Soil enzyme activities in dependence on tree litter and season of a social forest,Burdwan, India

The study was done to evaluate enzyme activities (amylase, cellulase and invertase) from the soils of different vegetation sites, with seasonal variation, of social forest, Burdwan, India. Study results showed significant lower enzymatic activities in the subsoil compared to those of the topsoil. The seasonal variations indicated that amylase, cellulase and invertase enzyme activities had reached peaks during the rainy seasons in different soil depths. Amylase activity was highest in Tectona litter containing soil in all seasons in both the soil layers. All the three enzyme activities have shown significant positive correlation with available nitrogen (p < 0.05) and available phosphorous (p < 0.05) during rainy season in both the soil depths. Correlation study revealed that soil organic carbon was positively correlated with cellulase and invertase activities except in the Anacardium vegetation site in the topsoil during rainy season. Irrespective of the seasons and the depths of soil, control site without vegetation showed much lower levels of organic carbon and enzyme activity compared to those of the experimental sites. Therefore, it is concluded that carbon transformation will be higher during rainy season in the vegetation sites of forest soil under such agroclimatic conditions.     

西北地区种植甘草对土壤次生盐渍化的影响

[目的]研究西北地区植被特征指标与土壤表层盐含量、碱性间的相互关系,为该区土壤次生盐渍化防治工作提供科学依据。[方法]以甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis)植被和其下部土壤为研究对象,通过测定甘草植被的盖度、高度、地上生物量和其下部土壤表层(0—5cm)的含水率、pH值、电导率、盐含量等指标,并利用SPSS统计软件进行分析。[结果]甘草植被的盖度、高度、地上生物量和其下部土壤的含水率均随甘草生长年限的增加呈显著升高的趋势(p0.05),而土壤的pH值、电导率、盐含量正好相反,均表现出显著降低的趋势(p0.05);相关分析结果显示,耕地表层土壤的pH值、盐含量与甘草植被特征指标间呈显著的负相关关系,相关系数的大小顺序均为:植被盖度植株高度地上生物量;回归分析显示,土壤pH值和盐含量与甘草植被的这3个性状指标间均表现为负线性函数关系,甘草植被的盖度、高度、地上生物量每提高1个单位,可使土壤表层的pH值分别下降0.012,0.011和0.002,盐含量分别降低0.108,0.107,0.015g/kg。[结论]西北干旱地区耕地中种植甘草对其下部土壤表层的盐含量和碱性(pH值)影响显著,其中植被的盖度对表层土壤的盐碱影响最大;从耕地表层抑盐角度考虑,应优先选择种植枝叶稠密、植株高大的作物。     

Relationship between vegetation diversity and soil functional diversity in native mixed-oak forests

Most studies on the interactions between aboveground vegetation and belowground soil diversity have been carried out in microcosms or manipulated field plots. In the current study, we investigated the relationship between forest vegetation diversity and soil functional diversity (calculated from the activity of soil enzymes) in naturally developed plant communities of native mixed-oak forests without imposing any disturbances to already existing plant–soil relationships. In order to do so, five different vegetation types, i.e., herbaceous plants, climbing plants, trees, shrubs, and ferns, were considered. Correlations between plant diversity, soil physicochemical properties, and soil enzyme activities were determined. Soil physicochemical parameters appeared strongly correlated with both enzyme activities (e.g., pH was positively correlated with amidase and arylsulphatase, and negatively with acid phosphatase; OM content was positively correlated with β-glucosidase, acid and alkaline phosphatase and urease, and negatively with amidase; total N was positively correlated with β-glucosidase, and acid and alkaline phosphatase, and negatively with amidase) and soil functional diversity. For ferns, strong correlations between enzyme activities and plant diversity indexes were found (i.e., dehydrogenase was positively correlated with species richness and Shannon's diversity; acid and alkaline phosphatase were negatively correlated with Shannon's diversity; acid phosphatase was also negatively correlated with species richness). Most interestingly, herbaceous plants and ferns showed a strong positive correlation between Shannon's plant diversity and soil functional diversity. Furthermore, herbaceous plants showed a strong positive correlation between species richness and soil functional diversity. Although these correlations between plant diversity and soil functional diversity might possibly be due to the fact that higher values of plant richness and diversity result in a greater habitat heterogeneity in the soil, current knowledge on the topic is mixed and very incomplete and, then, one must be extremely cautious when interpreting such correlations.     

4种不同植被群落类型表土的抗蚀力学特性

[目的]研究黄土高原农林业生产表层土壤水土流失,为该区域及其相似地区生态修复中树种选择及配置提供科学依据。[方法]以杨树+柠条乔灌混交林、杨树纯林、油松常绿针叶林和柠条灌木纯林下4种不同植被群落类型下表土为对象,进行抗剪力学特性研究,并分析土壤含水率对其力学特性的影响力。[结果]在测试表土含水率2.5%～12.5%范围内,4种不同植被类型及裸地对照样地土壤结皮抗剪强度和黏聚力均随着土壤含水率的增加呈增大的趋势,表明在一定范围内表土湿润程度的增加对提高土壤表层抗蚀能力起到积极作用;4种不同植被群落类型表土抗剪强度和黏聚力的值均显著大于裸地的值,说明水土保持的林草措施对表层土壤结构的改善起到了促进作用,从而提高了表层土壤的抗侵蚀能力;在测试含水率2.5%～12.5%范围内随着含水率的增加各样地表土内摩擦角无明显的变化规律。[结论] 4种不同植被群落类型中柠条+杨树混交林下表土抗剪强度、黏聚力总体表现最大,这也从另外一方面说明了水土保持的林草措施中营造混交林的优越性。     

宁东矿区天然植物群落特征及其与土壤理化性质的关系

[目的] 研究宁东矿区天然植物群落特征与土壤理化性质的关系,为宁东矿区植被重建过程中植物种的选择提供科学依据。[方法] 以宁东矿区6种典型的天然植物群落和土壤为研究对象,采用野外调查结合室内试验的方法,对比分析不同群落的植物群落特征及其与土壤理化性质的关系。[结果] 宁东矿区6种天然植物群落共调查到植物55种,隶属于15科48属,集中分布于菊科、豆科、藜科和禾本科4科。细枝岩黄耆（Hedysarum scoparium）+柠条锦鸡儿（Caragana korshinskii）—白莲蒿（Artemisia sacrorum）群落灌木层植被盖度和高度在6个群落中均最高,其数值分别为48%和202.54 cm,灌木物种柠条锦鸡儿在其中5个群落中均有分布且生长良好。灌木层Patrick丰富度指数与土壤碱解氮、砾石含量、速效钾和有机质呈正相关,与pH值呈负相关;草本层植物种Patrick丰富度指数与土壤有机质、田间持水量和速效磷呈正相关关系。[结论] 宁东矿区煤矸石山植被重建时,对于覆土土质为壤质砂土或砂质壤土,优先选择柠条锦鸡儿、细枝岩黄耆、黑沙蒿（Artemisia ordosica）和沙拐枣（Calligonum mongolicum）等灌木树种;覆土土质为少砾质砂土时选沙冬青（Ammopiptanthus mongolicus）和柠条锦鸡儿;覆土土质为多砾质砂土时可选藏锦鸡儿（Caragana tibetica）、裸果木（Gymnocarpos przewalskii）和胡枝子（Lespedeza bicolor）等灌木物种。土壤容重对灌木物种多样性贡献率较大,土壤田间持水量和有机质对草本植物多样性贡献率较大。     

覆土处理对高寒矿区露天煤矿排土场植被和土壤特征的影响

[目的]探讨高寒矿区覆土处理对露天煤矿排土场植被恢复的影响,以评估覆土措施在露天煤矿排土场所达到的植被恢复效果,为高寒矿区生态保护和恢复提供技术依据.[方法]调查分析青海省木里煤田不同年限5个覆土处理和3个不覆土处理矿区排土场植被群落特征和土壤理化性质.[结果]在覆土处理下,随着建植年限的增加,木里煤矿排土场植被和幼苗...     

Biodiversity, vegetation gradients and key biogeochemical processes in the heathland landscape

The northwest European heathland landscape with its characteristic communities of nutrient-poor and acidic soils has a high nature value, because of its locally high biodiversity and the distinct site conditions. In order to conserve and restore the heathlands, numerous rehabilitation projects have been performed, although with varying success. This is partly due to the fact that the key biogeochemical processes distinguishing the various vegetation types within the heathlands are not known in detail.Therefore, we performed a statistical survey on the main communities and their soil characteristics. In addition, we analyzed the data for key factors determining biodiversity in the heathland landscape.Data from previous studies and surveys was used to compile a dataset of 267 vegetation relevés (classified as EUNIS habitat types) with extensive soil measurements (22 parameters). A canonical discriminant analysis revealed that soil acidity explained most of the differences between the habitat types, while soil moisture content and soil fertility were less important. Acidity-related factors as Al³⁺, Al/Ca-ratio and pH were also strongly correlated to plant diversity in the majority of the habitat types, respectively, the species-rich Nardus grasslands, the Rhynchosporion communities and the species-rich Molinia meadows. In the dry heaths and over the total heathland landscape, plant diversity was negatively correlated with soil -concentrations. Only in wet heath, nutrient availability, in this case P, was the primary factor in explaining plant diversity.This study presents ranges for all major soil parameters for the studied well-developed heathland habitat types, thereby providing clear guidelines for conservation and restoration.     

晋西黄土区退耕还林后土壤入渗特征及土壤质量评价

为研究晋西黄土区退耕还林后不同植被覆盖下土壤的入渗特征及土壤质量评价,采用野外双环入渗法测定土壤的入渗特征,并测定不同地类土壤的容重、孔隙度、有机质、全氮等指标,使用相关性分析研究不同类型植被覆盖下土壤的入渗性能及其与土壤理化性质的相关关系,并将各地类的土壤理化性质进行主成分分析。结果表明:(1)植被类型对于土壤渗透速率影响较大,表现为天然次生林刺槐×油松混交林刺槐纯林油松纯林灌木林地苹果园地荒草地农田(玉米地)。(2)退耕还林后,不同植被类型的土壤理化性质差异显著(P0.05),随着森林逐渐恢复,土壤容重下降,孔隙度及有机质等含量增加,土壤理化性质得以改善,入渗性能也有明显提高。土壤入渗特征与总孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、有机质和全氮含量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与容重呈极显著负相关(P0.01),与速效磷呈显著负相关(P0.05)。(3)综合土壤入渗性能和土壤理化性质作为土壤评价指标,晋西黄土区退耕还林后不同植被类型土壤质量从高到低依次为次生林刺槐×油松混交林刺槐纯林油松纯林灌木林地苹果园地荒草地农田。     

黄土丘陵区典型植被土壤剖面的颗粒分形特征

运用分形理论研究陕北安塞五里湾流域5种典型植被0～200 cm土壤剖面土壤颗粒大小分布(particle size distribution,PSD)及其体积分形维数分布特征,并进一步分析土壤PSD的分形维数与土壤有机碳、全氮和含水量的相关性。结果表明:研究区典型植被群落土壤颗粒组成主要为细颗粒(黏粒和粉粒),其中粉粒体积分数占总颗粒的56.82%～71.99%;铁杆蒿草地的细颗粒平均体积分数最大(78.86%),乔木林的最小(65.77%)。5种典型植被群落土壤PSD的体积分形维数介于2.498～2.599,均表现出随着土层深度的增加呈递增趋势;相同土层深度的分形维数呈现出铁杆蒿草地黄芪草地农田灌木林乔木林的趋势,灌木林和农田间差异不显著,其他植被群落间差异显著。典型植被土壤PSD的体积分形维数与黏粒、粉粒的体积分数和含水量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),但与砂粒的体积分数呈极显著负相关(P 0.01),与有机碳含量呈显著负相关(P 0.05)。     

Soil sulphur speciation in two glacier forefield soil chronosequences assessed by S K‐edge XANES spectroscopy

In regions with little atmospheric input of sulphur (S) and S‐poor parent material, the bio‐availability of S, which is dependent on its speciation, may limit ecosystem production and succession. In our study, soil S speciation in two glacier forefield soil chronosequences (Hailuogou Glacier, Gongga Shan, China; Damma Glacier, Swiss Alps) was investigated for the first time. Different S species were quantified by synchrotron‐based X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy at the S K‐edge. Both chronosequences show similar patterns and pedogenetic trends of their topsoil S status. Topsoil concentrations of total S were correlated with the concentrations of organic carbon and pedogenic Fe/Al oxyhydroxides. Both moraine materials contained inorganic sulphides, which in the topsoil were oxidized within 30 (Hailuogou) or 75 years (Damma) of soil development after deglaciation. About 50% of total S in the fresh moraine material at Hailuogou and 75% of that in the 15 year‐old soil at Damma was organically‐bound. During initial soil development, the contribution of organic S to total S increased at the expense of inorganic sulphide and sulphate, resulting in organic S percentages > 90% of total topsoil S after 30 (Hailuogou) and 75 (Damma) years of pedogenesis. Organic S compounds with electronic oxidation states of the S atom > + 1.5 (sulphoxides, sulphones, sulphonates and ester sulphates) dominated the organic S pool in all soils. Hence, microbial degradation of non‐sulphide organic S (sulphonates and ester sulphates) is probably important to mitigate S scarcity caused by limited availability of SO₄^2?‐S in these soils. Changes in topsoil S speciation during initial stages of pedogenesis and ecosystem succession in glacier forefields under a cool, humid climate appear to be governed by combined effects of mineral weathering (oxidation of inorganic sulphides and formation of S‐adsorbing sesquioxides), accumulation and microbial turnover of soil organic matter and the type of vegetation succession.     

甘肃秦王川灌区种植豆禾混播牧草的农田生态保育效应

以裸地(CK)、种植小麦(Triticum aestivum)和苜蓿/无芒雀麦(Medicago sativa/Bromus inermis)豆禾混播牧草地为研究对象,通过测定地表植被特征指标、土壤风蚀量及理化性质等指标,探究秦王川灌区农田风蚀规律及种植春小麦和牧草对土壤及养分流失的影响。结果表明:农田表土损失呈秋末冬初流失较多,冬季较少,春季又明显增强的"U"形曲线模式,从9月至翌年6月,出现2个风蚀高峰期(9—11月和3—5月);耕地裸露造成表土年均流失1.7 kg/m~2,即每年被风吹蚀1.3 mm厚表土,土壤有机质损失236.2 kg/hm~2,而种植小麦和牧草后在地表植被(根茬)覆盖作用下表土流失减少20.1%和52.3%,有机质损失减少12.2%和50.7%;由于风蚀季牧草植被(根茬)的盖度、高度和地表生物量均较小麦大,使得牧草地的地表粗糙度和湿度及表土(0—5 cm)含水率较小麦地高,从而造成土壤和有机质流失较小麦地少;相关和回归分析显示,地表植被特征指标与地表粗糙度和土壤含水率间呈显著正相关,而与地表土壤和有机质流失量呈极显著负相关;植被盖度每提高1%,将使表土和有机质流失减少4.1 g/m~2和59.3 mg/m~2,地表生物量每提高1 g/m~2,将使表土和有机质流失减少2.3 g/m~2和34.0 mg/m~2;春季春播小麦地的表土流失量与裸地相同,而种植多年生豆禾混播牧草可显著减少表土流失和有机质损失。综合以上,甘肃灌区农田春季播种农作物易引起土壤退化,而种植多年生豆禾混播牧草可实现农田生态保育,从而提高耕地质量和区域环境质量。     

Effects of Haloxylon spp. of Different Age Classes on Vegetation Cover and Soil Properties on an Arid Desert Steppe in Iran

In arid regions, afforestation has been considered as a method for ecological revival in terms of vegetation enrichment and soil amelioration. In this study, the effects of afforestation with Haloxylon spp. on vegetation cover and soil properties were measured < 3, 3, 6, and 25 years after planting in an arid desert in Iran. Soil samples were collected at two depths (0-30 and 30-60 cm) under and between shrub canopies. Afforestation succession significantly affected plant community characteristics. In total, 16 species from 8 families and 15 genera were observed along the afforestation successional gradient. Plant species richness and diversity and vegetation cover increased slowly during the succession, and reached the maximum values in the area where Haloxylon had been planted for 25 years. Soil nutrient values gradually increased during the succession, and the levels of organic matter, total nitrogen, available potassium, and available phosphorus were significantly higher under Haloxylon canopies than between them. Afforestation reduced soil pH under and between Haloxylon canopies during the succession, while soil electrical conductivity followed an opposite pattern. Haloxylon planting increased the silt content in the 0-30 cm soil layer. Our results suggest that Haloxylon establishment plays an important role in the reestablishment of desertified ecosystems in arid regions.     

Invasion of a deciduous forest by earthworms: Changes in soil chemistry, microflora, microarthropods and vegetation

Ecosystems of northern North America existed without earthworm fauna until European settlers arrived and introduced European species. The current extent of invasion by some of these species, Lumbricus terrestris L., Octolasion tyrtaeum Savigny and Dendrobaena octaedra Savigny, into an aspen forest in the Canadian Rocky Mountains and the effects of the invasion on soil chemistry, microflora, soil microarthropods and vegetation were investigated. Densities of earthworm species, soil structure, plant coverage and abundance were determined along three transects starting at the edge of the forest. At locations with L. terrestris, litter was incorporated into the soil, and where O. tyrtaeum was present, organic layers were mixed with mineral soil layers. Organic layers disappeared almost entirely when both species occurred together. Carbon and nitrogen concentrations were reduced in organic layers in the presence of L. terrestris and O. tyrtaeum. Microbial biomass and basal respiration were reduced when L. terrestris and O. tyrtaeum were present, presumably due to resource competition and habitat destruction. Microarthropod densities and the number of microarthropod species were strongly reduced in the presence of O. tyrtaeum (−75% and −22%, respectively), probably through mechanical disturbances, increasing compactness of the soil and resource competition. The coverage of some plant species was correlated with earthworm abundance, but the coverage of others was not. Despite harsh climatic conditions, the invasion of boreal forest ecosystems by mineral soil dwelling earthworm species is proceeding and strongly impacts soil structure, soil chemistry, microorganisms, soil microarthropods and vegetation.     

Minirhizotron quantification of soybean root growth as affected by reduced A horizon in soil

Shallow soil A horizon (topsoil) caused by soil erosion and soil movement from cultivation is known to reduce soil and crop productivity. The reduction may be related to limitation of root growth. A field study was conducted to investigate the effects of topsoil thickness on distributions of root density and growth. Soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] were grown on plots of Mexico silt loam (fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Mollic Endoaqualfs) with topsoil thicknesses of 0, 12.5, 25.0, and 37.5 cm above the Bt horizons. Root density was measured 60 and 90 days after planting using a minirhizotron video‐camera system. Root density was significantly reduced as topsoil thickness decreased from 37.5 to 0 cm. Mean density and net change of the density across profile between 30 and 60 days of growth had a linear function of topsoil thickness. The reduction and lower activity induced by shallow topsoil were attributed to detrimental properties in the Bt horizons. Root distribution pattern and rooting depth were not significantly affected by topsoil thickness. The roots appeared to be accumulated on the upper layers of the Bt horizons. Roots growing in thicker topsoil were more active than roots growing without topsoil. High soil moisture content during the growing season may mitigate the detrimental effects of shallow topsoil, inhibit root penetration, and enhance root activity.     

Long-term heathland restoration on former grassland: The results of a 17-year experiment

European lowland heaths have declined by up to 80% due to land use change and lack of management. There has been considerable research into the restoration of this threatened habitat. However, long-term outcomes of restoration are poorly understood, especially in situations where past agricultural land use imposes severe constraints on community re-assembly. In 1989 a large-scale experiment was established to examine the effectiveness of five treatments to restore heathland on formerly productive grassland: (i) natural regeneration; (ii) herbicide application to facilitate regeneration; (iii) cultivation and application of seed-rich heathland vegetation; (iv) soil removal and incorporation of heathland topsoil; and (v) heathland translocation. After 17 years the pH of the unamended agricultural soil remained significantly higher than that of the adjacent heathland. All treatments showed different trajectories of vegetation change in the long-term. Natural colonisation by heathland species was slow due to seed limitation, resulting in formation of an acid grassland community. Heathland community assembly was not facilitated by destruction of the initial grassland with herbicide. Incorporation of topsoil had an intermediate effect on pH reduction. This may explain the subsequent failure of the plant community to assemble in the anticipated proportions, and the dominance of leguminous scrub species (Ulex spp.). Turf translocation was effective in reducing pH to the required range and restoring the heathland community in the long-term. However, this technique should only be considered as a means of ‘rescue’ when habitat destruction is otherwise unavoidable. The only practical and sustainable means of increasing heathland extent on former farmland is the application of seed-bearing vegetation cut as part of routine management. However, this technique needs refining in order to establish the full range of characteristic heathland species.     

甘肃省沿黄灌区春小麦与披碱草/苜蓿混播对土壤盐渍化的影响

[目的] 研究甘肃省沿黄灌区耕地撂荒、种植春播作物与豆禾混播牧草对土壤盐渍化的影响,为该区生物措施防治土壤盐碱提供科学依据。[方法] 以裸地（CK）、小麦（Triticum aestivum）、披碱草和苜蓿（Elymus nutans/Medicago sativa）混播为研究对象,测定地表植被和微环境相关指标及表土（0-5 cm）水、盐含量,分析植被与盐含量间定量关系。[结果] 裸地盐含量全年呈W形变化,初春、夏末和秋末为3个高峰期;麦地呈U形变化趋势,高峰在初春和秋末;混播牧草地仅初春盐含量较高。秋末,麦地盐含量较裸地高18.4%,而牧草地较裸地低55.9%。对比2 a 3月的土壤盐含量,裸地和小麦地分别提高了23.7%和14.8%,而牧草地却降低了28.2%。植被特征指标与表土盐含量间呈极显著负相关（p<0.01）,其中植被盖度与盐含量间相关性最强（达-0.916）。植被的盖度、高度和生物量每提高1%,1 cm和1 g/m²,将使表土盐含量分别降低0.031,0.139,0.014 g/kg。[结论] 甘肃省沿黄灌区耕地撂荒和种植生育期较短春播作物易造成表土积盐和引发土壤次生盐渍化危害,而种植多年生豆禾混播牧草可降低表土盐含量和预防土壤盐渍化。     

太行山南麓不同植被类型土壤呼吸特征及其温度敏感性

[目的]探讨不同植被类型土壤呼吸特征及其温度敏感性,为陆地生态系统碳循环研究提供理论支持.[方法]以太行山南麓裸地、草地、灌丛、林地为研究对象,采用长期定位观测和室内化验分析相结合的方法,研究不同季节土壤水热因素、呼吸特征及其温度敏感性.[结果]不同植被类型的土壤温度变化较大,均表现为1月初最低,8月下旬最高,8月以后...     

燕沟流域土壤微生物学性质对植被恢复过程的响应

以黄土高原丘陵区陕北延安燕沟流域为例,研究了退耕地土壤微生物生物量对植被恢复过程的响应。结果表明,随植被恢复年限的增加,植被盖度、多度和物种数均呈现先增加后减少然后又增加的趋势。同对照农地相比,表层(0—5 cm)土壤呼吸速率和土壤微生物生物量均明显增加。表层土壤呼吸速率和微生物量碳、氮、磷分别比对照农地增加31.61%3~60.75%和15.19%5~12.81%、122.91%6~97.15%、193.5%2~068.17%。表层土壤呼吸速率对植被恢复的响应是在植被恢复初期(02~9年),随植被恢复年限的增加而增加;植被恢复305~5年期间,随植被恢复年限的增加而减少;而植被恢复55年以后,又随植被恢复年限的增加而增加。植被恢复过程中,土壤微生物量碳、氮和磷的变化与土壤呼吸速率变化趋势类似。除植被恢复8和16年外,植被恢复年限间的土壤呼吸速率、呼吸熵和微生物量碳、氮、磷均有显著性差异。表层土壤呼吸速率与土壤微生物量氮、磷呈极显著相关,土壤微生物量碳与土壤微生物量氮呈显著相关;而土壤呼吸熵与呼吸速率和微生物量碳、氮、磷相关性不明显。     

植被覆盖和雨强对附着在沉积物上的养分流失, 泥沙颗粒组成及体积分形维数的影响

Vegetation and rainfall are two important factors affecting soil erosion and thus resulting in nutrient loss in the Chinese Loess Plateau.A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of rainfall intensities(60,100 and 140 mm h-1) and vegetation(Caragana korshinskii) coverages(0%,30% and 80%) on soil loss,nutrient loss,and the composition and volume fractal dimension of eroded sediment particles under simulated rainfall conditions.The results showed that vegetation cover,rainfall intensity and their interaction all had significant effects on sediment transport and the sedimentbound nutrient loss.Higher rainfall intensity and lower coverage led to higher sediment and nutrient losses.Positive linear relationships were observed between soil loss and nutrient loss.The treatments showed more significant effects on the enrichment ratio(ER) of nitrogen(ERN) than organic matter(EROM) and phosphorus(ERP).Compared with the original surface soil,the eroded sediment contained more fine particles.Under the same coverage,the clay content significantly decreased with increasing rainfall intensity.The ER of sediment-bound nutrients was positively correlated with that of clay,suggesting that the clay fraction was preferentially eroded and soil nutrients were mainly adsorbed onto or contained within this fraction.There were increments in the fractal dimension of the sediment particles compared to that of the original surface soil.Moreover,the fractal dimension was positively correlated with clay,silt,and sediment-bound OM,N,and P contents,whereas it was negatively correlated with sand content.This study demonstrated that fractal dimension analysis can be used to characterize differences in particle-size distribution and nutrient loss associated with soil erosion.     

大黑山生态修复区不同植被类型土壤颗粒的分形特征

运用土壤粒径质量分布原理与分形理论,对大黑山生态修复区6种不同植被类型土壤颗粒分形特征进行研究。结果表明：1）不同植被类型土壤颗粒粒径的质量分数分布差别很大,土壤黏粒和粉粒含量林地比荒草地高87.47%和89.94%,砂粒含量和细砾与粗砾含量林地比荒草地低25.09%和19.19%;土壤粉粒和黏粒含量黑桦＋山杨混交林、蒙古栎和山榆等天然次生林地明显高于山杏和油松等人工林地。2）有林地土壤颗粒分形维数明显大于荒草地,天然次生林土壤颗粒分形维数大于人工林,且以天然次生混交林最大。3）不同植被类型土壤颗粒分形维数与土壤粒径〈0.05 mm的黏粒含量和粒径0.05-0.25 mm之间的粉粒含量呈明显的线性正相关关系,土壤的颗粒越小,细粒含量越高,分形维数越大。4）不同植被类型土壤颗粒分形维数与土壤不均匀系数呈较好的线性负相关关系,随着土壤不均匀系数的降低,土壤颗粒分形维数增大。除荒草地外,大黑山生态修复区其他5种植被类型土壤均为不均匀性良好的土壤,以天然次生林土壤粒径分布结构较好,尤其是以天然次生混交林的最好,其次是人工林的。