Methods of analysis for georeferenced sample counts of tarnished plant bugs in cotton

The problem of analyzing georeferenced cotton pest insect samples when a large percentage of the counts are zero is examined. The use of appropriate statistical methods for their analysis is required. To demonstrate this, georeferenced samples (n = 63) of tarnished plant bugs (TPBs; Lygus lineolaris [Palisot de Beauvois] (Heteroptera: Miridae)) were analyzed by three statistical methods and the results were compared. Correlation analysis of the sample counts with 25 classes of cotton growth derived from an unsupervized classification of multispectral imagery was followed by a complete enumeration analysis comprising three scenarios. The first scenario assumed the insect samples were unstratified. A distribution of sample averages was created by complete enumeration of all combinations of samples taken four at a time. The second scenario used imagery of the cotton fields to allocate the samples among three cotton growth categories (marginal, good or best) derived by a supervized classification of the 25 unsupervized classes. The insect samples associated with these categorical habitats were completely enumerated using allocations of 4, 6, 8 or 10 samples at a time from various sample sizes to determine how different allocations affected the results. The mean was not affected, but the standard deviation decreased with increased allocation sizes in all habitats. The third scenario used the two observers and three habitat categories to create six additional complete enumeration distributions by allocating four samples at a time from groups of varying sample sizes. These enumeration distributions are non-parametric estimators of the sampling distribution of: (1) the sample averages of a given sample size when samples are taken from the entire field, (2) the sample averages of a given size when samples are taken from each cotton habitat or (3) the sample averages of a given sample size from samples taken from each habitat by each observer. To support the enumeration analyses, these insect samples were analyzed further by Poisson regression models. These models showed significant differences between TPB counts by the two observers and among the habitats, whereas the observer by habitat interaction was not significant. For every combination of observer and cotton growth category, a Poisson regression model estimated the mean rate of TPB numbers. These means were similar to the corresponding modes of the complete enumeration distributions. The two non-standard methods showed that TPB numbers differed by habitat categories even though there were samples with a zero count, whereas a correlation analysis failed to identify a relationship between TPB sample counts and unsupervized habitat classes.     

苦豆子条带对棉田捕食性天敌发生的影响

【目的】 研究田埂边苦豆子(Sophora alopecuroides L.)条带对棉田内捕食性天敌发生及其控蚜作用的影响,为棉花生产中田埂合理保留保育天敌的功能性杂草、促进棉田天敌保育与害虫自然控制提供科学依据。【方法】 系统调查田边苦豆子条带及棉田天敌与害虫种群,罩笼评价天敌控害功能。【结果】 苦豆子与棉花上捕食性天敌种类基本相同、群落结构相似,苦豆子条带上各类主要捕食性天敌的数量均显著高于棉田。处理棉田(棉田边有苦豆子条带)中瓢虫、草蛉、蜘蛛密度分别为对照棉田(棉田边无杂草)的1.3、3.4和4.5倍,发生高峰期较对照棉田提前一周左右。6月上旬和8月,处理棉田的捕食性天敌和蚜虫之间的益害比显著高于对照棉田。处理棉田捕食性天敌对棉蚜控害指数显著高于对照棉田。【结论】 苦豆子杂草带对有益天敌具有明显保育作用,能促进棉田捕食性天敌的发生与生物控害。     

Spatially variable insecticide applications for early season control of cotton insect pests

Our research has shown that cotton insect pests, specifically tarnished plant bugs, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) (Heteroptera: Miridae) can be controlled early season in commercial cotton fields in Mississippi, USA, using spatially variable insecticide applications. Technology was developed for using GIS-based map scouting and a technique called the line-intercept method for obtaining low-level insect population counts in both rapidly growing areas of cotton and poorer growing areas. Using these population characteristics in combination with heuristic knowledge of the cotton fields and with the GIS maps, a spatially sensitive map could then be developed that could drive a spatially variable insecticide application for the control of the insect pest. We outline the steps needed to develop an automated technology for overcoming the time-sensitive events for early season control of cotton pests. This technology not only includes software systems for processing multispectral images to spatially variable insecticide application maps for spray controllers in the field but also high-speed wireless local area network (WLAN) technology for automated delivery of these controller application maps and for acquisition of as-applied and harvest maps from the field.     

Bt转基因抗虫棉田昆虫群落结构研究

选用3个转Bt基因抗虫棉品种DP99B、20B、1560BG和2个非抗虫棉对照品种鄂杂棉1号、湘杂棉2号,比较研究了不同棉花群体中昆虫群落结构特征。结果表明,在未采取任何防治措施的情况下,3个转Bt基因抗虫棉对棉铃虫种群,尤其是在棉花生育前期有很好的抑制作用;同时对其他鳞翅目害虫种群也有一定控制效果,这使得棉蚜、棉叶蝉、烟粉虱等刺吸式害虫上升为主要害虫。但抗虫棉棉田昆虫群落、害虫亚群落以及天敌亚群落的多样性、均匀性均较对照棉田小,而优势集中性比对照棉田高,反映出抗虫棉棉田昆虫群落结构稳定性较差。相对来说,DP99B和20B抗虫性能较好,其棉田昆虫群落结构也比较稳定。因此,转Bt基因抗虫棉的大面积应用中,除了要关注抗毒性棉铃虫的产生和危害以外,还应特别注意其他可能上升为主要害虫(如棉蚜、棉叶蝉、烟粉虱等)的防治工作。     

夏棉田昆虫群落结构的研究

[目的]为夏棉田害虫治理对策提供科学依据。[方法]采用5点取样法调查取样范围内地面和植株上所有昆虫、螨类等种类和数量,计算昆虫群落的丰富度、优势度指数、均匀度指数和多样性指数,研究该夏棉田昆虫群落的结构。[结果]夏棉田中昆虫群落组成较为丰富,由10目30科43种昆虫组成,丰富度最大值为22,害虫类和天敌类昆虫的相对丰富度分别为80.22%和19.78%。昆虫群落的多样性指数最大值为2.095 1,均匀度最大值为0.738 5,群落的优势集中性指数最大为0.954 4。夏棉田害虫优势种是棉蚜和烟粉虱;天敌优势种为棉蚜蚜茧蜂。[结论]该研究对棉花害虫的可持续治理有重要的指导意义。     

玉米田桃蛀螟幼虫的空间分布型与抽样技术

【目的】桃蛀螟（Conogethes punctiferalis）是重要的农业害虫,近年来在我国黄淮海玉米产区危害日益严重,已成为玉米安全生产的威胁之一。空间分布型是昆虫种群的重要生态属性,研究桃蛀螟幼虫在玉米田的空间分布型,明确其在玉米田的空间分布特征,为桃蛀螟的田间抽样计划制定、预测预报和有效防治提供科学依据。【方法】利用传统统计学（聚集度指标、Taylor幂法则和Iwao回归模型）和地统计学方法研究玉米田桃蛀螟幼虫种群的空间分布型。基于Iwao回归模型确定桃蛀螟幼虫的理论抽样数,通过序贯抽样技术得到不同允许误差（D=0.1、0.2、0.3）和经济阈值（m₀=0.5、1、1.5、2头/株）下的最大理论抽样数。【结果】两种统计学方法的结果均表明桃蛀螟幼虫种群在玉米田的空间分布型属于聚集分布。聚集度指标分析表明桃蛀螟幼虫的分布型为聚集型;Taylor幂法则结果显示桃蛀螟幼虫种群为聚集分布,且聚集强度随种群密度的升高而增加;Iwao回归模型证明桃蛀螟幼虫的空间分布型属于聚集分布,且为一般的负二项分布。根据半方差函数模型参数,确定桃蛀螟幼虫种群的最优拟合模型为球型、指数型和线型,表明空间分布型为聚集型;通过Kriging插值法分析得到桃蛀螟幼虫种群的三维和二维空间分布图,其聚集中心主要分布在田块边缘。基于Iwao回归模型抽样技术明确了桃蛀螟幼虫在置信概率t=2,不同平均密度m=0.5、1、2、3、4、5、10、15时的理论抽样数。进行序贯抽样确定了最大理论抽样数,在t=2,D=0.1、0.2、0.3时,当m₀=0.5头/株,最大理论抽样数分别为3 417、854和380株;当m₀=1头/株,最大理论抽样数分别为1 717、429和191株;当m₀=1.5头/株,最大理论抽样数分别为1 150、287和128株;当m₀=2头/株,最大理论抽样数分别为867、217和96株。【结论】桃蛀螟幼虫种群的空间分布型为聚集分布中的负二项分布,聚集中心主要分布在田块边缘。基于序贯抽样确定的理论最大抽样数可用于指导玉米田桃蛀螟幼虫的监测和防治。     

转Gbve1基因棉对棉田动物群落结构及稳定性影响

【目的】 以亲本棉为对照,研究5组转Gbve1基因棉花株系对棉田生物群落分布以及环境的影响。【方法】 以棉花3叶期为起始日期,采用随机调查法,查看整株棉花所有器官,记录棉株上所见节肢动物的种类及数量。【结果】 转Gbve1基因棉田主要害虫的相对多度除朱砂叶螨、烟粉虱和棉叶蝉 与对照棉田间有显著差异外,其余主要害虫均无显著差异(P>0.05)。不同品系棉田中刺吸式害虫和咀嚼式害虫之间均无显著差异(P>0.05);而转Gbve1基因棉田中物种多样性指数、均匀度指数和优势集中性指数与对照相比均差异不显著(P>0.05);且转基因棉田与对照棉田节肢动物群落存在较高的相似性(0.681 4 ~ 0.820 9)。【结论】 不同品系棉田中主要昆虫群落消长动态显示,除个别品系在个别生育时期、个别昆虫之间存在显著差异,其余与对照相比消长动态均无显著差异,表明转抗黄萎病基因棉花并不影响棉田动物群落的结构和稳定性。     

利用非棉田生境进行棉蚜生态调控初探

[目的]为开发适宜新疆棉区生态控制棉蚜的技术提供基础。[方法]阐述新疆棉区利用非棉田生境生态控制棉蚜的理论依据,分析非棉田生境对棉蚜及其天敌种群动态的影响,提出控制棉蚜的技术措施。[结果]新疆棉区的非棉田生境中有种类较多的植食性昆虫,可作为蚜虫天敌的早期食源,繁殖天敌。非棉田生境如林带、夏熟作物(小麦)、农田边缘区及绿洲内的野生植物是影响棉蚜及其天敌的主要因素。5~6月不同生境中天敌总量的顺序为:麦田>林带>荒滩。[结论]以景观生态学为指导,通过改变非棉田生境的植被组成改变害虫与天敌的相互关系,提高天敌对害虫的控制效能。     

一熟转Bt基因棉田昆虫群落研究

以转Ｂｔ基因棉品系Ｒ９３－４ 为试材,常规棉中棉所１２ 为对照,研究了转Ｂｔ基因棉田昆虫群落的变化。结果表明,转基因棉田昆虫群落、害虫和天敌亚群落的种类丰富度、均匀度和优势集中性均高于常规棉,总个体数、害虫的相对丰盛度和多样性指数均低于常规棉;优势害虫种类的变化较大,棉铃虫已不是转基因棉田的优势害虫,棉蚜、红蜘蛛、叶甲类、棉蓟马等已上升为优势害虫;优势捕食性天敌种类无明显变化,仍为龟纹瓢虫和小花蝽。转基因棉田采取综合防治后昆虫群落和害虫亚群落与常规棉相比有较好的稳定性。     

转Bt基因棉对棉田寄生物非亲和效应的研究

采用分期接虫和分期回收的方法，研究常规棉与转基因棉品种棉铃虫寄生性天敌在不同棉花品种间的寄生作用。结果表明：棉铃虫第2～4代发生期以及卵期和幼虫期，转基因棉品种的棉铃虫卵、幼虫寄生率均显著低于常规棉品种。棉铃虫卵期的寄生蜂主要为拟澳洲赤眼蜂(Tricogramma confisum)，幼虫寄生蜂为棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂(Compoletis chlorideae)等。由此可见转基因棉对棉铃虫寄生性天敌存在非亲和效应。通过对转Bt基因棉国抗22及其亲本泗棉3号棉铃虫不同世代间卵、幼虫寄生率的纵向比较，发现同一品种棉花上不同世代间棉铃虫卵寄生率差异不显著，而幼虫寄生率差异显著。     

转Bt基因抗虫棉田昆虫群落结构的研究

不同类型棉田对比调查分析结果可看出 ,非抗虫棉田比转Bt基因抗虫棉田昆虫群落物种数减少 ,两类棉田昆虫群落中 ,棉蚜、棉蓟马、棉叶螨相对多度较大 ,在食叶蛀桃类害虫中 ,以棉铃虫的个体数量占优势 ,美洲斑潜蝇的个体数量在两类棉田中呈明显上升趋势。两类棉田比较分析主要害虫棉铃虫、棉蚜、棉叶螨的类群相对多度 ,转Bt基因抗虫棉田比非抗虫棉田减少 ,而棉蓟马、棉叶蝉、白飞虱、棉盲蝽类群相对多度增大 ,天敌类群相对多度较大。不同类型棉田昆虫群落结构特征分析结果表明 ,由于棉田施用农药多少不同 ,非抗虫棉田比转Bt基因抗虫棉田物种丰富度有不同程度的减少 ,两类棉田害虫优势度和优势种不完全相同 ,昆虫总群落、害虫亚群落和天敌亚群落多样性指数在时间序列上受外界环境条件影响较大 ,总的表现是转Bt基因抗虫棉田昆虫群落变化较规律 ,多样性指数偏高     

4种不同类型棉田昆虫群落结构的比较

在田间小区研究了转双价基因棉(中棉所41号)对昆虫群落结构与组成的影响。结果表明,转双价 基因棉田昆虫群落的结构与转Bt基因棉田和常规棉田无明显差异,但与常规棉常规施药田差异显著;转双价基因 棉田昆虫群落的物种数(50种)与常规棉田(50种)和转Bt基因棉田(53种)无明显差异,但均明显高于常规棉常规 施药田(44种);转双价基因棉田昆虫群落的个体总数和相对丰盛度与其他棉田无明显差异;转双价基因棉和转Bt 基因棉对昆虫群落物种数的时空动态无明显影响,而常规药物防治对棉田物种数的时空动态分布影响较大;棉铃 虫已不是转双价基因棉田和转Bt基因棉田的优势害虫,但仍然是常规棉田和常规棉常规施药田的优势害虫。     

应用佳多诱虫灯进行室外昆虫群落调查

利用佳多诱虫灯对菜田与棉田室外昆虫群落结构做了初步的研究,并利用丰富度(S)、优势度(B)、SHANNON指数(H’)、均匀度(E)4个指标和种—多度对数正态分布模型参数对两个灯下昆虫群落的结构进行了对比分析。结果表明棉田灯下昆虫群落中小型趋光性害虫葱蓟马被大量诱捕,该群落优势种突出,优势度较高。佳多诱虫灯是室外害虫调查和物理防治的有用工具。     

安徽省转Bt基因棉田主要害虫发生动态

连续多年在安徽沿江棉区和淮北棉区对转Bt基因棉田及常规棉田主要害虫和天敌开展系统调查.结果表明,转Bt基因棉田主要害虫及天敌的发生期与常规棉田一致,但发生量和发生程度差异较大,其中靶标害虫棉铃虫的危害显著减轻,红铃虫、棉蚜继续维持轻发态势,斜纹夜蛾、盲蝽象、棉蓟马的危害趋重,棉花叶螨的发生量与常规棉田的差异较小.     

栽培模式与施氮量对棉田节肢动物群落结构及稳定性的影响

【目的】 分别在长江下游沿海棉区(大丰) 和沿江棉区(南京),以早熟常规棉中棉所50号为材料,研究不同栽培模式和施氮量双因素对棉田节肢动物群落结构及稳定性的影响。【方法】 直播棉田以棉花3叶期为起始日期,移栽棉田以移栽后第3 d为起始日期,采用随机调查法,调查整株棉花所有器官,记录棉株上节肢动物的种类及数量。【结果】 栽培措施对棉田天敌亚群落个体数及益害比作用显著,且趋势一致,移栽棉田更有利于天敌发生,益害比更高,不同施氮量对棉田昆虫无明显影响。棉田中主要是棉蚜、烟粉虱、绿盲蝽和花蓟马等刺吸式害虫,主要天敌草蛉、蜘蛛和瓢虫。棉蚜、朱砂叶螨、花蓟马、烟粉虱和绿盲蝽在8月中下旬和9月上中旬发生数量较集中,其中直播棉田棉蚜、朱砂叶螨发生数量相对较多,移栽棉田花蓟马和绿盲蝽发生量相对较多,不增施氮肥棉田花蓟马发生数量相对较多,烟粉虱在棉田间均有发生,且数量较多。草蛉在8月下旬和9月上中旬发生数量大。6月下旬和7月上中旬蜘蛛和瓢虫发生数量大。其中移栽棉田蜘蛛和瓢虫发生量相对较多,增施氮肥棉田草蛉和瓢虫发生数量相对较多。害虫亚群落在南京移N₀棉田中多样性指数和均匀度指数显著高于直N₀棉田,优势集中性指数则相反;天敌亚群落在大丰移N₁₀棉田多样性指数和均匀度指数显著高于直N₀棉田,优势集中性指数则相反。【结论】 棉田昆虫消长动态及发生量因栽培措施和施氮量不同而略有差异。害虫亚群落在移栽方式且不施氮肥的棉田中群落稳定性最高,而天敌亚群落在移栽且增施氮肥的棉田中稳定性最高。节肢动物群落稳定性在各处理间无显著差异。     

杏棉间作对棉花害虫与捕食性天敌的影响

[目的]比较单作棉田、杏棉间作棉田(东西)和杏棉间作棉田(南北)棉花害虫及捕食性天敌的发生动态.[方法]2008～2009年5月中旬～8月中旬定期系统调查各类棉田节肢动物数量,每7 d调查1次,调查全株节肢动物种类和数量.[结果]杏棉间作棉田牧草盲蝽和棉叶螨发生量轻于单作棉田.棉蚜(Aphis gossypii G)中度发生时(2008年),单作棉田棉蚜发生量显著性高于杏棉间作棉田;棉蚜轻度发生时(2009年),三类田无差异.杏棉间作对棉蓟马(Thrips tabacci L.)发生量影响不大.棉蚜轻度发生年份(2009年),间作田和单作棉田棉蚜发生量无显著差异,但间作田瓢虫和食虫蝽较多;棉蚜中度发生年份(2008年),单作棉田由于棉蚜数量较多,瓢虫和食虫蝽也较多.2 a中间作田棉花上的蜘蛛数量均多于单作棉田.杏树走向对棉叶螨的发生有影响作用,棉间杏田(南北)棉叶螨量高于棉间杏田(东西),但对棉蚜、牧草盲蝽和棉蓟马发生量影响不大.[结论]杏棉间作不利于棉花上牧草盲蝽(Lygus pratensis L.)和棉叶螨(Tetrangchus urticae K)的发生.棉田瓢虫和食虫蝽天敌受间作和棉蚜发生量的双重影响.间作有利于蜘蛛数量的增加.     

Spider Mite Detection and Canopy Component Mapping in Cotton Using Hyperspectral Imagery and Spectral Mixture Analysis

Spectral mixture analysis and hyperspectral remote sensing are analytical and hardware tools new to precision agriculture. They can allow detection and identification of various crop stresses and other plant and canopy characteristics through analysis of their spectral signatures. One stressor in cotton, the strawberry spider mite (Tetranychus turkestani U.N.), feeds on plants causing leaf puckering and reddish discoloration in early stages of infestation and leaf drop later. To determine the feasibility of detecting the damage caused by this pest at the field level, AVIRIS imagery was collected from USDA-ARS cotton research fields at Shafter, CA on 4 dates in 1999. Additionally, cotton plants and soil were imaged in situ in 10 nm increments from 450 to 1050 nm with a liquid-crystal tunable-filter camera system. Mite-damaged areas on leaves, healthy leaves, tilled shaded soil, and tilled sunlit soil were chosen as reference endmembers and used in a constrained linear spectral mixture analysis to unmix the AVIRIS data producing fractional abundance maps. The procedure successfully distinguished between adjacent mite-free and mite-infested cotton fields although shading due to sun angle differences between dates was a complicating factor. The resulting healthy plant, soil, mite-damaged, and shade fraction maps showed the distribution and relative abundance of these endmembers in the fields. These hardware and software technologies can identify the location, spatial extent, and severity of crop stresses for use in precision agriculture.     

塔里木河中游不同生境胡杨种群的结构特征分析

应用“相邻格子法”对塔里木河中游不同生境胡杨种群进行调查,研究不同生境胡杨种群径级结构和空间分布格局。结果表明:1）不同生境下胡杨径阶结构不同,河漫滩生境胡杨幼苗充足,为增长型种群;过渡地带各径阶分布合理,为稳定型种群;而沙地生境径阶≤16 cm的胡杨种群未出现,为衰退型种群。2）河漫滩以及过渡地带生境胡杨种群在5种空间尺度下均处于集群分布;沙地生境总体为随机分布。3种生境下胡杨种群均在5 m×5 m的尺度有较强的聚集性。3）河漫滩、过渡带生境下各个发育阶段均为集群分布,沙地生境随着发育进程,空间分布由聚集分布向随机分布转化。     

农业景观格局与麦蚜密度对其初寄生蜂与重寄生蜂种群及寄生率的影响

农业景观格局与过程能够强烈影响寄生蜂对寄主的寻找及寄生作用,寄主密度亦是影响寄生蜂分布的重要因素,然而农业景观的格局和寄主密度对寄生蜂寄生率的相互影响是一项值得研究的工作。在简单与复杂2种麦田农业景观结构下,调查了麦蚜的分布格局与2种寄主密度下麦蚜的初寄生率与重寄生率,分析了景观结构对麦蚜密度的影响、景观格局与麦蚜密度对寄生蜂寄生率与重寄生率的影响及交互作用。结果表明:景观结构的复杂性对麦蚜分布和寄生蜂初寄生率与重寄生率的影响均不明显,但寄主密度与景观结构的复杂性对寄生蜂的影响存在着明显的交互作用,寄主密度与寄生率呈正相关,寄主密度较低时烟蚜茧蜂为优势种,寄主密度较高时燕麦蚜茧蜂为优势种。麦蚜初寄生蜂与重寄生蜂对寄主密度的反应与其形态学、体型大小以及生活史特征相关,初寄生蜂与重寄生蜂的群落组成显著影响其对麦蚜的寄生率,而与景观结构的复杂性关系不大。     

Spatio-temporal population dynamics and area-wide delineation of Bactrocera oleae monitoring zones using multi-variate geostatistics

Area-wide integrated pest management requires an understanding of insect population dynamics and definition of suitable techniques to quantify spatio-temporal variability to make better pest management decisions. However, the viability of area-wide integrated pest management has often been questioned because of the high monitoring costs. The present study aimed to: (i) analyse the spatial and temporal dynamics of the olive fruit fly over a large olive growing area (Ormylia, Greece), and (ii) define a methodology to determine monitoring zones to optimize the monitoring effort over space and time in area-wide integrated pest management programmes. Data from an olive fruit fly monitoring network based on McPhail traps were utilized. The multi-variate spatial (elevation) and temporal (6 periods) data of olive fruit fly population density were analysed by principal component analysis, co-kriging and factor kriging to produce thematic maps and to delineate monitoring zones. Olive fruit fly density was spatially correlated from 200 to 4?000?m. The spatial pattern changed over the monitoring season. Areas with high density of olive fruit flies shifted from high altitudes in summer to lower altitudes towards autumn. Three recommended levels of monitoring intensity were defined, thus delineating homogeneous monitoring zones for summer (July to September) and October. It was concluded that delineating monitoring zones through multi-variate geostatistics is a suitable approach for optimising the monitoring effort, because population density distribution is spatially structured over large areas and changes over time.