镉对鲤血清促性腺激素和生长激素的影响

采用ＣｄＣｌ２浸没法处理鲤，研究镉对鲤血清促性腺激素（ＧｔＨ）和生长激素（ＧＨ）水平的影响，结果表明，较镐浓度镉（ＣｄＣｌ２９ｍｇ／Ｌ）处理引起血清ＧｔＨ水平降低，ＧＨ水平升高，提高水中钙浓度，能使由镉引起的ＧｔＨ水平的降低恢得取正常水平，并对镉引起的ＧＨ水平升高起延迟作用，镉处理使鲤对ＬＨＲＨ－Ａ刺激ＧｔＨ分泌的反应性下降，提高水中钙浓度也不能恢复正常，实验结果提示，镉引起的ＧｔＨ和ＧＨ的变化可     

Magnesium status in freshwater fish,common carp (Cyprinus carpio,L.) and the dietary protein-magnesium interaction

Common carp juveniles were fed for 9 weeks one of the eight semipurified diets containing graded levels of magnesium, 0.08, 0.6, 1.1, 3, 2 g Mg kg^–1 and 25 or 44% protein.Fish growth and feed utilization were significantly affected by both Mg and protein levels in the diets. Significant interaction between these two studied variables existed in relation to the fish performance as well as to mean deposition rate of several minerals in common carp body. The fish fed diets containing 0.08 g Mg kg^–1 had reduced growth and developed deficiency signs such as muscle flaccidity and skin hemorrhages.Results indicated that a minimum Mg level of 0.6 g Mg kg^–1 was required to elevate plasma and bone magnesium content and to reduce the whole body Ca concentration (hypercalcinosis symptom). Further increase of dietary Mg up to 3.2 g Mg kg^–1 improved growth rate of fish insignificantly, but the deposition rate of dietary Mg fell to as low as 7.4 and 10.7 percent in low- and high-protein diet fed fish, respectively. In Mg-deficient fish, considerable amount of magnesium was absorbed via extra-oral routes, however, this way of the covering magnesium need becomes insufficient in fast growing fish.     

Effects of compost manure on the body burden of cadmium and growth of common carp, Cyprinus carpio (L.)

One-hundred-and-eighty-day bioassays were made in outdoor cement tanks (volume 300 L) with common carp, Cyprinus carpio (L.), exposed to eight different treatments, each with three replicates. Four treatments contained 2.5 mg L^?1 cadmium (Cd): Cd alone; Cd with 6.7 g L^?1 of compost manure made from the freshwater macrophyte Pistia stratiotes (L.); Cd with 1.0 g L^?1 of the same manure; and Cd with a cumulative treatment of the manure (1.0 g L^?1 month^?1). Four treatments contained no Cd: the control (without manure); and treatments with only manure (6.7 g L^?1,1.0 g L^?1 and 1.0 g L^?1 month^?1). The concentration of dissolved (filterable) Cd in water ranged from 0.74 to 0.89 mg L^?1 after 24 h (one day) of treatment. The addition of compost manure significantly reduced the Cd concentration of the water and induced a quicker removal of Cd from the water. The quickest removal of Cd from water (60 days) was found when a high dose of compost manure (6.7 g L^?1) was added. The cumulative (monthly) treatment and the one-time treatment of the manure at a low dose (1.0 g L^?1) required 75 and 90 days, respectively, for removal of Cd, while the metal persisted for up to 120 days in water when no manure was added. All doses of compost manure significantly reduced the bioaccumulation of Cd in plankton, but maximum reduction was found under cumulative treatment at a low dose of the manure. A single treatment at a high dose or cumulative treatment at a low dose of the manure helped in reducing the total body burden of Cd. A dose of 2.5 mg L^?1 Cd did not show any adverse effect on the growth of fish, but compost manure, irrespective of its dose and combination with Cd, markedly increased the growth of fish and primary productivity of water. On the other hand, a high dose of manure resulted in much higher levels of NH₃-N, N0₂-N and P0₄-P in the water in comparison with other treatments     

Intensive polyculture of common carp,Cyprinus carpio L., silver carp,Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Val.) and black buffalo,Ictiobus niger (Raf.)

Intensive polyculture was carried out with common carp, silver carp and black buffalo fed a mixture of 60% pellets (with protein level of 25%) and 40% barley, along with mineral and organic fertilization. Two stocking patterns were tested. From pattern I, in pond 1 (total stocking density 4600 fish/ha), the yield of fish after 180 days was 3538 kg/ha, with standard weight (above 500 g), at a food conversion ratio of 2.36. From pattern II, in pond 2 (total stocking density 9200 fish/ha), the respective figures were 5022 kg/ha and 2.56.An economic comparison of several polyculture trials showed that buffalo fish (bigmouth and black) at a stocking rate of 2000 fish/ha, grown with common carp (2500 fish/ha) and silver carp (1200–1500 fish/ha), gave the best breeding and economic results (a profit of 962 levs/ha or 0.27 lev/kg). The buffalo fish have excellent organoleptic properties and are considered a delicacy favoured on the Bulgarian market.     

A calcified fibroma in the common carp, Cyprinus carpio L.

Abstract. A large tegumental tumour was observed in a common carp from the pool of the Jardin des Plantes, Montpellier. The tumour was a fibroma characterized by centripetal fibrogenesis and intense calcification of the central region.     

Cryopreservation of sperm of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L.

Milt of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. was cryopreserved in pellet form with the use of 12 extenders. Most efficient were: BE2 original extender (containing 85 mM NaCl, 50 mM KCl, 3 mm CaCl₂, 1 mm MgCl₂ with 10% dimethyl-acetamide (DMA) and 10% addition of hen's egg yolk) and Kurokura et al.'s extender with 15% DMA and 10% yolk (about 73% and 69% of eyed eggs, about 61% and 52% of swim-up larvae, respectively). Within the most effective treatments, survival from the eyed-egg stage to the swim-up stage was similar to that observed in the control group. Survival from the eyed-egg stage to the swim-up stage (percentage of eyed eggs was considered as 100%) was highly significantly and positively correlated with the actual rate of swim-up larvae.     

Immunomodulatory effect of cimetidine in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

The main indication of cimetidine is being H₂-receptor antagonist, but studies suggest that cimetidine may also act as a non-specific stimulant of cell-mediated immunity and immunomodulator. In order to determine the immunomodulatory effect of dietary intake of cimetidine in the common carp (100 ± 10 g), subjects were fed diets containing 0 (control), 50, 100 and 200 mg cimetidine kg^?1 of dry diet for a period of 6 weeks. TLC and NBT assays were significantly (P < 0.05) stimulated in cimetidine-supplemented groups displaying the highest value in 200 mg kg^?1 group. A decrease (P < 0.05) in cortisol and ACH50 value was recorded in fish treated with cimetidine. Serum protein, albumin and serum globulin levels were not significantly changed. The findings of the present investigation suggest that the incorporation of cimetidine in the diet of common carp enhances the non-specific immunity.     

Influence of nutrition on the lipid quality of pond fish: common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and tench (Tinca tinca)

Like marine fish freshwater fish are an important source of essential fatty acids for human nutrition. However, the fatty acid composition of pond fish can vary considerably and strongly depends on that of the ingested food. Investigations on the fatty acid composition of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and tench (Tinca tinca) have shown that different methods of rearing and feeding cause substantial variations in the proportions of the n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of these fish species. Carp reared on the basis of natural food in ponds exhibit high contents of n-6 as well as n-3 fatty acids in their muscle triacylglycerols. On the other hand carp fed supplementary wheat in ponds resulted in somewhat lower levels of these essential fatty acids. High amounts of n-3 fatty acids can be found in carp fed high-energy diets containing high levels of fish oil. Analogous results were obtained in experiments with tench reared under different nutritional conditions. While rearing on the basis of only natural food in ponds as well as feeding supplementary wheat yielded in similar levels of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, higher contents of n-3 fatty acids were recorded in tench fed pellets. High levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in foodstuffs have positive effects on human health. Experiments with different cultured fish species proved that the fatty acid composition of the edible parts can be influenced by the diet. Therefore, a finishing diet with a suitable fatty acid profile can be used to improve the nutritional quality of fish products of farmed origin.     

鲤与生长性状相关的EST-SSRs标记筛选

以大头鲤(Cyprinus pellegrini Tchang)(母本)与荷包红鲤(Cyprinus carpio wuyuanensis)抗寒品系(父本)杂交产生的F1作为亲本,以其自交F2作为分离群体,结合"拟测交"策略,用EST-SSRs标记对其中92个个体进行基因型检测.利用Windows Map Manager 2.0的标记回归法对符合拟测交分离的70个EST-SSRs标记进行单标记回归分析,检测出8个与鲤体长、体高、体厚性状相关的标记.对同一标记不同基因型个体间生长性状进行显著性比较,通过t检验,找到与生长性状相关的基因型.将上述8个EST序列与GenBank数据库进行BLAST比对,有3条EST序列与蛋白库中已知功能的序列高度同源.其中HLJE225与编码斑马鱼(J9enio rerio)冷诱导基因RNA结合蛋白的基因同源性水平高达97%,HLJE222与编码斑马鱼DAZ相关蛋白1基因同源性水平也高达97%,HLJE599与编码斑点叉尾鲴(Ictalurus punctatus)核糖体蛋白L6基因的同源水平为87%.本研究鉴定的与鲤生长性状相关的功能基因及有利用价值的基因型,为鲤重要生长性状的QTL(数量性状基闪座)定位和分子标记辅助育种提供了一定的依据.[中国水产科学,2009,16(1):15-22]     

Effects of Quillaja saponins on growth,feed efficiency,digestive enzyme activities and metabolism of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L)

Common carp were fed diets containing various levels of Quillaja saponins (QS) (0, 150, 300 and 450 mg kg^?1 dry diet) in a completely computerized respirometric system for 4 weeks. Fish fed diets containing QS exhibited significantly higher ABW and specific growth rate than did those fed the control diet; those fed diets containing QS 150 grew fastest but were not significantly different from those fed diets with QS 300 and QS 00450. All the utilization efficiency indices, namely food conversion efficiency (FCE), protein productive value and PG were increased by QS supplementation. There were no significant differences in the average routine metabolic rate between treatments, indicating that dietary QS at the levels tested were not toxic to the carp. Increases in amylase and trypsin specific activities were observed at QS 300 and QS 450. Enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism such as G6PDH, 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and pyruvate kinase were not significantly affected by dietary QS. Activities of the aerobic enzyme Cox and to a limited extent that of the anaerobic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase were significantly increased by dietary QS but the net effect was a shift towards aerobic metabolism, indicating absence of stress and favouring the anabolic processes. Thus, Quillaja saponin was beneficial as a feed supplement in the common carp.     

Genetic characterization of wild Dutch common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Six male carp, caught in the water system surrounding the Anna Paulowna (AP) Polder in The Netherlands, were characterized using allozyme and microsatellite markers. At the sMDH‐A1,2* loci an allele was found, which has previously only been found in wild River Rhine and wild Vietnamese common carp. Microsatellite allele frequencies showed that these AP carp were significantly different from a group of carp originating from several different domesticated strains. Based on both allozyme and microsatellite data, the AP carp probably originated from a wild or feral self‐sustaining population.     

Integrative approach of histopathology and histomorphometry of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) organs as a marker of general fish health state in pond culture

The semi‐intensive system of common carp monoculture in earthen ponds is currently the most practiced fish rearing system in several countries in Eastern Europe. This system is based on the addition of supplemented feed to ponds to achieve faster growth. In this study, the general state of the fish health was monitored when three different types of feeds were used: grain cereals (CF), commercial pelleted feed and extruded feed. The markers used were: (i) the histopathological index (HP) of the main organs: gills, liver and kidney; and (ii) the histomorphometric parameters of the hepatocytes and enterocytes to assess the state of the digestive system in fish fed different types of supplemented feed. At the end of the experiment, the fish were in good health, since irreversible lesions were not noticed to a greater extent in any of the fish organs. There were also no other severe lesions present. However, the results showed differences in the HP indices of the liver and gills, as well as the total HP index, indicating a better health status of the fish in the CF group. The histomorphometric results showed larger cytoplasmic areas of hepatocytes in fish fed CF, which is attributed to glycogen accumulation and higher numbers of goblet cells in the distal intestines of fish fed compound feeds. This can be attributed to slight inflammation.     

Effects of juniper berry oil on growth performance and blood parameters in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

In this study the effects of commercial juniper berry oil (JBO) as a feed additive in diets for common carp (Cyprinus carpio) was investigated in terms of growth performance, feed utilization and blood parameters. The experimental diets were prepared to contain JBO at rate of 0 (JBO‐0), 5 (JBO‐5) and 10 (JBO‐10) ml/kg. Common carps (3.07 ± 0.15 g) were fed with test diets for a period of 60 days in 40‐L aquariums of triplicate groups. The feeding experiment revealed that JBO groups showed significantly better growth performance and feed utilization compared with the control group (JBO‐0) (p < 0.05). No significant effect was observed on hemoglobin amount, haematocrit ratio and consequential erythrocyte indices (p > 0.05). In the JBO groups, serum cholesterol, triglyceride, glutamic–pyruvic transaminase and alkaline phosphatase levels decreased significantly (p < 0.05). In contrast, the total protein level showed a significant increase, while glucose, albumin and lactate dehydrogenase levels did not present any significant variation (p > 0.05). Therefore, dietary addition of 5 ml/kg JBO promoted fish growth and positively influenced the blood parameters in common carps.     

Effect of supplemental phytase on growth, phosphorus digestibility and bone mineralization of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L)

The effect of dietary phytase on phosphorus (P) digestibility, growth, bone mineralization and plasma P of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) was investigated. Five diets, D0, DP, PHYT1, PHYT2 and PHYT4, were used. D0 contained no supplement. DP was supplemented with 2.6 g P (Na₂HPO₄× 2H₂O) kg⁻¹. PHYT1, PHYT2 and PHYT4 comprised 1000, 2000 and 4000 U phytase [Ronozyme P (CT)] kg⁻¹. D0, PHYT1, PHYT2, PHYT4 had average of 7.95 g P kg⁻¹; DP contained 10.3 g P kg⁻¹. After 126 days of feeding, fish grew from 115 to 347 g (D0), 583.7 g (DP), 352.6 g (PHYT1), 393.3 g (PHYT2) and 406.4 g (PHYT4). Addition of phytase significantly increased daily feed intake, but only led to a marginal improvement in the weight gain, SGR and FCR of fish fed PHYT2 and PHYT4 compared with fish fed D0. Fish fed DP showed the best (P<0.05) growth performances. Fish fed DP and PHYT4 significantly digested dietary P more than the fish fed D0. Fish fed D0, PHYT1, PHYT2 and PHYT4 retained higher (P<0.05) Zn in their bones than fish fed DP. However, there was no further effect on bone mineralization. Plasma P scarcely improved by between 14% and 26% in fish fed PHYT2 and PHYT4 relative to fish fed D0. P concentration of the faeces was reduced by about 9–22% in fish fed PHYT1 and PHYT4 compared with fish fed D0.     

氧化鱼油对鲤抗应激能力的影响

在半纯化饲料中分别加入３％新鲜鱼油（ＰＯＶ１．２８ｍｅｑ／ｋｇ）和ＰＯＶ分别为５９．２８、１１８．７９和１８９．３７ｍｅｑ／ｋｇ的氧化鱼油,投喂体重１００ｇ左右２龄鱼种,１５周后进行抗应激试验,结果：氧化鱼油可导致鲁白细胞吞噬活性增强（Ｐ〈０．０５）,说明鲁非特异性的细胞免疫应答水平提高,处于应激状态,病原应激和运输应激实验结果证实,长期处于应激状态的鲤,其抗应激能力减弱。     

The effect of stocking different ratios of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., and tilapias in polyculture ponds on production characteristics and profitability

Production characteristics and profitability of three carp-tilapia stocking ratios (1:1, 1:2 and 1:5) were compared in a semi-intensive polyculture system. The. experiment was carried out at the same total stocking density of 1 fish m², in nine 1000-m² earthen ponds. Common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., and a tilapia hybrid, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) x 0. aureus (Steindachner), were stocked at a joint density of 900 fish per pond, while grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Cuvier & Valenciennes), and silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes), were each stocked at 50 fish per pond in all treatments. Mean harvested weights of both common carp and the tilapia hybrid were markedly decreased upon the increase in density of their own species. Survival of all four species was over 80% in all three carp-tilapia stocking ratios. The differences in relative profitability of the three carp-tilapia stocking ratios did not exceed 10% on the basis of 1991 prices. However, based on 1994 prices, relative profitability of the 1:2, and particularly, the 1:5 carp-tilapia stocking ratio were 35% and 41% higher than the 1:1 ratio, respectively. This was because of the increase in the price of large carp and tilapia of all sizes, and a decreases in the price of small carp.     

Testing of performance in common carp Cyprinus carpio L. under pond husbandry conditions I: top-crossing with Northern mirror carp

Performance tests of Northern mirror carp (M72) and three different crossbreds were conducted in semi‐intensive pond conditions from the larval stage up to market size. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible utilization of new hybrid combinations (M72 × PL – Poho?elice mirror carp) and (M72 × Dor – Israeli mirror carp), and to compare them with a hybrid widely reared as a commercial product (M72 × M2 – Hungarian mirror carp) and with M72 purebred. The testing model was derived from similar studies carried out in the conditions of the Czech Republic, where an internal control of different scale cover is used to eliminate all non‐genetic effects. ancova revealed at market size significantly better growth in M72 × Dor (1 619±28.3 g; LS mean±SE) and M72 × PL (1475±29.8 g) compared with M72 (1278±26.3 g). Survival during the test of 3 years duration was significantly the best in the M72 × Dor hybrid as were the dressing out parameters measured at market size, even if these were significantly different only in proportion of fillets with skin (39.1±0.28%). Interestingly, the crossbred M72 × M2 commonly used by Czech fishermen showed for both, growth (1371±26.2 g) and survival, the lowest values among crossbreds and with regard to dressing out parameters mostly among all tested groups.     

Anaesthetic properties of Propiscin (Etomidaat) and 2-phenoxyethanol in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), neural and behavioural measures

The objective of the study was to evaluate the anaesthetic effects of Propiscin (2% etomidate) and 2-phenoxyethanol on common carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.) by observing neural and behavioural measures. When exposed to the anaesthetic agent, the carp lost equilibrium after approximately 90 s of exposure. They did not breathe and the controls did not respond to tail pinch or prick or 6 V at the skin of the upper jaw. A shift to lower frequencies on the electroencephalogram (EEG) and computing fast Fourier transformation was observed when exposed to water containing Propiscin or 2-phenoxyethanol. Heart rate was reduced after placement in the water containing an anaesthetic agent. It may be concluded from our results that common carp were immobilized and sedated, when exposed to water containing 2 mL L⁻¹ Propiscin and immobilized and anaesthetized in water containing 0.5 mL L⁻¹ 2-phenoxyethanol. In addition, the use of EEG provides for a sound assessment of exposure of carp to these anaesthetics.     

Effects of microcystin-containing cyanobacterial extract on hematological and biochemical parameters of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

The aim of the study was to assess the effects of a cyanobacterial extract containing microcystins (MCs) on selected hematological and biochemical parameters in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), as well as to determine the accumulation of toxins in fish tissues. The fish were immersed for 5 days in water containing toxins at a final concentration of 12 μg/L of microcystin LR equivalent. Microcystin LR residues were detected in fish liver, reaching 207, 238 and 260 ng/g f.w. of the tissues taken 24 h, 72 h and 5 days after the end of intoxication, respectively. The most substantial changes were found in fish plasma, including increases in creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, ammonia, glucose, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels. A decline of about 50% in lysozyme activity was observed by the end of the experimental period. Moreover, a marked increase in ceruloplasmin activity was detected 24 h after the end of intoxication with a subsequent decrease in its activity after 72 h and 5 days. This study concludes that not only consumption of food containing toxins but also MCs dissolved in water may pose a threat to fish health. Additionally, detected changes in lysozyme and ceruloplasmin activity may have distinct effects in fish resistance against pathogens or oxidative stress, which should be taken into account in the future studies.