第30天时即可表现出明显的FLHS病理特征,第1~30天平均日采食量、产蛋率、蛋重、产蛋量显著降低(P0.05),料蛋比显著升高(P0.05),第1~60天趋势更加显著(P0.05);第42天蛋白高度和哈氏单位显著降低(P0.05)。2)在高能低蛋白质饲粮中添加不同梯度的苜草素均能降低FLHS发生率,提高第1~60天的平均日采食量、产蛋率、产蛋量,降低料蛋比;提高第42天的蛋白高度、哈氏单位。由此可见,高能低蛋白质饲粮能够诱导蛋鸡FLHS,补充苜草素具有预防作用。     

日粮能量和粗蛋白质水平对灰雁生长性能、血清生化指标及屠宰性能的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮能量和粗蛋白水平对灰雁生长性能、血清生化指标及屠宰性能的影响,为灰雁的科学饲养提供理论基础。试验采用双因子试验设计,粗蛋白质及代谢能水平分别为14.0%、15.0%、16.0%及11.0、12.0、13.0 MJ/kg,选取450只28日龄灰雁,随机分为9组,每组5个重复,每个重复10只灰雁,每组饲喂1种日粮。预试期12 d,正试期80 d。结果表明：①代谢能为12.0 MJ/kg组灰雁的平均日增重显著高于代谢能为11.0和13.0 MJ/kg组（P<0.05）;粗蛋白质水平为14.0%组灰雁的平均日增重显著低于蛋白质水平为15.0%组（P<0.05）;②代谢能为13.0 MJ/kg组灰雁的血清甘油三酯含量显著低于代谢能为11.0 MJ/kg组（P<0.05）,粗蛋白质水平为16.0%组灰雁的血清尿素氮含量显著高于蛋白质水平为14.0%组（P<0.05）。③代谢能为11.0 MJ/kg组灰雁的半净膛率、全净膛率、胸肌率和腿肌率均低于代谢能为12.0和13.0 MJ/kg组,代谢能为13.0 MJ/kg组灰雁的腹脂率显著高于代谢能为11.0和12.0 MJ/kg组（P<0.05）;粗蛋白质水平为14.0%组灰雁的胸肌率和腿肌率低于粗蛋白质水平为15.0%和16.0%组;综合得出,日粮代谢能水平显著影响灰雁的末重、腹脂率、血清甘油三酯含量（P<0.05）,过高的代谢能水平增加腹脂率,增加饲料成本;日粮蛋白质水平对灰雁的末重和血清尿素氮影响显著（P<0.05）;推荐5~16周灰雁的蛋白质水平为15.0%,能量水平为12.0 MJ/kg。     

日粮能量和粗蛋白质水平对灰雁生长性能、血清生化指标及屠宰性能的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮能量和粗蛋白水平对灰雁生长性能、血清生化指标及屠宰性能的影响,为灰雁的科学饲养提供理论基础。试验采用双因子试验设计,粗蛋白质及代谢能水平分别为14.0%、15.0%、16.0%及11.0、12.0、13.0 MJ/kg,选取450只28日龄灰雁,随机分为9组,每组5个重复,每个重复10只灰雁,每组饲喂1种日粮。预试期12d,正试期80d。结果表明:(1)代谢能为12.0 MJ/kg组灰雁的平均日增重显著高于代谢能为11.0和13.0 MJ/kg组(P0.05);粗蛋白质水平为14.0%组灰雁的平均日增重显著低于蛋白质水平为15.0%组(P0.05);(2)代谢能为13.0 MJ/kg组灰雁的血清甘油三酯含量显著低于代谢能为11.0 MJ/kg组(P0.05),粗蛋白质水平为16.0%组灰雁的血清尿素氮含量显著高于蛋白质水平为14.0%组(P0.05)。(3)代谢能为11.0 MJ/kg组灰雁的半净膛率、全净膛率、胸肌率和腿肌率均低于代谢能为12.0和13.0 MJ/kg组,代谢能为13.0 MJ/kg组灰雁的腹脂率显著高于代谢能为11.0和12.0 MJ/kg组(P0.05);粗蛋白质水平为14.0%组灰雁的胸肌率和腿肌率低于粗蛋白质水平为15.0%和16.0%组;综合得出,日粮代谢能水平显著影响灰雁的末重、腹脂率、血清甘油三酯含量(P0.05),过高的代谢能水平增加腹脂率,增加饲料成本;日粮蛋白质水平对灰雁的末重和血清尿素氮影响显著(P0.05);推荐5~16周灰雁的蛋白质水平为15.0%,能量水平为12.0 MJ/kg。     

52～75日龄二郎山山地鸡饲粮适宜代谢能和粗蛋白质水平的研究

本试验旨在研究不同的代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对52～75日龄的山地鸡生长性能和屠宰性能的影响.选用52日龄二郎山山地鸡公母各810只,分为9个处理,每个处理6个重复,公母各3个重复,每个重复30只鸡.采用3×3因子设计,饲喂3个代谢能和3个粗蛋白质水平不同的9种玉米-豆粕型饲粮.试验期24 d.结果表明:52～75日龄饲粮代谢能水平对山地鸡料重比有极显著影响(P<0.01),且代谢能和粗蛋白质的互作对料重比存在极显著影响(P<0.01),代谢能13.39 MJ/kg和粗蛋白质20%时料重比最低;饲粮代谢能水平极显著影响75日龄山地鸡的半净膛率、全净膛率和腹脂率(P<0.01),但粗蛋白质水平和代谢能与粗蛋白质水平间的互作对山地鸡屠宰性能无显著影响(P>0.05),代谢能13.39MJ/kg和粗蛋白质20%时各项屠宰指标均较高.结果提示,山地鸡在52～75日龄的阶段,适宜代谢能为13.39MJ/kg,粗蛋白质为20%,蛋能比为14.94 g/MJ.     

β-甘露聚糖酶对夏季高温蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质和养分表观消化率的影响

文章旨在研究在夏季高温时期蛋鸡日粮中添加β-甘露聚糖酶,考察其对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质和养分表观消化率的影响。试验选择体重及产蛋率接近的82周龄海兰白壳蛋鸡576只,随机分成4组,每个组分为6个重复,每个重复24只鸡。试验共设计4种日粮,处理1组饲喂高能日粮(代谢能11.76 MJ/kg),处理2组饲喂低能日粮(代谢能11.34 MJ/kg),处理3组饲喂处理2组日粮+500 mg/kgβ-甘露聚糖酶,处理4组饲喂处理2组日粮+1000 mg/kgβ-甘露聚糖酶,试验共开展6周。试验结果显示:高能日粮组、低能日粮组及低能日粮组添加β-甘露聚糖酶对蛋鸡末重、产蛋率、采食量、平均蛋重、料蛋比和破蛋率均无显著影响(P0.05)。各处理组对鸡蛋蛋壳强度、哈弗单位、蛋黄颜色和蛋壳颜色无显著影响(P0.05),较其他3组,日粮添加500 mg/kgβ-甘露聚糖酶显著提高了蛋壳厚度(P0.05)。高能日粮组、低能日粮组及低能日粮添加β-甘露聚糖酶组对试验第3或5周蛋鸡泄殖腔温度的影响无显著差异(P0.05)。高能日粮组较低能日粮组及低能日粮组添加500 mg/kgβ-甘露聚糖酶显著提高了蛋鸡的代谢能的表观消化率(P0.05)。结果表明:在本试验条件下,代谢能为11.34 MJ/kg,粗蛋白质水平为15%的日粮中添加500 mg/kgβ-甘露聚糖酶可以提高夏季高温蛋鸡的能量利用率和蛋壳强度。     

水飞蓟素对鸡脂肪肝出血综合征的预防效果研究

为研究水飞蓟素对鸡脂肪肝出血综合征(FLHS)的预防效果,选用50只体重接近的1周龄北京油鸡,采用肉雏鸡基础日粮饲喂7 d后随机分为5组,每组5个重复,每个重复2只鸡。FLHS模型组(A组),饲喂高脂日粮,肌肉注射2.5 mL/kg雌激素,每周3次;水飞蓟素分为3个剂量组,B1组(50 mg/kg)、 B2组(100 mg/kg)、B3组(200 mg/kg)饲喂高脂日粮,肌肉注射2.5 mL/kg雌激素,每周3次,水飞蓟素拌料给药;对照组(O组)饲喂肉雏鸡基础日粮。结果显示,B1、B2和B3组FLHS发生率显著低于A组(P0.05),且随水飞蓟素剂量增加而降低。研究表明,水飞蓟素对鸡脂肪肝出血综合征有明显的预防效果。     

脂肪酶对蛋鸡生产性能的影响

为研究脂肪酶对蛋鸡生产性能的影响,本试验采用单因子随机分组试验设计,选取9600只370日龄的罗曼粉壳蛋鸡,随机分为2个处理组,每个处理组8个重复,每个重复600只鸡。基础日粮为玉米-豆粕型粉状日粮,试验组在对照组代谢能水平(11.09 MJ/kg)基础上通过减少油脂添加量降低0.13 MJ/kg代谢能并添加200 mg/kg脂肪酶(酶活1000 U/kg)。试验结果表明:在产蛋中后期(370日龄)蛋鸡日粮代谢能水平(11.09 MJ/kg)基础上降低0.13MJ/kg的代谢能,通过添加200 mg/kg脂肪酶可显著提高平均产蛋率(P0.05),较对照组提高3%,极显著降低平均死亡率(P0.01),较对照组降低39.4%,并有降低平均料蛋比的趋势。     

饲粮不同代谢能、粗蛋白质水平对新杨绿壳蛋鸡产蛋后期生产性能、蛋品质及血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在通过研究饲粮不同代谢能、粗蛋白质水平对新杨绿壳蛋鸡产蛋后期(44~56周龄)生产性能、蛋品质及血清生化指标的影响,得出其产蛋后期饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质的适宜配比。选取768羽体重相近的43周龄末新杨绿壳蛋鸡,随机分为6组,每组4个重复,每个重复32羽。采用2×3因子(代谢能水平为10.87和11.08 MJ/kg,粗蛋白质水平为15.00%、15.50%和16.00%)设计试验,共设计6种饲粮。试验预试期1周,正试期12周。结果表明:1)饲粮不同代谢能、粗蛋白质水平对绿壳蛋鸡产蛋后期产蛋率和料蛋比有显著影响(P0.05),饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平在产蛋率上表现出极显著的交互作用(P0.01),其中,高能低蛋组(代谢能为11.08 MJ/kg,粗蛋白质为15.00%)产蛋率最高,料蛋比最低。2)饲粮较高粗蛋白质水平(16.00%)能显著提高绿壳蛋鸡产蛋后期鸡蛋的哈氏单位(P0.05);饲粮较高代谢能水平(11.08 MJ/kg)能显著提高绿壳蛋鸡产蛋后期鸡蛋的蛋黄颜色(P0.05);饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平在蛋品质上未表现出显著的交互作用(P0.05)。3)高能低蛋组绿壳蛋鸡血清尿素氮含量最低;饲粮较高代谢能水平(11.08 MJ/kg)能显著降低绿壳蛋鸡血清总胆固醇含量(P0.05)。综上,在本试验条件下,饲粮代谢能、粗蛋白质水平分别为11.08 MJ/kg和15.00%时,更有利于绿壳蛋鸡产蛋后期生产性能的发挥和蛋品质的改善。     

代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对科宝肉鸡生产性能、屠宰性能及血清生化指标的影响

本试验通过二因子二次回归正交旋转组合设计,研究1～21日龄肉鸡代谢能和粗蛋白质水平的最佳组合效应.试验选取1日龄健康、体重接近的科宝肉鸡480只,随机分为12个组,每组4个重复,每个重复10只鸡,公母各占1/2,其中1～8组为试验组,9～ 12组为中心组(即0水平组),试验期为21 d.分别以代谢能和粗蛋白质水平为自变量,以生产性能和屠宰性能等各项指标作为因变量拟合回归方程.结果表明:饲粮中的代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对1～21日龄肉鸡的平均日增重、料重比、胸肌率、腿肌率和腹脂率有显著影响(P＜0.05).从响应面图和回归分析显示,当饲粮代谢能水平为10.05～ 12.40 MJ/kg时,随着粗蛋白质水平的上升,平均日增重逐渐增大,粗蛋白质水平进一步增加对于平均日增重影响逐渐变小,代谢能和粗蛋白质水平分别为11.80 MJ/kg和22.85％时,可达到最大平均日采食量;代谢能和粗蛋白质水平分别为12.15 MJ/kg和20.65％时,料重比最小为1.65;当代谢能和粗蛋白质水平分别在12.05 ～12.15 MJ/kg和20.85％ ～21.25％时,可以获得较高的胸肌率和腿肌率,同时腹脂率较低.综上所述,饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平分别为12.05～ 12.45 MJ/kg和20.65％ ～21.25％,l～21日龄肉鸡生产性能和屠宰性能均达到较好的水平.     

高能低蛋白饲粮对蛋鸡肝脏apo B-100基因mRNA表达的影响

以海蓝褐蛋鸡为试验对象,探讨高能低蛋白日粮对蛋鸡肝脏载脂蛋白B-100mRNA表达关系的影响。选300日龄海蓝褐蛋鸡60只,随机分为2组,每组30只,分别饲喂正常饲粮(对照组,代谢能:2.75MJ/kg,粗蛋白:17%)、高能低蛋白饲粮(试验组,代谢能:2.99MJ/kg,粗蛋白:12.9%)。于试验0、30、60d每组选取体质量相近的试验蛋鸡6只,取肝脏样品,应用半定量逆转录聚合酶链式反应技术测定不同时期apoB-100mRNA在肝脏中的表达水平;结果显示:试验组载脂蛋白B-100mRNA表达在试验60d显著低于对照组(0.01P≤0.05)。说明高能低蛋白日粮能导致蛋鸡肝脏载脂蛋白B-100mRNA表达水平下降。     

Protein and energy self-selection by turkey hens: reproductive performance

1. The influence of protein and energy self-selection on the reproductive performance of turkey hens was investigated. Large White turkey hens were fed on either a complete diet (185 g CP/kg, 11.30 MJ ME/kg) or were provided with a choice between a high protein-low energy diet (348 g CP/kg, 7.74 MJ ME/kg) and a high energy-low protein diet (81 g CP/kg, 13.39 MJ ME/kg). 2. Egg production, egg weight, and the fertility and hatchability of eggs produced were not significantly affected by the dietary treatments (P greater than 0.05). 3. While energy intake was not significantly different between groups, protein consumption decreased by approximately 40% (P less than or equal to 0.001) among self-selecting hens compared to hens fed on the complete diet. This resulted in a 10% (P less than or equal to 0.05) reduction in the food intake in the self-selecting birds.     

Effects of a high energy and low protein diet on hepatic and plasma characteristics and Cidea and Cidec mRNA expression in liver and adipose tissue of laying hens with fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome

Cidea and Cidec are two members of Cell death‐inducing DNA fragmentation factor‐alpha‐like effector family proteins, which could be involved in lipid or fat metabolism. To better understand the roles of Cidea and Cidec in fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS), 150 healthy 155‐day‐old Hyline Brown laying hens were randomly divided into control group (fed with basic diet) and experimental group (fed with high‐energy low‐protein [HELP] diet). Analysis of the liver by tissue sectioning and hematoxylin and eosin staining showed that the HELP diet induced micro‐vesicular steatosis in laying hens. Subsequently, based on the liver color scores and the range of lipid accumulation observed in histological examination, we classified livers with <50% vacuolization as mild FLHS and >50% as severe FLHS. The results showed that the levels of Cidea and Cidec mRNA expression were markedly elevated in the liver and adipose tissues with FLHS and the levels of Cidea and Cidec mRNA expression in the liver with severe FLHS were significantly higher than that in the liver with mild FLHS. Thus, the present study revealed that the Cidea and Cidec genes may be involved in pathways of FLHS formation.     

饲料代谢能水平对农大3号小型蛋鸡生产性能的影响

180只140日龄的农大3号小型蛋鸡随机平均分为A、B、C、D、E五组,每组6个重复,每个重复6只鸡,体重大小基本一致,各组间生产性能差异不显著。分别饲喂代谢能水平11.5MJ/kg、11.3MJ/kg、11.1MJ/kg、10.9MJ/kg和10.7MJ/kg的饲料,其他营养成分含量设计上保持一致。通过30周的观察,发现在产蛋高峰前饲喂稍低能值的饲料(10.9MJ/kg)有利于采食量的增加和产蛋率的迅速上升。在一定饲料代谢能值范围内,饲料能值的高低对小型蛋鸡采食量影响不显著,所以从产蛋高峰期开始,必须使用代谢能水平较高的日粮,才能满足小型蛋鸡维持高产蛋率对能量的需求。综合来看,饲料代谢能为11.3MJ/kg时,小型蛋鸡有较高的产蛋量和饲料报酬。     

Food intake of the laying hen following crop loads of maize oil and other nutrients

The metabolisable energy (ME) of the diet of laying hens at an ambient temperature (Ta) of 20 degrees C was abruptly changed from 10.9 MJ/kg to 12.9 MJ/kg, or vice versa. Food intake during the next 14 d was significantly reduced by the low ME diet and was increased by the high ME diet, that is, the expected compensatory changes in food intake did not occur. Laying hens given the same change of diet as above but kept at 32 degrees C did not show any change in food intake within 14 d. Thus ME intake increased with the high ME diet and decreased with the low ME diet. Daily doses of 10 ml maize oil/kg body weight given directly into the crop of laying hens at a Ta of 20 degrees C, resulted in an immediate, significant, reduction of food intake such that total ME intake remained the same as with normal feeding. Daily doses of 3 ml maize oil/kg, given as before, resulted in an immediate, significant, reduction in food intake at a Ta of 20 degrees C but at a Ta of 32 degrees C food intake remained unchanged; consequently daily ME intake increased. Loading the crop with glucose or sucrose, at Ta 20 degrees C, in quantities which provided a similar ME as 3 ml maize oil/kg, reduced food intake but the adjustment was less precise and daily ME intake increased. Loading with glycerol or protein hydrolysate decreased both food and ME intake. Crop loads of starch were as effective as maize oil in bringing about a significant and compensatory reduction of food intake. Similar volumes of water or liquid paraffin placed in the crop did not affect food or ME intake. A similar weight or cellulose placed in the crop reduced food and ME intake.     

Effect of hens fed dietary flaxseed with and without a fatty liver supplement on hepatic,plasma and production characteristics relevant to fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome in laying hens

1. Two long-term experiments were conducted with Single Comb White Leghorn (SCWL) hens (line UCD-003) predisposed to fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS). The first investigated the effect of adding a fatty liver supplement to the diet of laying hens prior to the onset of lay, and continuing either until peak production or throughout 39 weeks into lay. The second experiment, lasting 9 months into lay, investigated the effect of adding a fatty liver supplement, with or without 100 g/kg dietary ground flaxseed, to the diet. Body weight, feed intake, plasma triglycerides (in experiment 2) and egg production were measured throughout the experiment. Liver weight, liver fat content, liver malondialdehyde (MDA) content and liver haemorrhage score and fatty acid content of liver fat (in experiment 2) were measured at the end of each experiment. 2. In experiment 1, hens given diets containing the fatty liver supplement had higher egg production and eggshell strength, but there was no difference in liver parameters including MDA content or haemorrhage score compared with controls. 3. At the end of experiment 2, hens on 100 g/kg flaxseed diets had lower body weight, liver weight, liver dry matter and fat content, and plasma triglyceride concentrations than hens given the control diets. 4. Liver haemorrhage score was positively correlated with liver weight, but not with liver fat content, plasma triglyceride concentration or liver MDA content. This suggests that reducing the liver lipid content or feeding fatty liver supplements may not be as effective in controlling FLHS as controlling the size of the liver.     

蛋鸡脂肪肝出血综合征的病因研究进展

蛋鸡脂肪肝出血综合征(FLHS)是一种代谢性疾病,营养、内分泌、遗传和环境等因素都可影响其发生。日粮中能量过高或蛋白不足是诱发FLHS的主要因素,能量、蛋白来源也影响FLHS的发生。日粮中脂肪酸来源影响FLHS的发生,动物性脂肪较易引起FLHS,适量添加植物油可降低肝脏脂肪含量。雌激素水平升高可引起肝脏脂肪含量增加,与FLHS存在一定的量效关系。甲状腺素和孕酮可降低肝脏脂肪含量,防止出血发生。FLHS易感品系UCD-3蛋鸡肯定了遗传因素对该病的影响。空间不充足或必要活动受限制,导致能量过剩是FLHS发生的重要诱因。肝脏脂肪沉积并不总是引起肝脏出血,脂质过氧化物分解生成大量脂质自由基引起细胞损伤,可能是肝脏脂肪含量升高导致出血的分子机制。