额济纳绿洲草地蒸散系数研究

联合国粮农组织推荐的蒸散计算方法中,蒸散系数是计算实际蒸散必不可少的参数。本文从蒸散系数的定义出发,在2005年额济纳绿洲生长季连续观测的基础上,运用波文比能量平衡法计算额济纳绿洲草地的实际蒸散量,利用FAO 56Penman-Monteith模型计算草地的参考蒸散,将实际蒸散与参考蒸散相除即得到额济纳绿洲草地的蒸散系数。通过研究发现:生长季草地的蒸散量(ETc)为446.96mm,从生长季初期开始,草地的蒸散量开始增加,在6月后半月达到最大值6.724mm/d,此后蒸散量开始快速下降,在生长季末期达到最低值1.215mm/d;蒸散系数(Kc)呈现出与蒸散量(ETc)相同的变化趋势,自生长季初期开始蒸散系数快速上升,在6月后半月达到生长季最大值0.623,之后随着草地生长减缓,蒸散系数快速下降,直至生长季末期草地停止生长。对额济纳绿洲草地蒸散系数的计算可以为该地区准确估算草地生态需水量提供依据。     

松嫩平原不同地表覆盖蒸散特征的遥感研究

为了准确估算松嫩平原不同地表覆盖的蒸散量,以MODIS产品及实测气象资料为数据源,通过SEBAL模型估算了松嫩平原2008年生长季（5－9月）的蒸散量,并利用涡动相关数据验证估算结果,发现估算值与实测值的变化趋势相吻合,整个生长季蒸散量的相对误差为18.26%,基本可以满足区域蒸散研究需求。通过探讨松嫩平原蒸散量的时空格局,发现2008年生长季蒸散量为183～1 003 mm,具有从西南部向东部、东北部逐渐增加的变化趋势,水体、林地、湿地的平均蒸散量最高,耕地、居工地次之,草地最低。最后,将蒸散量与降水量进行对比,分析了2008年生长季水分亏缺状态,发现松嫩平原平均水分亏缺量为195.96 mm,97%以上区域的蒸散量大于降水量,蒸散过程中很大程度上还需依靠地下水、径流来弥补降水量不足,生长季蒸散强烈,而降水量相对不足,对松嫩平原生态环境的稳定发展造成了重大影响及压力。     

东北地区春玉米生长季农田蒸散量动态变化及其影响因子

利用大型称重式蒸渗仪对东北春玉米田蒸散量的观测结果,分析玉米生长季蒸散量的分布特征及其影响因子。结果表明：东北春玉米生长季（播种-成熟）农田蒸散量为362.3mm,日平均蒸散量为2.6mm·d-1。从各生育期的分布情况看,播种-七叶期蒸散量较小,日平均蒸散量为1.4mm·d-1,占全生育期的11.7%;七叶期开始,日平均蒸散量逐渐增加,在大喇叭口-抽雄期达到最大,为4.3mm·d-1;抽雄-乳熟期总蒸散量最大,为97.2mm,占生长季蒸散量的26.8%。从月蒸散量分布看,7-8月累积蒸散量达207.0mm,占5-9月蒸散量的54.5%;5、6和9月蒸散量较少,分别占5-9月总蒸散量的11.6%、19.6%和14.3%。从逐小时蒸散量变化看,蒸散量日变化表现为早晚低、中午高的“单峰型”曲线特征。蒸散量与叶面积指数、太阳辐射、5cm地温、平均气温、最高气温、最低气温存在显著的线性正相关关系,与空气相对湿度和饱和差间呈显著的二次函数关系。叶面积指数是影响春玉米农田蒸散最主要的生物因子,5cm地温和太阳辐射是最主要的环境驱动因子。     

基于空间数据库和GIS的SPAC系统水分运动模型

农田SPAC系统水分空间变异通常较大,一维模型无法反应区域农田水分的运动和空间分布.该研究以空间数据库和组件式GIS为基础,结合适于北方平原农田水文过程的机理公式,开发出可以在ArcMAP(ESRITM)中加载的区域SPAC系统水分运动模拟工具,该工具结合GIS空间分析功能、空间数据库管理和水文过程数值模拟于一体,可以模拟计算SPAC系统水分的时空分布和运动,并提供二维或三维的输出结果.模型由多个数据处理和过程计算子模块组成,可模拟SPAC系统内土壤水分动态和蒸散量.验证表明,区域土壤水分模拟绝对误差在0.05(即体积含水量相差5%)以下的栅格点数达到总计算区域栅格数的95.61%;蒸散量验证显示,玉米生长季平均绝对误差为0.15 mm,平均相对误差为3.1%;小麦生长季平均绝对误差为0.13 mm,平均相对误差为5%.     

1959-2000年妫水河流域气候变化与水文响应分析

基于北京延庆县东大桥气象水文站观测的气温、降水和径流数据,采用Thornthwaite水文模型和Mann—Kendall突变与趋势检验法,对该站点所控制的部分妫水河流域的年平均气温和降水进行长期趋势检验和突变分析,同时对模型模拟的径流、蒸散量、土壤含水量进行长期趋势检验和突变分析。结果表明:1980—2000年与1959—1979年相比,研究区气温升高了2.45%,降水量减少了8.57%,地表径流减少了8.86%,实际蒸散量降低了8.54%,土壤含水量减少了76.95%。20世纪50年代以来,研究区一致表现为气温升高和降水减少。径流、实际蒸散量、土壤含水量也随之减少,并在1975年左右发生突变,整体表现出干旱化倾向。气候变化已经对区域水循环产生重要影响。     

内蒙古地区参考作物蒸散变化特征及其气象影响因子

为深入了解不同草原类型下参考作物蒸散特征及其对气候变化的响应,该文利用FAO Penman-Monteith公式研究了内蒙古地区46个站点1961－2010年参考作物蒸散量及其辐射项和动力学项的时空分布规律和变化特征,并对其主要影响因素进行了分析讨论。研究结果表明：近50a来内蒙古各站点参考作物蒸散量的年平均值均介于570～1 674 mm之间,该地区参考作物蒸散量及其构成项的值西高东低,而且从高到低的5个草原类型依次为：荒漠、草原化荒漠、荒漠化草原、典型草原、草甸草原。各区生长季内参考作物蒸散量约占全年的80%。内蒙古各站点年参考作物蒸散量的变化率在-48～50 mm/10a之间,荒漠、草原化荒漠、荒漠化草原和典型草原参考作物蒸散量变化均不明显,草甸草原参考作物蒸散量显著上升（P=0.001）。各区域参考作物蒸散量辐射项的年值和月值均呈显著的上升趋势,除草甸草原外各区域参考作物蒸散量动力学项的年值和月值呈下降的趋势。风速是影响荒漠、草原化荒漠、荒漠化草原和典型草原西部地区参考作物蒸散量变化的首要因子,风速下降导致该地区蒸散呈下降的趋势;日平均温度是次要因子,但气温升高对参考作物蒸散量变化的作用有限,参考作物蒸散量并未随气候变暖而显著增大;相对湿度是第三因子,与参考作物蒸散量呈负相关（P=0.006）;日照时数是第四因子,其值降低导致参考作物蒸散量的下降。典型草原东部和草甸草原地区各站点受气象因子综合影响使参考作物蒸散量呈上升的趋势。该研究探讨了内蒙古各类型草原参考作物蒸散对气候变化的响应,为内蒙古各类型草原的生态保护和可持续发展提供科学依据。     

三种草本植物蒸散量的对比试验研究

利用盆栽试验,对宁夏南部地区3种主要牧草的蒸散量进行了对比研究,结果表明,在生长季中后期人工牧草苜蓿蒸散量的日平均值为4.15mm,分别比芨芨草和长芒草高出24.34%和29.88%。芨芨草由于植株形体高大,其植物蒸腾耗水量相应也较大,故在生长季内总的蒸散量高于长芒草;然而在生长季末由于植物几乎无蒸腾作用而使其总蒸散量略低于长芒草。3种草本植物的蒸散量与土壤含水量呈高度相关,并在此基础上建立了回归方程。     

干旱区内陆河流域中游低湿草地蒸散特征

以气象观测资料为基础,采用波文比能量平衡法(BREB)对低湿草地的蒸散进行了估算。结果表明,在一个完整年度内,试验地蒸散量(ET)为611.5mm,日均1.67mm。在牧草不同生长季节,ET变化剧烈,非生长期、生长初期、生长中期、生长末期分别为0.57mm/d、2.01mm/d、3.82mm/d和1.49mm/d,蒸散量分别占全年蒸散总量的18.26%、9.20%、61.83%和10.71%。ET月变化显示,从3月开始草地蒸散量有所增大,6月牧草进入生长中期后蒸散量迅速增大,到7月蒸散量达到最大,9月牧草进入生长末期,蒸散急剧减小;随着牧草生长终结和土壤冻结,蒸散量逐步减小,在11月中旬到次年2月蒸散基本停止。蒸散的日内变化规律显示,草地蒸散开始于早晨7:00～8:00,13:00左右达到最大,19:00～20:00蒸散趋于0。晴天蒸散强度远大于阴天。     

高寒草甸蒸散量及作物系数的研究

利用FAO Penman-Monteith计算法(FAO P-M法)、Penman修正公式法(P法)、Irmark-Allen拟合公式法(I-A法)分别计算了海北高寒草甸参考作物蒸散量,并以FAO P-M法计算结果为标准,与其它两种方法的结果进行比较。结果表明,海北高寒草甸地区年参考作物蒸散量为812.0mm,其中植物生长季的5-9月为500.9mm。FAO P-M法计算参考作物蒸散量较为合理,造成其他两种方法计算结果偏差的原因主要是辐射项的选取及土壤热通量的影响。利用实测土壤含水量资料和水量平衡方法计算的植物生长期的5-9月植被实际蒸散量为425.5mm,与FAO P-M法得到的参考作物蒸散量相比计算作物系数,得到植物生长初期、中期和末期的作物系数分别为0.51、0.96和0.87。     

太行山低山区不同植被群落蒸发蒸腾研究

采用大型非称重式蒸渗仪对太行山低山区典型植被群落黄背草、荆条及其复合群落蒸发蒸腾进行了研究.结果表明,在整个生长季3种植被群落蒸散、植物蒸腾均呈以8月为峰值的单峰曲线,且黄背草5～6月蒸散量、蒸腾量最大,其他月份复合群落最大.整个生长季中土壤蒸发表现为5～6月份高,9～10月份低.黄背草、荆条和复合群落3种植被的生长季总蒸腾量分别是591.8 mm、611.9 mm、647.0 mm,总蒸发量分别是138.6 mm、130.8 mm、134.9 mm, 蒸散量分别是730.4 mm、742.0 mm、790.5 mm.3种植被群落之间比较结果表明,复合群落的总蒸散量和蒸腾量略大于黄背草和荆条群落,而黄背草和荆条群落差别不明显.     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.     

Genetic similarities among Spanisch populations of Agropyron, Elymus and Thinopyrum, using PCR-based markers

Arbitrary oligonucleotides were used as primers to amplifygenomic DNA of 48 wild Spanish populations of Agropyroncristatum, Elymus hispanicus,E. caninus,E. repens,Thinopyrum curvifolium, Th.junceum and Th.intermedium. Genetic diversity was analysedusing nineteen primers. The number of amplified products ranged from8 to 18 per primer and a total of 240 markers were scored. Differentlevels of intraspecific genetic diversity were found, the allogamousspecies E. repens andTh. intermedium being themost variable. Jaccard's similarity coefficients for internalmeasure within and between populations were used to produce a clusterdiagram. The results demonstrate differences in the degree ofsimilarity between taxonomic units. Interpopulational variability andinterspecific genomic relationships of these species arediscussed.     

Mycorrhizae,biocides, and biocontrol. 4. Response of a mixed culture of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and host plant to three fungicides

The effects of three commonly used fungicides on the colonization and sporulation by a mixture of three arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi consisting of Glomus etunicatum (Becker & Gerd.), Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe, and Gigaspora rosea (Nicol. & Schenck) in symbiosis with pea plants and the resulting response of the host-plant were examined. Benomyl, PCNB, and captan were applied as soil drenches at a rate of 20 mg active ingredient kg^-1 soil 2 weeks after transplanting pea seedlings in a silty clay-loam soil containing the mixed inocula of AM fungi (AM plants). Effects of fungicides were compared to untreated plants that were inoculated with fungi (AM control). The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on plant growth was also examined by including nonmycorrhizal, non-fungicide-treated plants (non-AM control). Fungicides or inoculation with AM fungi had only a small effect on the final shoot weights of pea plants, but had greater effects on root length and seed yield. AM control plants had higher seed yields and lower root lengths than the corresponding non-AM plants, and the fungicide-treated AM plants had intermediate yields and root lengths. Seed N and P contents were likewise highest in AM control plants, lowest in non-AM plants, and intermediate in fungicide-treated AM plants. All three fungicides depressed the proportion (%) of root length colonized by AM fungi, but these differences did not translate to reductions in the total root length that was colonized, since roots were longer in the fungicide-treated AM plants. Pea plants apparently compensated for the reduction in AM-fungal metabolism due to fungicides by increasing root growth. Fungicides affected the population of the three fungi as determined by sporulation at the final harvest. Captan significantly reduced the number, relative abundance, and relative volume of G. rosea spores in the final population relative to the controls. The relative volume of G. etunicatum spores was greater in all the fungicide-treated soils, while G. mosseae relative volumes were only greater in the captan-treated soil. These findings show that fungicides can alter the species composition of an AM-fungal community. The results also show that AM fungi can increase seed yield without enhancing the vegetative shoot growth of host plants.