Methane emission from mires of the West Siberian taiga

In the summer-autumn seasons of 2007–2011, the methane emission from typical mire landscapes of Western Siberia was studied using the static chamber method. The lowest methane flux turned out to be characteristic of the ryams (pine-dwarf shrub-sphagnum associations) and the ridges of the ridge-hollow complexes, as well as of the wetland lakes in the northern and middle taiga (the medians are within the range of 0.1–0.5 mg C-CH₄/m² h). Values that are 10 times higher are typical for the oligotrophic hollows, fens, peat mats, and poor fens in different subzones (the medians are 2 to 7 mg C-CH₄/m² h). The maximal values of the methane flux from the wetland lakes of the southern taiga are 17.98 mg C-CH₄/m² h. Based on the data obtained by the authors, along with the previously published ones, the regional methane fluxes from the taiga mires were calculated: 2.22 Mt C-CH₄/m² per year, or about 80% of the total methane flux from the West Siberian mires. The estimates of the CH₄ regional flux obtained by other researchers are discussed; the main source of the estimation uncertainty is analyzed.     

European emission data with high temporal and spatial resolution

The estimation of acidic deposition strongly depends on the availability of accurate emission data. The atmospheric models, that calculate concentrations and depositions of pollutants, need data in a high temporal resolution (e.g. daily, 6-hourly or even hourly data). However, although some progress has been achieved concerning annual emission data for Europe (e.g. CORINAIR 90), only very little information is available about the temporal variation of these emissions during a year. Therefore, within the EUROTRAC-GENEMIS project special emphasis was laid on the development of methods to generate emissions with a high temporal and spatial resolution. As results the temporal and spatial distribution of SO₂- and NO_X-emissions are shown. The results indicate, that the emissions vary considerably over time and that the use of simple patterns for the temporal disaggregation is not sufficient for modelling and assessment of acidic deposition.     

The structure of the microbial communities in low-moor and high-moor peat bogs of Tomsk oblast

The number, structure, and physical state of the microbial communities in high-moor and low-moor peat bogs were compared. Distinct differences in these characteristics were revealed. The microbial biomass in the high-moor peat exceeded that in the low-moor peat by 2–9 times. Fungi predominated in the high-moor peat, whereas bacteria were the dominant microorganisms in the low-moor peat. The micromycetal complexes of the high-moor peat were characterized by a high portion of dark-colored representatives; the complexes of the low-moor peat were dominated by fast-growing fungi. The species of the Penicillum genus were dominant in the high-moor peat; the species of Trichoderma were abundant in the low-moor peat. In the former, the bacteria were distinguished as minor components; in the latter, they predominated in the saprotrophic bacterial complex. In the high-moor peat, the microorganisms were represented by bacilli, while, in the low-moor peat, by cytophages, myxobacteria, and actinobacteria. The different physiological states of the bacteria in the studied objects reflecting the duration of the lag phase and the readiness of the metabolic system to consume different substrates were demonstrated for the first time. The relationships between the trophic characteristics of bacterial habitats and the capacity of the bacteria to consume substrates were established.     

Microbial communities and transformation of carbon compounds in bog soils of the taiga zone (Tomsk oblast)

Two types of bogs were studied in Tomsk oblast—Maloe Zhukovskoe (an eutrophic peat low-moor bog) and Ozernoe (an oligotrophic peat high-moor bog). The gram-negative forms of Proteobacteria were found to be dominant and amounted to more than 40% of the total population of the microorganisms investigated. In the peat bogs, the population and diversity of the hydrolytic microbial complex, especially of the number of micromycetes, were lower than those in the mineral soils. The changes in the quantitative indices of the total microbiological activity of the bogs were established. The microbial biomass and the intensity of its respiration differed and were also related to the depth of the sampling. In the Zhukovskoe peat low-moor bog, the maximal biomass of heterotrophic microorganisms (154 μg of C/g of peat) was found in the aerobic zone at a depth of 0 to 10 cm. In the Ozernoe bog, the maximal biomass was determined in the zone of anaerobiosis at a depth of 300 cm (1947 μ g of C/g of peat). The molecular-genetic method was used for the determination of the spectrum of the methanogens. Seven unidentified dominant forms were revealed. The species diversity of the methanogens was higher in the oligotrophic high-moor bog than in the eutrophic low-moor bog.     

Methane emissions from north and middle taiga mires of Western Siberia: Bc8 standard model

During summer and autumn of 2008–2010 in the north and middle taiga, measurements of methane emissions from different types of wetland landscapes in Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs were made by the static chamber method. Total methane emission from West-Siberian northern and middle taiga mires is estimated at 550 and 530 kt C-CH₄ per year.     

华北平原夏玉米潜在产量时空演变及其对气候变化的响应

华北平原是我国的粮食主产区,为探讨气候变化可能对该地区粮食产量产生的影响,本文以中国科学院青藏高原研究所的中国区域地面气象要素数据集为基础,对作物生长模型WOFOST(WOrld FOod STudy)进行面域化,模拟华北平原1979—2015年夏玉米的生长情况;利用一元线性回归、经验正交分解(EOF)分析了华北平原夏玉米潜在产量的时空变化,利用逐个栅格相关性分析、奇异值分解(SVD)分析了华北平原不同区域夏玉米潜在产量与全生育期、吐丝前和吐丝后平均温度及日均太阳总辐射的相关性。结果表明,研究区夏玉米潜在产量大致呈现从南向北逐渐升高的特点,大部分地区夏玉米潜在产量为7 000~9 000 kg?hm~(-2);研究区西北部夏玉米潜在产量波动较大,波动较小的地区在北京南部、天津以及河北中部一带,标准差在500 kg?hm~(-2)以下;研究区西北部及河北唐山北部以及山东半岛东部夏玉米潜在产量呈上升趋势,这些地区的夏玉米潜在产量上升幅度大部分在200~600 kg?hm~(-2)?(10a)~(-1);研究区的其余大部分地区夏玉米潜在产量呈下降趋势,其中河北中南部、天津、鲁西北以及皖北的部分区域下降较明显,变化幅度在-250 kg?hm~(-2)?(10a)~(-1)左右。河北西部和东北部、北京西北部以及山东中部和东部等地区的夏玉米潜在产量与气温具有较显著的相关关系,相关系数在0.9以上,这些地区的夏玉米潜在产量在过去37年呈上升趋势,表明这些地区夏玉米潜在产量的增加可能是由气温上升导致的。北京东部和南部、天津、河北中南部及秦皇岛唐山南部、山东、河南东部、皖北和苏北等地区的夏玉米潜在产量与太阳总辐射具有较好的相关关系,相关系数在0.8左右,其中,吐丝后通过显著性检验的区域较吐丝前大,相关系数也较吐丝前大,该区域大部分地区夏玉米潜在产量呈下降趋势,可能是由该区域太阳总辐射下降导致的,且总辐射的下降主要对夏玉米的生殖生长阶段构成影响。总的来说,研究区夏玉米潜在产量上升的区域与温度的上升有关,温度的变化是这些地区夏玉米潜在产量变化的主导因子;研究区夏玉米潜在产量下降的区域与太阳总辐射的下降有关,太阳总辐射的变化是这些地区夏玉米潜在产量变化的主导因子。因此,气候变化背景下针对华北平原不同地区制定不同的合理应对措施显得尤为重要。     

夏季猪场污水贮存过程中CO2、CH4排放试验

猪场粪污是重要的温室气体排放源,针对中国缺乏猪场污水贮存过程中温室气体排放参数的问题,该文选择温度较高的夏季,利用动态箱法于2007年6月对猪场的三格式化粪池进行了CO<2、CH₄气体排放测试。测试结果表明：当大气平均温度为28.4℃时,86%的温室气体排放源于一级和二级化粪池,一级、二级和三级化粪池的温室气体排放通量分别为407.5、383.0、127.7 g/(m2?h)二氧化碳当量;CH₄是本污水贮存单元中产生的主要的温室气体,一、二、三级化粪池排放的温室气体总量中,CH₄排放的贡献率分别为95%、96%、95%,控制一、二级化粪池甲烷排放将大幅度减少猪场污水温室气体排放     

夏季猪场污水贮存过程中CO2、CH4排放试验

猪场粪污是重要的温室气体排放源,针对中国缺乏猪场污水贮存过程中温室气体排放参数的问题,该文选择温度较高的夏季,利用动态箱法于2007年6月对猪场的三格式化粪池进行了CO2、CH4气体排放测试.测试结果表明:当大气平均温度为28.4℃时,86%的温室气体排放源于一级和二级化粪池,一级、二级和三级化粪池的温室气体排放通量分别为407.5、383.0、127.7 g/(m2·h)二氧化碳当量;CH4是本污水贮存单元中产生的主要的温室气体,一、二、三级化粪池排放的温室气体总量中,CH4排放的贡献率分别为95%、96%、95%,控制一、二级化粪池甲烷排放将大幅度减少猪场污水温室气体排放.     

农业土壤中的氧化亚氮排放: 为减排综述时空变化

This short review deals with soils as an important source of the greenhouse gas N2O. The production and consumption of N2O in soils mainly involve biotic processes: the anaerobic process of denitrification and the aerobic process of nitrification. The factors that significantly influence agricultural N2O emissions mainly concern the agricultural practices (N application rate, crop type, fertilizer type) and soil conditions (soil moisture, soil organic C content, soil pH and texture). Large variability of N2O fluxes is known to occur both at different spatial and temporal scales. Currently new techniques could help to improve the capture of the spatial variability. Continuous measurement systems with automatic chambers could also help to capture temporal variability and consequently to improve quantification of N2O emissions by soils. Some attempts for mitigating soil N2O emissions, either by modifying agricultural practices or by managing soil microbial functioning taking into account the origin of the soil N2O emission variability, are reviewed.     

基于MODIS数据的黄河三角洲区域蒸散发量时空分布特征

充分利用遥感手段的快速、准确、大尺度及可视化等优势,对地球表层水量转化过程中最难估算的分量-蒸散发量进行了估算。针对黄河三角洲地理位置特殊、石油生产基地的经济重要性、生态系统水资源压力日益增大等特点,采用理论基础较坚实、区域应用限制小、反演陆面蒸散发量较为合理准确的SEBS（Surface Energy Balance System）模型,基于MODIS数据估算了黄河三角洲区域陆面蒸散发量,分析了陆面蒸散发量的时空分布特征。研究结果表明：研究区年内陆面蒸散发量呈单峰型分布,季节性变化特征显著;陆面蒸散发量的空间分布在一定程度上受人类活动驱动的土地覆盖影响呈现出南高北低的趋势。水分盈亏分析表明：春季、秋季蒸散发相对较强烈,天然水分供给不足,灌溉需求较高,水资源丰枯状况对农业耕作、生态环境影响较大。     

Methane emission from bogs in the subtaiga of Western Siberia: The development of standard model

The methane emission from typical bog landscapes of the West Siberian subtaiga was studied in the summer-autumn of 2007?C2010. The lowest specific fluxes (the median value is 0.08 mg C-CH₄/m² per h) were recorded from ryams (raised bogs with dwarf shrub-sphagnum associations). From the ridges of the ridge-pool complexes, the fluxes were estimated at 0.49 mg C-CH₄/m² per h; from the oligotrophic hollows, eutrophic bogs, floating lake mats, and mesotrophic quaking bogs, they were estimated at 2.68, 3.36, 4.53, and 4.98 mg C-CH₄/m² per h, respectively. The maximal flux was determined from the lakes (the median is 17.98 mg C-CH₄/m² per h). The regional assessment of the methane flux from the bogs of Western Siberia (2.93 Tg C-CH₄/yr) was obtained on the basis of the authors?? and literature data.     

中国自然湿地甲烷排放: 1995-2004年研究总结

From studies undertaken during 1995-2004, annual budgets of CH₄ emissions from natural wetlands and its temporal and spatial variations were examined throughout China, and various factors influencing CH₄ emissions were also evaluated. The seasonal variation in CH₄ emissions that increased with increasing plant growth reached its peak in August;decrease in the emissions was found in freshwater marshes but not in peatlands. Emissions were mainly controlled by temperature and depth of standing water. Low CH₄ emissions at the early plant growing stages were not because of deficiency of organic C for CH₄ production but because of low temperatures. Low temperatures not only reduced CH₄ production but also stimulated CH₄ oxidation by lowering the activity of other aerobic microbes which left more O₂ in the rhizosphere for methanotrophs. Low summer temperatures (below 20 ℃) in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau lowered CH₄ production and CH₄ emission resulting in little or no seasonal variation of emissions. Diel and spatial variation in CH₄ emissions depended on plant species. For plants that transport CH₄ using the pressure-driven convective through-flow mechanism, diel variation in CH₄ emissions was governed by diel variation of solar energy load (that produces temperature and vapor pressure differences within various plant tissues) and stomatal conductance. For plants that transport gases using the molecular diffusion mechanism only, the diel variation of CH₄ emissions was because of differences in the magnitude of O₂ produced through photosynthesis and then delivered into the rhizomes and/or rhizosphere for CH₄ oxidation. Emergent plants could transport more CH₄ than submerged plants because the former transport CH₄ directly into the atmosphere rather than into water as do submerged plants where CH₄ can be further be oxidized during its diffusion from water to the atmosphere. Emergent plants with high gas transport capacity could not only transport more CH₄ into the atmosphere but also live in deeper water, which in turn would inundate more plant litter, resulting in increased availability of C for CH₄ production. Annual CH₄ emission from natural wetlands in China was estimated to be 1.76 Tg, up to 1.17 Tg of which was emitted from freshwater marshes. CH₄ emission from freshwater marshes mainly occurred during the growing season and less than 8% was released during the freeze-thawing period despite the fact that thawing efficiently released CH₄ fixed in ice column into the atmosphere.     

不同时空分辨率遥感数据融合估算冬小麦叶面积指数

高时空分辨率叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)数据能反映作物的长势动态变化,为作物长势评估和产量预测提供有效的生长指标依据。该文综合利用混合像元线性分解与数据同化算法,以高空间分辨率SPOT-5数据反演的LAI修正高时间分辨率HJ-CCD数据反演的LAI序列,生成了覆盖冬小麦主要生育期的高空间分辨率LAI序列,并结合SPOT-5反演的LAI和实测LAI值分析了像元纯度、高空间分辨率遥感数据同化景数对融合效果的影响。结果表明,采用数据融合方法生成的LAI与检验LAI具有较高的一致性,但像元纯度对融合效果影响较大;基于2景SPOT-5影像能够提高LAI序列估测精度,且优于基于1景SPOT-5影像的融合效果。该研究结果可为冬小麦生长监测提供技术支撑。     

Effects of temporal and spatial hunting control in waterbird reserves

Experiments were conducted in two Danish coastal wetland areas to assess the applicability of regulating wildfowling in marsh areas by restricting shooting to a period of the day as an alternative to apply spatial regulation. Teal (Anas crecca) showed a 2-97-fold increase when shore-based shooting was totally banned, compared with years when shore-based shooting was unregulated or diurnally regulated. The same result was found for common snipe (Gallinago gallinago) at its one studied area (15-39-fold increase). Shelduck (Tadorna tadorna), teal and mallard (A. platyrhynchos) spent more time in the zones nearest to the shoreline when shore-based shooting was totally banned than when evening shooting was permitted. It is concluded (1) that disturbance levels were not sufficiently reduced by temporal regulation to prevent teal and snipe from abandoning otherwise attractive staging areas, and (2) that reserves should incorporate adjacent marshes in the non-shooting refuge to ensure high species diversity.     

Quantification of spatial and temporal variations in trace element fluxes originating from urban areas at the catchment scale

Journal of Soils and Sediments - The release of trace elements (TE) associated with the development of human activities has accelerated since the nineteenth century, leading to the pollution of...     

Impact of nitrogen fertilization and tillage practices on nitrous oxide emission from a summer rice ecosystem

ABSTRACT

Identification of the combination of tillage and N fertilization practices that reduce agricultural Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions while maintaining productivity is strongly required in the Indian subcontinent. This study investigated the effects of tillage in combination with different levels of nitrogen fertilizer on N₂O emissions from a rice paddy for two consecutive seasons (2013–2014 and 2014–2015). The experiment consisted of two tillage practices, i.e., conventional (CT) and reduced tillage (RT), and four levels of nitrogen fertilizer, i.e., 0 kg N ha^–1 (F1), 45 kg N ha^–1 (F2), 60 kg N ha^–1 (F3) and 75 kg N ha^–1 (F4). Both tillage and fertilizer rate significantly affected cumulative N₂O emissions (p < 0.05). Fertilizer at 45 and 60 kg N ha^–1 in RT resulted in higher N₂O emissions over than did the CT. Compared with the recommended level of 60 kg N ha^?1, a 25% reduction in the fertilizer to 45 kg N ha^?1 in both CT and RT increased nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and maintained grain yield, resulting in the lowest yield-scaled N₂O-N emission. The application of 45 kg N ha^?1 reduced the cumulative emission by 6.08% and 6% in CT and RT practices, respectively, without compromising productivity.     

Indicator species and the problem of spatial inconsistency in nestedness patterns

The potential as indicators of species richness were investigated for 178 species belonging to six ecologically defined species groups (epiphytic bryophytes on nutrient-rich bark, epiphytic macrolichens on nutrient rich bark, pendant lichens on conifer trees, bryophytes on siliceous rocks, bryophytes on dead conifer wood, and polypore fungi on dead conifer wood), using species data from 0.25 ha plots from three different coniferous forest areas (ca. 200 ha each). A species was defined as a potential indicator species for a species group within a study area if its distribution was statistically significantly nested within the species-plot matrix ranked according to species richness, and if the plot frequency of the species was less than 25%.Only two species were identified as potential indicators within all three areas and on average ≈80% of the potential indicator species were lost from one area to another. The results indicate that inconsistency between areas in the species’ frequency distributions and their position in nested hierarchies may strongly reduce the general predictive power of indicator species of species richness, even if significantly nested patterns are found at the community level. We suggest that indicators related to amount and quality of habitats may be an alternative to lists of indicator species of species richness.     

夏玉米农田N2O排放影响因素的模拟分析

【目的】全球46%~52%的N2O来自农田土壤,农田土壤N2O排放的研究具有重要的环境和经济意义。量化各影响因素对夏玉米农田N2O排放的影响,可为合理减少施肥产生的N2O排放提供依据。【方法】于2012和2013年连续两年进行了夏玉米裂区田间试验。试验主区为作物处理,副区为氮肥处理(0、 150、 300、 450 kg/hm2)。采用暗箱静态法-气相色谱法测定了不同处理N2O的排放通量,比较了不同温度和降雨量条件下不同处理的N2O排放量,计算了气温、 降雨量、 氮肥管理和夏玉米吸收对夏玉米农田N2O排放的影响。【结果】温度及降雨量的变化明显影响N2O的排放。2012年和2013年气温和降雨量对夏玉米生长期间N2O总排放量的影响分别为-0.24和-0.07。随着施氮量的增加,施氮对N2O排放的影响率呈线性增加(R2 = 0.923),施氮量0、 150、 300和450 kg/hm2,对玉米田N2O排放的影响分别为0、 0.38、 1.63、 3.54。夏玉米生长吸收对N2O排放量的平均影响因子为-0.33,年际间差异不显著(P = 0.07)。在苗期、 穗期、 花粒期,夏玉米生长吸收的影响因子分别为-0.57、 -0.29和-0.13,不同生育期的影响因子差异显著(P = 0.0015)。不同施氮量下,气候条件对夏玉米农田N2O排放影响率差异不显著(P 0.05); 不同气温和降雨量,夏玉米生长吸收对N2O排放的影响在同一施氮量下差异不显著(P 0.05),且均随施氮量的增加而减小。【结论】通过量化分析,气候条件对N2O排放的影响与气温和降雨量密切相关,温度升高影响增大,反之则减小,降雨后排放显著增大。施氮对N2O排放的影响随施氮量增加线性增加。夏玉米生长吸收降低了N2O排放,且在不同生育时期的影响差异显著。综合各影响因子,低氮量条件下(≦150 kg/hm2),气候因素和玉米生长对N2O排放的影响较大,高氮量下(≧300 kg/hm2),氮肥的施用是影响N2O排放的主要因子。     

三江平原农田生产力时空特征分析

为了提高农田生产力,该文基于EOS/MODIS卫星2000～2005年的MOD17A3数据集,分析了21世纪初三江平原农田生产力时间动态和空间分异特征。结果显示,2000～2005年三江平原旱田净初级生产力（换算成碳量）平均值为 348.06 g/(m2·a),水田净初级生产力平均值为339.90 g/(m2·a)。2000～2005年三江平原旱田年均净初级生产力下降率为7.2%,水田年平均净初级生产力下降率为9.9%。研究表明,三江平原地区气候变化对农田生产力的下降有一定影响,同时随着该地区人口和经济活动的增加,人类活动对土地利用的加剧,亦导致农田生产力的下降。旱田和水田生产力空间分布与降水分布的相关系数分别为0.177和0.156,表明降水对农田生产力空间差异影响显著。