花粉管通道介导的抗除草剂基因(bar)对大豆的遗传转化

采用花粉管通道介导法将含有bar基因的pPTN140质粒DNA导入8个黑龙江省大豆主栽品种（系）,导入1384朵花,共获得1164粒种子,经2次Basta除草剂筛选后共获得3个品种的除草剂抗性植株8株.对其进行PCR以及PCR-Southern杂交检测均为阳性结果,Southern杂交结果显示,8个除草剂抗性后代植株整合数目不同,其中2株整合单拷贝基因,另外6株分别整合3～8个拷贝的bar基因.对8个抗性植株的后代进行了除草剂抗性分析,D1-D3代均出现除草剂抗性植株,表明bar基因可以在转基因植株后代中遗传,抗性遗传分析结果表明不同株系间以及株系内除草剂抗性缺乏规律性,分离比率不符合孟德尔遗传规律.说明大豆花粉管通道法转化基因存在多拷贝共抑制现象.目前获得除草剂抗性稳定的D3代株系82个.试验说明利用花粉管通道技术进行大豆转化是可行的.     

用花粉管通道法将Bt杀虫基因导入玉米自交系的研究

本文利用花粉管通道技术,以生产上优良玉米自交系7922、340、444、4112、吉853、8902、吉835、吉846、Mo17为材料,将Bt杀虫蛋白基因导入这9个玉米自交系中,在D₁代对转基因的800株植株进行PPT(300X)筛选,转基因植株成活率为30%,对其中60株进行PCR分子检测,得到3株抗性转化植株,证明目的基因已转入玉米中,转化率为0.375%。     

花粉管通道法将淀粉分支酶基因反义表达载体转入玉米自交系的研究

实验主要利用花粉管通道技术将淀粉分支酶基因的反义表达载体转入玉米自交系中,同时探讨了不同导入时间、不同DNA浓度、不同导入量等对其转化率的影响,并从中得出花粉管通道法的最佳转化条件。同时将转化的玉米植株进行PCR检测,初步证明外源目的基因已整合到玉米基因组中,并得到了转化植株的种子。     

大豆花粉管通道法转化lkt50基因

采用花粉管通道法,将外源基因lkt50向大豆品种东农48和品系东农96-02导入.通过卡那霉素筛选,从所获得的种子苗中初选转化植株,进一步进行PCR、Southern blot及RT-PCR分子生物学检测.结果表明:在14株卡那霉素抗性材料中利用nptII基因的特异性引物有7株PCR阳性,利用lkt50基因特异性引物有2株PCR阳性,并且2株Southern blot及RT-PCR检测均呈现阳性,因此认为花粉管通道法可以用于大豆的转基因研究和应用.     

通过农杆菌介导法将Bt(cryIA)基因导入大豆

采用农杆菌介导的大豆子叶节转化系统成功地将Bt基因（cryIA)导入大豆，从发芽5-7天的大豆无菌苗切取子叶节外植体，经农杆菌感染和共培养后，在选择培养基上4周左右出现抗性不定芽，将不定芽转移到芽伸长培养基上，4-6周后再生苗长至2.5-3cm高，再将再生苗切下转入生根培养基，2周左右生根，生根后的再生植株经逐步锻炼移入盆中，所有植株均能正常开花结英，在移栽成活的8株T0植株中有7株PCR检测呈阳性反应；在7个T1株系中有4个株系存在PCR阳性植株，取4个稳定遗传的T1代株系内的阳性植株的叶片提取DNA，用地高辛标记的Bt基因探针进行Southern杂交分析，结果4个株系均呈现阳性，证明Bt基因已整合到受体大豆的基因组内并能传递给后代。     

兔防御素NP—l基因在小麦抗病育种中应用的初步研究

兔防御素NP—1是抗性谱最广的防御素之一。为了得到转NP—1基因的小麦柱株，采用电激法、基因枪法和花粉管通道法将兔防御素NP—1基因导入普通小麦品种G9501和G8901中，经过抗生素和除草剂初步筛选得到8抹G9501和4株G8901的转化植株。田间抗病虫鉴定结果表明，这些植株对于白粉病、叶锈和条锈病的抗性有较大的提高，但对于蚜虫的抗性没有提高，初步认为兔防御素NP—1基因已经导入小麦，并已经在小麦中得到了表达。转基因植株的进一步检测工作正在进行中。     

农杆菌介导法将Bt（cryI4）基因导入大豆的研究

构建含有Bt（cryIA）基因的植物表达载体pCAMBIA3300-Bt，以大豆子叶节为受体，通过农杆菌介导法将Bt基因导入大豆品种黑农37中，获得转基因植株。并进行大豆的再生和遗传转化系统优化的研究，以获得较高的转化率。结果表明：在6-BA浓度为1．7mg·L^-1时，丛生芽分化率最高。确定该品种大豆在丛生芽分化阶段的草铵膦筛选浓度为3．5mg·L^-1。获得转化质粒pCAMBIA3300-Bt的转基因植株，其中T1代PCR阳性植株19株。采用real—timePCR的方法对T4代抗性植株进行助基因的转录水平的分析，初步证明成基因已整合到受体大豆的基因组内。     

胆碱磷酸转移酶基因转化大豆的初步研究

胆碱磷酸转移酶基因(cpt)是磷脂合成代谢途径上一个关键的酶基因,其基因产物是磷脂酰胆碱(PC),PC做为主要膜脂与膜的流动性和植物的抗寒性有密切关系.本实验用花粉管通道法将质粒PRDH401(含35S-35S-AMV-cpt-NOST)导入五个黑龙江常见栽培大豆品种中,对D1代植株进行卡那霉素抗性筛选、低温筛选和PCR检测,初步筛选到转化植株.     

子房注射法将Bt基因导入超甜玉米

用子房注射法将Bt基因导入超甜玉米品种粤甜3号,获得了1株整合有Bt基因的转基因植株,定名为ZT11,以发芽成苗的植株计算,基因转化效率达9.09%。经PCR和Southernblot分析,证明抗虫基因已经整合在超甜玉米基因组中,并且为单拷贝。T1代植株PCR检测结果表明,Bt基因能够在转基因后代中稳定遗传,基因分离符合1∶1的孟德尔遗传分离规律。     

抗虫基因cry1Ab13在大豆中的遗传转化及抗虫性鉴定

cry1Ab13基因是抗虫基因,编码的杀虫晶体蛋白对鳞翅目害虫具有一定的毒杀作用,构建了植物表达载体pCambia3300-35S-cry1Ab13,通过花粉管通道法将该载体转入大豆品种吉农28中,经PCR扩增检测得到15株T_1代阳性植株。Southern blotting分析显示有5株出现杂交信号,并以单拷贝形式整合到大豆基因组中。荧光定量PCR测定结果表明:cry1Ab13基因在转化植株的叶、茎秆中均有表达,每株表达量各不相同,在叶片部位表达量相对较高,最高为6.7,最低为2.5;在茎部表达量最高为0.76,最低为0.31。对T_1代阳性植株籽粒,采用圆盘分隔法接入大豆食心虫幼虫,进行初步抗虫试验,结果显示转化植株抗虫效果明显,但后代稳定性还需进一步研究。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).