Impacts of soil faunal community composition on model grassland ecosystems

Human impacts, including global change, may alter the composition of soil faunal communities, but consequences for ecosystem functioning are poorly understood. We constructed model grassland systems in the Ecotron controlled environment facility and manipulated soil community composition through assemblages of different animal body sizes. Plant community composition, microbial and root biomass, decomposition rate, and mycorrhizal colonization were all markedly affected. However, two key ecosystem processes, aboveground net primary productivity and net ecosystem productivity, were surprisingly resistant to these changes. We hypothesize that positive and negative faunal-mediated effects in soil communities cancel each other out, causing no net ecosystem effects.     

Impacts of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide on model terrestrial ecosystems

In model terrestrial ecosystems maintained for three plant generations at elevated concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide, increases in photosynthetically fixed carbon were allocated below ground, raising concentrations of dissolved organic carbon in soil. These effects were then transmitted up the decomposer food chain. Soil microbial biomass was unaffected, but the composition of soil fungal species changed, with increases in rates of cellulose decomposition. There were also changes in the abundance and species composition of Collembola, fungal-feeding arthropods. These results have implications for long-term feedback processes in soil ecosystems that are subject to rising global atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations.     

A global map of human impact on marine ecosystems

The management and conservation of the world's oceans require synthesis of spatial data on the distribution and intensity of human activities and the overlap of their impacts on marine ecosystems. We developed an ecosystem-specific, multiscale spatial model to synthesize 17 global data sets of anthropogenic drivers of ecological change for 20 marine ecosystems. Our analysis indicates that no area is unaffected by human influence and that a large fraction (41%) is strongly affected by multiple drivers. However, large areas of relatively little human impact remain, particularly near the poles. The analytical process and resulting maps provide flexible tools for regional and global efforts to allocate conservation resources; to implement ecosystem-based management; and to inform marine spatial planning, education, and basic research.     

我国海洋渔业安全生产状况分析

搜集了国内外有关海洋渔业安全生产事故的资料,结合实地的调查,从事故的数量、类型等方面分析了目前我国的海洋渔业安全生产事故状况,并通过与国内其他行业、国外同行业的比较,认为目前我国海洋渔业安全生产形势严峻,渔民死亡率较高,主要原因有:渔民的总体素质下降;渔船的适航状态差;渔港状况与安全生产现状不相符;渔场范围缩小;管理体制和手段落后、管理力量不足;资源恶化;数据统计不完全、不统一等。最后对如何改善海洋渔业安全生产状况提出了几个建议:(1)完善渔业安全法律法规体系;(2)优化渔民结构;(3)提高渔船质量;(4)加强渔港的监督管理与建设;(5)加强渔业事故的统计与分析;(6)建立合理高效的救援体系。     

Spreading dead zones and consequences for marine ecosystems

Dead zones in the coastal oceans have spread exponentially since the 1960s and have serious consequences for ecosystem functioning. The formation of dead zones has been exacerbated by the increase in primary production and consequent worldwide coastal eutrophication fueled by riverine runoff of fertilizers and the burning of fossil fuels. Enhanced primary production results in an accumulation of particulate organic matter, which encourages microbial activity and the consumption of dissolved oxygen in bottom waters. Dead zones have now been reported from more than 400 systems, affecting a total area of more than 245,000 square kilometers, and are probably a key stressor on marine ecosystems.     

我国海洋渔业安全生产状况分析

搜集了国内外有关海洋渔业安全生产事故的资料,结合实地的调查,从事故的数量、类型等方面分析了目前我国的海洋渔业安全生产事故状况,并通过与国内其他行业、国外同行业的比较,认为目前我国海洋渔业安全生产形势严峻,渔民死亡率较高,主要原因有:渔民的总体素质下降;渔船的适航状态差;渔港状况与安全生产现状不相符;渔场范围缩小;管理体制和手段落后、管理力量不足;资源恶化;数据统计不完全、不统一等。最后对如何改善海洋渔业安全生产状况提出了几个建议:(1)完善渔业安全法律法规体系;(2)优化渔民结构;(3)提高渔船质量;(4)加强渔港的监督管理与建设;(5)加强渔业事故的统计与分析;(6)建立合理高效的救援体系。     

Abundance distributions imply elevated complexity of post-Paleozoic marine ecosystems

Likelihood analyses of 1176 fossil assemblages of marine organisms from Phanerozoic (i.e., Cambrian to Recent) assemblages indicate a shift in typical relative-abundance distributions after the Paleozoic. Ecological theory associated with these abundance distributions implies that complex ecosystems are far more common among Meso-Cenozoic assemblages than among the Paleozoic assemblages that preceded them. This transition coincides not with any major change in the way fossils are preserved or collected but with a shift from communities dominated by sessile epifaunal suspension feeders to communities with elevated diversities of mobile and infaunal taxa. This suggests that the end-Permian extinction permanently altered prevailing marine ecosystem structure and precipitated high levels of ecological complexity and alpha diversity in the Meso-Cenozoic.     

Comment on "A global map of human impact on marine ecosystems"

Halpern et al. (Reports, 15 February 2008, p. 948) integrated spatial data on 17 drivers of change in the oceans to map the global distribution of human impact. Although fishery catches are a dominant driver, the data reflect activity while impacts occur at different space and time scales. Failure to account for this spatial disconnection could lead to potentially misleading conclusions.     

我国南海区海洋捕捞现状分析

利用《中国渔业统计年鉴》数据,结合有关南海区渔业资源和渔业生产状况相关资料,对1979—2017年南海区(广东、广西、海南)捕捞作业量、捕捞作业结构以及捕捞产量的变化趋势和现状进行了定量和定性分析。结果表明:海洋捕捞渔船船数和功率实行总量控制(简称"双控")制度全面实施后,虽然南海区渔船数量上升势头得到控制,近年来总体呈下降趋势,但渔船总吨位和总功率却基本呈上升趋势。自2002年以来,南海区机动捕捞渔船总吨位增长了45%,总功率增长了13.7%,2017年44.1 kW以下的海洋捕捞机动渔船占77.5%。南海区海洋捕捞产量由不断上升至近年逐渐得到控制,近5年南海区的捕捞产量约为340万～380万t,对渔业资源破坏力大的拖网和刺网产量占72%～74%。南海区海洋捕捞渔业存在捕捞生产数据统计不规范、渔业资源面临衰竭和捕捞作业结构不合理等问题。建议依托渔港建立健全渔获物统计和核查体系,压减近海捕捞能力,稳定外海渔业,同时加强科学调查研究,从而优化南海区捕捞作业格局。     

Impacts of climatic change and fishing on Pacific salmon abundance over the past 300 years

The effects of climate variability on Pacific salmon abundance are uncertain because historical records are short and are complicated by commercial harvesting and habitat alteration. We use lake sediment records of delta15N and biological indicators to reconstruct sockeye salmon abundance in the Bristol Bay and Kodiak Island regions of Alaska over the past 300 years. Marked shifts in populations occurred over decades during this period, and some pronounced changes appear to be related to climatic change. Variations in salmon returns due to climate or harvesting can have strong impacts on sockeye nursery lake productivity in systems where adult salmon carcasses are important nutrient sources.     

控制我国海洋捕捞强度所面临的问题与对策探讨

削减过剩的捕捞能力已成为世界渔业管理面临的一大任务大陆0年代以后我国的海洋捕捞强度迅速增长，主要是：捕捞效率高的渔具渔法迅速增长，海洋机动渔船数量和功率膨胀，渔民数量迅速上升，为控制捕捞强度，我国逐步采用了一些渔业管理措施，然而效果不明显，本文将从以下几方面分析我国控制海洋捕捞强度所面临的问题：1、我国渔业管理措施的局限性；2、渔区产业结构单一；3、大量“非渔业劳动力”入渔；为解决以上问题，本文提出了以下几点建议；1、调整渔业产业结构；2、严格执行国家海洋捕捞强度控制指标。3、实施渔船报废制度与赎买计划；4、加快实施捕捞限额制度；5、发展渔民组织。     

The pace of shifting climate in marine and terrestrial ecosystems

Climate change challenges organisms to adapt or move to track changes in environments in space and time. We used two measures of thermal shifts from analyses of global temperatures over the past 50 years to describe the pace of climate change that species should track: the velocity of climate change (geographic shifts of isotherms over time) and the shift in seasonal timing of temperatures. Both measures are higher in the ocean than on land at some latitudes, despite slower ocean warming. These indices give a complex mosaic of predicted range shifts and phenology changes that deviate from simple poleward migration and earlier springs or later falls. They also emphasize potential conservation concerns, because areas of high marine biodiversity often have greater velocities of climate change and seasonal shifts.     

控制我国海洋捕捞强度所面临的问题与对策探讨

削减过剩的捕捞能力已成为世界渔业管理面临的一大任务大陆0年代以后我国的海洋捕捞强度迅速增长，主要是：捕捞效率高的渔具渔法迅速增长，海洋机动渔船数量和功率膨胀，渔民数量迅速上升，为控制捕捞强度，我国逐步采用了一些渔业管理措施，然而效果不明显，本文将从以下几方面分析我国控制海洋捕捞强度所面临的问题：1、我国渔业管理措施的局限性；2、渔区产业结构单一；3、大量“非渔业劳动力”入渔；为解决以上问题，本文提出了以下几点建议；1、调整渔业产业结构；2、严格执行国家海洋捕捞强度控制指标。3、实施渔船报废制度与赎买计划；4、加快实施捕捞限额制度；5、发展渔民组织。     

海洋捕捞渔船用生物柴油减排的成本-效益分析

海洋捕捞业是我国渔业能耗和CO2排放的主要领域,捕捞渔船的节能减排水平低,潜力大。总结了我国海洋捕捞渔船能耗及排放现状,分析了生物柴油的特性及作为渔船代用燃料的优缺点,根据海洋捕捞渔船动力装置的特点提出了掺混生物柴油需对柴油机做出的改进措施,对捕捞渔船柴油机掺混5%体积分数的生物柴油的节能减排效果进行了成本-效益分析。结果显示,海洋捕捞渔船柴油机掺混5%的生物柴油将导致每船每年平均减少1 371元左右的燃料费用和2 000元左右的维修费用,但需付出较高的船舶改造成本;若我国所有的海洋捕捞渔船柴油机都添加5%的生物柴油,每年会降低二氧化碳排放近13.4万吨,按目前国际上的碳交易价格计算,每年将产生400多万元的社会环境效益。生物柴油具有一定的经济优势,环保性能显著,具有良好的减排效果,可以促进我国海洋捕捞渔船的节能减排和国家减排目标的实施。     

Magnification of secondary production by kelp detritus in coastal marine ecosystems

Kelps are highly productive seaweeds found along most temperate latitude coastlines, but the fate and importance of kelp production to nearshore ecosystems are largely unknown. The trophic role of kelp-derived carbon in a wide range of marine organisms was assessed by a natural experiment. Growth rates of benthic suspension feeders were greatly increased in the presence of organic detritus (particulate and dissolved) originating from large benthic seaweeds (kelps). Stable carbon isotope analysis confirmed that kelp-derived carbon is found throughout the nearshore food web.     

中国东南沿海中心渔港和一级渔港合理布局方法的研究

中国东南沿海是受热带气旋影响较为严重的区域,中心渔港和一级渔港是渔船安全避风的场所,而目前中国东南沿海现有中心渔港和一级渔港仅能满足43%机动渔船避风锚泊的需求。根据国家制定的新建和扩建一批避风能力达到11级的中心渔港和一级渔港,以满足70%机动渔船停泊避风需要的十二五渔港建设规划目标,本研究中以浙江省为例,将复杂的渔港选址问题运用数学方法予以处理,给出了浙江省拟建中心渔港和一级渔港的数量及其布局方案,并提出了台风登陆时拟建渔港的放大系数,为国家十二五渔港建设规划的实施提供了科学依据和技术支撑。